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Appendixes and references

Dalam dokumen Automotive Mechanics (Halaman 107-122)

Page 108 of 122

Appendix of the workshops, laboratories and labs A statement of the workshops, laboratories and labs

S# The name of the lab / workshop

Capacity for training

HR Training courses benefiting from the workshop / laboratory

1 basics of workshops 20 1  Basics Workshop

2

Principles of Electricity and Electronics Lab

15 3

 Workshop basics

 Occupational Safety and Health

 Car engines

 The ignition system

 Electrical systems

 Electronic car

 Brake system

 Gasoline fuel system

 Engines of alternative energies

 Car pollutant control systems

 Fault diagnosis workshop

3 Computer drawing lab 15 1  Computer drawing

4

Automobile engine workshop

15 1

 Engine maintenance and repair workshop

 Gasoline fuel system workshop

 Ignition System Workshop

 Diesel fuel system workshop

 Fault diagnosis workshop

5

Brake system workshop

15 1

 Brake system workshop

 Fault diagnostic workshop

 Commentary and mentoring workshop

 Power transmission workshop 6

Automotive electrical and

electronic systems 15 1

 Principles of Electricity and Electronics Lab

 Ignition system

7

Engine maintenance and repair workshop

15 1

 Automotive electrical and electronic systems

 Brake system

 Gasoline fuel system

 Engines of alternative energies

 Car pollutant control systems

 Fault diagnosis workshop 8 Power transmission

workshop 15 1  Gasoline fuel system workshop

Page 109 of 122

 Ignition System Workshop

 Diesel fuel system

 Fault diagnostic workshop

 Diesel Fuel System Laboratory 9 Gasoline fuel system

workshop 15 1  Power transmission workshop

10

Ignition System Workshop

15 1

 Automobile engine workshop

 Engine maintenance and repair workshop

 Gasoline fuel system workshop

 Ignition System Workshop

 Diesel fuel system

 Fault diagnosis workshop

11

Alternative Energies Engines Laboratory

15 1

 Automobile engine workshop

 Engine maintenance and repair workshop

 Gasoline fuel system workshop

 Fault diagnosis workshop 12 Automobile Pollutant

Control Systems Lab 15 1  Engines of alternative energies

 Pollutant control systems 13 Diesel Fuel System

Laboratory 15 1  Diesel fuel system

14

Suspension and steering workshop

15 1

 Automobile engine workshop

 Engine maintenance and repair workshop

 Gasoline fuel system workshop

 Brake system workshop

 Fault diagnosis workshop

15

Troubleshooting workshop

15 1

 Automobile engine workshop

 Engine maintenance and repair workshop

 Gasoline fuel system workshop

 Brake system workshop

 Fault diagnostic workshop

 Pollutant control systems

 Engines of alternative energies

Page 110 of 122

A detailed statement of equipment for each laboratory, workshop or Lab basics of workshops

No Item name Quantity

1. Lieutenant and work tables 15

2. Stamping and encoding tools 3 Pieces

3. Riveting tools 3 Pieces

4. Jamming and bulging tools 3 Pieces

5. Flame and fork flags tools 3 Pieces

6. Iron bits of various sizes 10 Pieces

7. Anvil 2

8. Iron cupboard for storing tools 3

9. Caliper foot 20

10. Iron ruler 20

11. Shankar 20

12. Hammer 20

13. compass 20

14. Micrometers measure the inner and outer diameters 2

15. Filer 20

16. Stationary electric drill 2

17. Moving electric drill 4

18. Hydraulic press 2

19. A variety of files kit 20 Pieces

20. Manual iron saw 20

21. Iron saw 2

22. Various kit 2

Principles of Electricity and Electronics Lab

No Item name Quantity

1. A set of bags containing electronic components for installing electrical and electronic circuits

12 Bags 2. Illustrative models for various electrical and electronic circuits 2 3. A set of different electronic elements (transistor, diode, zinger diode,

thermistor, various resistors, relays)

5 sets

4. Multipurpose electrical measuring devices 12

5. Lab tables for simple electrical circuits 15

6. Welding irons 15

Computer drawing lab

No Item name Quantity

1. Helmet head 3

Page 111 of 122

2. Eye goggles 3

3. Ear shields 3

4. Heat protectors for hands (cloth) 5

5. Protective plastic gloves from chemicals 5

6. First aid kit 2

7. Various fire extinguishers (powder, carbon monoxide, etc.) 6

8. Several Arab integrated 1

Automobile engine workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. Modern drawing tables 15

