Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1. Conclusions
89
Chapter five
90 In order to achieve the objectives of the study, scientific methods were used due to
its suitability to the nature of the research, data analysis were collected using SPSS program, and Space Syntax analysis.
In the light of the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Rising temperatures caused by urban planning affect Al-Balad and Al-Basteen areas
disproportionately, aggravation of this phenomenon as known is the urban heat island (UHI) impact.
ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGNER" solutions to the urban heat island Use of light-colored concrete and white roofs
The use of light-colored concrete and white roofs has been found to be effective in reflecting up to 50% more light and in cutting down the ambient temperature. These strategies have been shown to offer great solutions in reducing the urban health island effect. Black and dull colors absorb copious amounts of solar heat resulting in warmer surfaces. The use of light-colored concrete and white roofs can as well reduce the overall air conditioning demands
Green roofs and vegetation cover
Green roofs present a great method of lessening the impacts of urban heat island.
Green roofing is the practice of planting vegetation on a roof, just like they are planted on a garden. Plants on the roof are excellent insulators during summer and decrease the overall urban heat island effect. Plants also cool the surrounding environments thereby reducing air conditioning demands.
Furthermore, air quality is improved as the plants absorb carbon dioxide and produce fresh air. Other practices that can be used include open space planting, street trees and curbside planting. All these practices produce cooling effect within the urban areas and lower the costs of temperature reduction.
Planting trees in cities
The practice of tree planting within and around cities is an incredible way of reflecting solar radiation while at the same time decreasing the urban heat island effect. Trees provide shade, absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen and fresh air, and
91 provide a cooling effect. Deciduous trees are the best for urban areas because they
provide cooling effect in summer and they don‘t block warmth during winter.
Green parking lots
Green parking spaces utilize green infrastructure strategies to limit the impacts of urban heat island effect. In precise, it cushions against the elevation of pavement temperatures which can considerably prevent thermal pollution resulting from storm water runoff. With this in place, the danger posed to aquatic systems is reduced.
Implementation and sensitization of heat reduction policies and rules
The state implementation of environmental policies such as Clean Air Act, Low carbon fuel standards, uses of renewable energy, and clean car rule standards can impressively regulated the anthropogenic inducers of urban heat island effect. With fewer emissions, level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere can be reduced thus decreasing the effects of climate change and global warming. Education and outreach can also be done to ensure communities are aware of the economic and social benefits of planting trees and eco- roofing.
Which might vary from 15°C in the dead of night to 25°C within the afternoon.
Climate data from meteorological stations located in Jeddah area were used to analyze the temperature. This study shows the factors affecting the temperature differences and the relationship between urban fabric, planning, and design and their relation to the urban heat island. It was found that temperature differences exist between Al-Balad and Al-Basateen of Jeddah.
The results of the study showed differences in temperature at the same time schedule in two districts in the same region, this is attributable to change urban design in the region and the factors influencing the change in temperature. And that the temperature
difference in Al-Balad and Al-Basateen is the result of the urban fabric design factor.
92 5.2.
Recommendations
Design buildings on main streets with continuous façades to create a continuous street edge in multi-unit or mixed-use buildings, variations in setbacks may be used to incorporate opportunities for open space, mid-block pedestrian walkways and/or main entrance ways.
Several recommendations could be derived according to the previous mentioned, results as follows
1- The necessity to use urban planners and engineering strategies to mitigate the urban heat island of the city when planning buildings and places properly, this will help to distribute temperatures well and examples
Green Roof, Cool Roof
―Green‖ roofing and ―cool‖ roofing are two ways that densely populated cities that are combatting increased temperatures in an effort to mitigate the UHI effect. Green roofs absorb storm water, provide space to grow food and habitat for pollinators, and reduce ambient heat through evapotranspiration (the process through which plants release water into the surrounding atmosphere.
The Urban Tree Canopy
The Urban Tree Canopy (UTC) is the layer of tree cover seen from a bird‘s eye view of a city. An increase in the UTC layer provides communities with two important benefits. First, the vegetative cover intercepts more rainwater, limiting the amount of pollutants entering the storm water drainage system through runoff channels. Second, the UTC layer limits the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect by reducing heating and cooling costs, lowering air temperatures, reducing air pollution and providing wildlife habitats. Urban tree canopies can be used as an alternative to cooler pavement
materials. UHI, UTC, and Land Recycling
Land recycling and decreasing the Urban Heat Island effect share a common goal: to remediate and reuse land to create an abundance of economic, environmental, and community benefits
2- Interest in finishing materials; cool pavements, green roofs, and cool roofs to reduce urban heat island.
3- Consider the wind direction and sun glare paths in the urban design.
93 4- Improve the use of solar- energy sources and wind energy that will minimize the
limit the formation urban heat island.
5- Reconfiguration and expansion of urban area in an integrated manner to limit the formation urban heat island.
6- Building codes use to create more robust structures that better suited to climate change resulting from the increased temperatures.
7- Increase urban vegetation cover is the effective way to mitigate the urban heat island effect.
8- Design parking areas to minimize their visual impact and to allow redevelopment as future building sites. Locate surface parking areas at the side or rear of multi-unit buildings adjacent to areas that incorporate natural surveillance such as pathways, communal areas, and exercise and meeting rooms.
9- Landscaped islands delineate the parking areas, and trees provide shade and reduce heat island effects. Permeable surface treatments, including permeable pavers or asphalt, should be considered to promote on-site water retention, thus reducing dependency on the City‘s storm sewer and combined sewer system.
94
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