2. Large drawing tools (calipers, protractors, triangles) used by the trainer 6

3. Drawing paper to be used by the trainee 200

4. Drawing boards 15

Automobile engine workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. A model of an algebraic charger 3

2. Compression manometer 4

3. Valve spring elasticity meter 2

4. Pressure loss device 4

5. Several Arab integrated 2

6. Hydraulic crane (crocodile) (5) and (10) tons 1

7. 10 ton four column crane + 5 ton forklift 1

8. Internal (cylinder) measuring limit set 3

9. Clearance metering parameters (fillers) 5

10. Ignition metering parameters 5

11. Measuring watch 5

12. Micrometer for measuring outer and inner diameters and depths 5

13. Micrometer watch face 2

14. Fluid intake pump 1

15. Winch to lift the engine 2

16. Engine washing machine with hot water 2

17. Loose parts washing device 5

18. The hooks extracted from different sizes 5

19. ZARBINS extracted camshaft bushings 5

20. ZARBINS take out copper sleeves 5

21. A set of ZARBINS for disassembling the cylinders 5

22. ZARBINS to remove the camshaft sleeve 5

23. Face removal of the piston flange 5

24. Visited the valve decoder (PLOF) 5

Page 112 of 122

25. air compressor 1

26. Blow air 1

27. Prepare the valve seat clot with its attachments 2

Automobile engine workshop

No Item name Quantity

28. Voltage, ampere and resistance testers 10

29. Engine leveling ruler 2

30. Engine mount of not less than 2 tons 2

31. CT composition of wool 2

32. A model of an algebraic charger 3

Automotive electrical and electronic systems

No Item name Quantity

1. Hydrometer to check battery fluid density 5

2. Voltage, ampere and resistance testers 16

3. Section of the starting circuit parts 3

4. Battery charging device 3

5. Jumper cable between batteries 5

6. Engine starter device) as a battery 5

7. Set of starting device (predecessor) 15

8. Caliper foot 15

9. Spring balance to measure spring force 5

10. Sector for the cargo circuit 5

11. Generators for training 15

12. Belt tension tester 5

13. passed 15

14. Multiple valued fuses 15

15. Check bulb 15

16. The advances check device is fixed and movable 2

17. The alternator inspection device is fixed and movable 2

18. Special kit to decode the ancestor and the generator 15

19. G. Check and adjust lighting 2

20. The device is filled with Freon and a Freon leak detector 2 Automotive electrical and electronic systems

No Item name Quantity

21. A set of different cylinders to remove the compressor 3 Sets

22. Electric soldering iron 3

23. A modern car includes an air conditioning circuit 1

Page 113 of 122

24. Battery strip 3

25. Several Arab integrated 1

Suspension and steering workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. ZA Jamming extract descending arm 5

2. Jamming spring pressure 5

3. Jamming, pomegranate output with internal and external wear 5

4. Jamming of the coil spring 5

5. Fork ejecting arms 5

6. Wheel alignment device outside the vehicle or on the vehicle 1

7. Tire changer (with diffusion) 1

8. Hooks for loosening the hinges 2 sets

9. Special kit for removing steering boxes 2

10. Special kit for removing steering pumps 2

11. Face-g adjust calf corners 1

12. air compressor 1

13. Double and triple stick bottle of different sizes 1

14. Several Arab integrated 2

15. Jamming extract descending arm 5

16. Jamming spring pressure 5

17. Jamming , pomegranate output with internal and external wear 5

18. Jamming of the coil spring 5

19. How to remove the arms 5

20. Wheel alignment device outside the vehicle or on the vehicle 1 Brake system workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. Clipper gene button 5

2. Brake cleaning machine 5

3. Educational panel for the pneumatic and hydraulic brake system 5

4. (ESP), (CBC), (BAS) (TRC) and (ABS) - 4 test devices 5

5. Brake pressure gauge main case 5

6. Air ejection device from the brake circuit 1

7. (ESP), (CBC), (BAS) (TRC) and (ABS) - 7 sensor groups for each system. 1

8. A mug set of main cylinders 2 sets

9. A set of sub-cylinders for the systolic and drum brake 2

10. Intervention servo sector 2

11. Hydraulic servo strip 1

12. A model for electric brakes 1

Page 114 of 122

Gasoline fuel system workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. Gasoline fuel pump check device 2

2. Clamping attachment to package the feeder 6

3. A special kit for dismantling and installing the electronic injection system 2

4. A modern nebulizer cleaning device 2

5. Voltage, ampere and resistance testers 5

6. Check bulb 5

7. Exhaust gas analyzer 2

8. Diagnostic device for modern electronic injection systems 2

9. Fuel pressure gauges 2

10. Several Arab integrated 1

Power transmission system workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. Carry the gearbox and differentials 6

2. Special kit for decoding speed boxes and normal 3

3. Special kit for decoding the final drive (differential) 3 4. Special kit for disassembling the articulated shaft (CARDAN) 3

5. Special clutch removal kit 3

6. Special equipment for decoupling the lateral axes (reversing) 3

7. 4 Wheel Drive (Double) Dismantling Kit 3

8. Hydraulic gearbox lift 2

9. Gearbox and rear axle lubrication pump 2

10. Several clutch pads for different types of cars 2

11. Ladle machine for leveling flywheels and pressure discs 1

12. Various models of clutches 12

13. Various models of the rear axle 10

14. Various models of the front axle 10

15. Several Arab integrated 1

Workshop course for automotive pollutant control systems

No Item name Quantity

1. Exhaust gas analysis (SUN-MGA-1200) 1

2. Exhaust gases 1

3. Gas Cap Tasting 1

4. OBD-2 MONITORS handheld exhaust gas meter 1

5. For checking and analyzing the ratio of engine gases FSA 74XXX-5 1

6. Integrated kit cart 1

Page 115 of 122

Engine maintenance and repair workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. M engine washing machine with hot water 1

2. Prepare to wash loose parts 1

3. The engine load is not less than 2 tons 2

4. Hooks extract, different sizes 2 pieces

5. Piston fittings in different sizes 2 pieces

6. Jamming extracted camshaft bushings 2 pieces

7. Jamming take out copper sleeves 2 pieces

8. Kit for ejecting CDs 2 pieces

9. Piston flange removal device 2

10. Valve Release Bottle (PLUF) 3

11. Fleece fitting kit 2

12. Valve clotting device and its base 1

13. air compressor 1

14. Air pistol 1

15. Engine head surface flatness test ruler 2

16. A magnetic chip detection device (by magnetic filings) 1

17. C models for single-cylinder engines 1

18. Models of two-stroke engines 1

19. Two-stroke engine 5

20. Single cylinder engine 5

21. Several Arab integrated 1

22. Engine washing machine with hot water 1

23. Wash loose pieces 1

24. Engine mount of not less than 2 tons 2

25. Jamming extracts of different sizes 2 pieces

Engine maintenance and repair workshop

No Item name Quantity

26. Piston fittings in different sizes 2 pieces

27. Jamming extracted camshaft bushings 2 pieces

28. Jamming take out copper sleeves 2 pieces

29. Kit for ejecting CDs 2 pieces

Diesel Fuel System Laboratory

No Item name Quantity

1. Four-cylinder engine with electronic control rotary injection pump 1

2. Six-cylinder engine with in-line injection pump 1

3. Common-Rail is a four-cylinder injection engine 1

4. Eight-cylinder engine for heavy-duty transmission 1

Page 116 of 122 And to be equipped with the following:

 Indicator panel with operation switch and all indicators necessary for operation

 Circular cooling

 Exhaust ducts

 Fault tuning switch unit installed with the motor

 Training, operation and maintenance manuals 5. New Truck with Diesel Engine

With the following specifications:

 That it has not been more than a year since the year of manufacture

 ABS - with anti-lock air brake system

1

6. Type nebulizer test device ESP 100 1

7. Examination of electromagnetic nebulizers and pumps of the type EPS-7 injection unit device UI

2 8. Modern type with EPS-815 and CRS or 845 KMA 815 pump test bench 1

Diesel Fuel System Laboratory

No Item name Quantity

9. A device KTS 650 for checking the pump in the workshop or while driving a car

1 10. Modern pumps of the common line type with VP44 pumps of UI and UI 44

pressure unit pumps. Injection unit pumps VP29-30-33

3 of each type

11. Diesel Compression Gauge 3

12. Inspection of trucks and heavy duty diesel powered F3 -D 1

13. Several Arab integrated 1

Troubleshooting workshop

No Item name Quantity

1. Compression test apparatus 1

2. Exhaust gas analyzer 1

3. Motor vacuum tester 1

4. Refrigeration cycle pressure test device 1

5. Engine power balance tester 1

6. Refrigerant charge and discharge tester 1

7. OBD-I, OBD-II devices that handle systems 2

8. Take device 1

9. Leakage checking device from the refrigeration circuit 1

10. Launch device – CRP123 3 of each

type

11. For checking and programming of F3- W 3

12. Several Arab integrated 1

Page 117 of 122 References

References

 Duffy, James E., "Auto Engines" The GoodheartWillcox company, INC, ISBN 0- 87006A77-3

 Don Knowles, "Automotive Technician Certification- Test Preparation Manual", Delmar Publishers, 2001, ISBN 0-7668-1948-5

 Diagnosis, Service, and Repair”, The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois, 2003, ISBN 1-56637-910-5

 Croussr- Anglin, “Automotive Mechanics” - 10th Edition, The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2000, ISBN 0-02-800943-6

 William H. Crouse and Donald L. Anglin, “Automotive Technician’s Handbook”, The McGraw-Hill Book Company, ISBN 0-07074751-5

 Martin W. Stockel, Martin T. Stockel, and Chris Johanson, “Auto Diagnosis, Service, and Repair”, The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., Tinley Park, Illinois, 2003, ISBN 1-56637-910-5

 Don Knowles, "Automotive Technician Certification- Test Preparation Manual", Delmar Publishers, 2001, ISBN 0-7668-1948-5D

 James H, "Drafting, technology,, Earle Addison-Wesley Publications co.

 M.A. Parker & L.J. Dennis, "Engineering drawing Fundamentals', Stanley Theories.

 James E. Duffy, "Auto Electricity, Electronics, Computers", The Goodheart- Willcox Company Inc.

 Stockel, and Johanson, "Auto Service and Repair", The Goodheart-Wilcox Company Inc., ISBN 1-56637-144-9

 John Deere, "Electrical Systems, Fundamentals of Service&', ISBN 0-8669 1-0476

 Harcourt Brace Jovanivicb, "Automotive computer control systems", Fundamentals and services, Publishers, ISBN 0-15-504355-2

 Harper and Row, "Automotive Electrical Systems", Classroom Manual, Check- Chart Automotive Series

 Robert Bosch Coop, "Automotive Handbook", Bosch, VDI-Verlag,

 Robert Bosch Coop, "Fault Detection with Oscilloscope", ISBN 1-6899804-86

 Robert Bosch Coop, "Bosch Technical Instruction Series", Engine Electronics Alternators Starting Systems

 Matin W. Stockel and Martin T. Stockel, "Auto Fundamentals", The Goodheart- Wilcox Company Inc.

 William H. Crouse and Donald L. Anglin, "Automotive Mechanics" The McGrawHill Book Company, ISBN 0-02-800943-6

 Jay Webster, Clifton E. Owen, "Basic Automotive Service & Repair", Delmar Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0-8273-8544-7

 Jack Enjavec "Automotive Technology", Delmar Publishers, 2000, ISBN 07668- 0673-1

 Chris Johanson and Martin T. Stockel, "Auto Brakes Technology", The Goodheart- Willcox Company, Inc., 2000, ISBN 1-56637-704-8

Page 118 of 122

 James D. Halderman and Chase D. Michell, "Automotive Brake Systems", Prentice Hall Multimedia Series in Automotive Technology, Second Edition, 2000

 Lane Eichhorn, Clifton Owen, "Automotive Brake Systems", Delmar Publishers, 2001, ISBN 0-7668-0937-4

 George Omura, Mastering AutoCAD 2002

 James A.Whitson, 500 Electronic IC Circuits

 AutoCAD 2000(or Later) User's Guide, Autodesk,Inc.

 For 3D design using Auto CAD

Translated and prepared by Engineer Ayman Sayed Darwish, Shuaa for Publishing and Science, Syria, Aleppo.

 "Technical Drawing"Author: Freferick, E. Giesecke et al.Publisher: Mac-Millan Company

 Harcourt Brace Jovanivicb, "Automotive computer control systems", Fundamentals and services, Publishers, ISBN 0-15-504355-2

 Stockel and Johanson, "Auto Service and Repair", The Goodheart-Willcox Company, ISBN 1-56637-144-9

 Robert Bosch GmbH, "Automotive Handbook", ISBN 0-89 283-518-6

 Robert Bosch Coop, "Bosch Technical Instruction Series",

 James E. Duffy, "Auto Electricity, Electronics, Computers", The Goodheart- Willcox Company Inc.

 John Deere, "Electrical Systems, Fundamentals of Service&', ISBN 0-8669 1-0476

 Heinze Heisler, "Advanced Engine Technology", Edward Arnold, ISBN 0340568224

 Enjavec, Jack and Schai~, Robert, "Automotive Technology", 2nd Edition Delmar Publishers, An international Thomson Publishing Company,

 William Crouse, "All Automobile" (12 parts), Mars Publishing House,

 Duffy, James E., and Smith, Howard B.," Auto Fuel and Emission Control Systems Technology", The Goodheart-Willcox company, INC, ISBN 0-87006- 932- 2

 Duffy, James E., "Auto Engines" The Goodheart-Willcox Company, INC, ISBN 0- 87006477-3

 M.K. Gajendra Babu, K.A., Alternative Transportation Fuels: Utilisation in Combustion Engines , Taylor & Francis Group, 2013,

 James Larminie, John Lowry , Electric Vehicle Technology Explained , John Wiley & Sons , 2012

 Nick Hunter , How Electric and Hybrid Cars Work , Gareth Stevens Publishing , 2014

 Iqbal Husain , Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, Second Edition , Taylor & Francis Group , 2011

 Donald Steeby. Alternative Energy: Sources and Systems, Delmar cengage Learning, 2012

 S.M. Shafi, Environmental Pollution, ATLANTIC Publishers & Distributers, 2005.

 Robert F. Phalen, Robert N. Phalen, Introduction to Air Pollution Science, Jones &

Bartlett Learning, 2013.

Page 119 of 122

 Francisco J. Cervantes, Environmental Technologies to Treat Nitrogen Pollution, IWA Publishing, 2009.

 S.M. Shafi, Environmental Pollution, ATLANTIC Publishers & Distributers, 2005.

 Asif Faiz, Christopher S. Weaver, Michael P. Walsh, Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Standards and Technologies for ..., THE WORLD BANK, 1996.

 Tim Gilles, Automotive Service, CENGAGE LEARNING, 2016.

 Keith McCord, Automotive Diagnostic Systems, CAR TECH, 2011.

 Jeff E. Brooks-Harris, Susan R. Stock-Ward, Workshops: Designing and Facilitating Experiential Learning, SAGE Publication, 1999.

 Pamela Hamilton, The Workshop Book: How to design and lead successful workshops, PEARSON EDUCATION LIMITED 2016.

 Jeffrey Zurschmeide, How to Design, Build and Equip Your Automotive Workshop on a Budget, CarTech, 2011.

 Qianfan Xin, Diesel engine system design, Woodhead Publishing, 2011.

 Jean-Luc Pallas, The Adlard Coles Book of Maintenance and Repair" for DIESEL ENGINES, Adlard Coles Nautical an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013

 Sean Bennett, Modern Diesel Technology: Diesel Engines, Delmare Cengage Learning 2010

 Paul Dempsey, Troubleshooting and Repair of Diesel Engines, McGraw-Hill Companies 2007

 Don Knowles, Today's Technician: Automotive Suspension & Steering, Delmare Cengage Learning 2010

 Kirk T, VanGelder, Fundamentals of Automotive Technology, CDX Automotive 2013

 Tim Gilles, Automotive Chassis: Brakes, Suspension, and Steering, THOMSON DELMAR LEARNING 2005

 Sean Bennett, Modern Diesel Technology: Brakes, Suspension &Steering,Delmare Cengage Learning, 2006.

 Tom Denton, Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, 4th Ed: Automotive Technology: Vehicle ..., Routledge,2014.

 Keith McCord, Automotive Diagnostic Systems, CAR TECH, 2011.

 Tracy Martin, How To Diagnose and Repair Automotive Electrical Systems, MotorBooks, 2005.

 Tim Gilles, Automotive Service, CENGAGE LEARNING, 2015.

 Barry Hollembeak, Today's Technician: Automotive Electricity and Electronics, Classroom and ..., CENGAGE LEARNING, 2014.

 Sean Bennett, Modern Diesel Technology: Brakes, Suspension &

Steering,Delmare Cengage Learning, 2006.

 Kenneth G. Budinski, Engineers' Guide to Technical Writing, ASM International, 2001.

Page 120 of 122

Appendix on assessment tools Definition of assessment:

There are those who define the evaluation as assessing and judging something, as the evaluation is defined as measuring the impact that training has had on the trainees, and determining the amount of trainees ’achievement or the outcome they obtained from the training process, habits, knowledge, skills they acquired, and behavioral changes they have.

Assessment tools and methods:

We can limit ourselves to the following main assessment tools (three tools):

Assessment tools

Oral exams Written exams Practical performance

Short oral questions

from (trainer and colleagues)

Oral dialogue

while performing the activity

Oral presentation

and participation

in the discussion

Dialog presentation

in the dialogue readings

Role

play class work Non-class

work Identify the performance

Objective exams

Article exams True and false

questions

Supplement questions

Multiple choice

Communication or pairing

1. Oral exams:

An assessment tool is applied during different educational and training situations to obtain oral responses from the trainee on a specific issue or topic. This tool aims to test the trainee's ability to use his previous information and the way to collect and arrange it for oral presentation. This tool is one method of group thinking that relies on oral discussion to support or reinforce an idea. This tool, in addition to being an assessment tool, can be used to develop and enhance the trainee's expressive ability and to enhance his ability to listen and dialogue and his self-confidence. This tool includes all learning methods and strategies such as:

 Short oral questions from the instructor or colleagues

 Oral dialogue while performing an activity

 Oral presentation and participation in the discussion when presenting training cases or presenting the work and activities that the group or the trainee has done

 Dialog presentation in the dialogue readings.

 Role play

Page 121 of 122 2. Written exams:

An assessment tool is applied through different educational and training situations in which the paper and pen are used to obtain written responses from the trainee on a specific issue or topic. It aims to test the trainee's ability to use his previous information and the way to collect it and arrange it to be presented in written pictures. We can look at exams and editorial works from two aspects:

The first aspect: class work:

These are exams and work that the trainee performs in the class (class or workshop) and with direct follow-up from the trainer, and the work that the trainer prepares and prepares to implement in the class, including the exams. Educators have agreed to split the exams that the trainer prepares into two types:

A. Objective exams: The concept of objective exams is determined by how far they are from the term subjectivity in its handling of appraised evaluation in a manner that does not differ with the different ingredient (the corrected). The objective exams usually consist of a large number of short questions that require specific answers, and each question and answer measures one or part of the subject's particles, whose validity or error can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy, and given the multiplicity of questions in one test, it becomes possible to cover large parts. Thematic questions can measure a variety of mental abilities that reach the highest levels. The objective exams take many forms and forms, including:

True and False Questions: It consists of a set of statements containing certain practical facts and requires choosing one answer to judge the phrases right or wrong, answer yes or no, or judge the phrase as indicating an opinion or fact.

Completion questions: The complement question consists of a sentence or several deleted phrases, some of which are words, phrases or symbols. It is required to place the appropriate word or phrase deleted in the empty place and aims to test the learner's ability to remember the phrases to complete the intended meaning.

Multiple-choice questions: They are the most common and the question consists of a problem formulated in the form of a direct question or an incomplete phrase and a list of proposed solutions called optional alternatives. The trainee is asked to choose the correct alternative.

Conciliation or pairing questions: It consists of two parallel columns, each of which contains a set of phrases, symbols or words, one of which is usually on the right. It is called Introductions and the second is on the left. It is called Responses and asks the trainee to choose the appropriate two parallel columns.

B. Article exams: These exams include open questions and leave the trainee the freedom to organize, arrange, and express answers and information in his own way. They are called essay exams because their questions usually require writing several lines, and one of the disadvantages of this method is that

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