20102016201720182019 Total Arab Countries22.4 18.3 18.0 17.8 18.4 Jordan6.35.35.15.15.0 UAE6.22.72.82.82.8 Bahrain0.60.70.70.80.9 Tunisia20.618.818.718.818.4 Algeria11.715.014.814.714.5 Djibouti74.060.360.260.259.6 Saudi Arabia5.112.012.612.912.9 Sudan51.540.940.740.740.6 Syria20.015.014.314.114.0 Somalia……… Iraq5.54.23.93.63.6 Oman28.932.132.432.532.2 Palestine…8.78.78.78.7 Qatar0.70.80.91.00.9 Comoros69.455.054.854.754.4 Kuwait3.83.73.83.83.7 Lebanon1.81.31.41.41.3 Libya3.02.52.42.32.1 Egypt32.723.423.523.623.3 Morocco25.522.422.322.322.2 Mauritania50.335.334.934.734.3 Yemen36.039.138.438.038.0 (…) Not available Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Database 2021; International Labour Organization (ILO) Database 2021.
Percentage of labor force in agriculture (%)
20102016201720182019 Total Arab Countries22.4 18.3 18.0 17.8 18.4 Jordan6.35.35.15.15.0 UAE6.22.72.82.82.8 Bahrain0.60.70.70.80.9 Tunisia20.618.818.718.818.4 Algeria11.715.014.814.714.5 Djibouti74.060.360.260.259.6 Saudi Arabia5.112.012.612.912.9 Sudan51.540.940.740.740.6 Syria20.015.014.314.114.0 Somalia……… Iraq5.54.23.93.63.6 Oman28.932.132.432.532.2 Palestine…8.78.78.78.7 Qatar0.70.80.91.00.9 Comoros69.455.054.854.754.4 Kuwait3.83.73.83.83.7 Lebanon1.81.31.41.41.3 Libya3.02.52.42.32.1 Egypt32.723.423.523.623.3 Morocco25.522.422.322.322.2 Mauritania50.335.334.934.734.3 Yemen36.039.138.438.038.0 (…) Not available Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Database 2021; International Labour Organization (ILO) Database 2021.
Percentage of labor force in agriculture (%)
Con t'd An nex Tab le (3/2): Th e Labor F orc e i n A gri culture in th e Ar ab C oun tr ie s (2010, 201 6-2019)
20102016201720182019Average Annual Change (%) (2010-2019) Percentage Change (%) (2018-2019)20102016201720182019Average Annual Change (%) (2010-2019)
Percentage Change (%) (2018-2019) Total Arab Countries156,790169,965172,068174,143176,1191.31.182,01585,45886,50687,54688,8250.91.5 Jordan999898898893889-1.3-0.43903943943923900.0-0.4 UAE1,3161,3011,2931,2861,291-0.20.4234225224223224-0.50.4 Bahrain1411551611681742.43.6889991.63.6 Tunisia3,5483,6103,6163,6213,5960.1-0.72,1542,1712,1752,1782,1630.0-0.7 Algeria11,72411,59011,54811,49811,565-0.20.67,4047,1907,1647,1337,165-0.40.4 Djibouti1962122142162171.10.5589798991006.20.5 Saudi Arabia4,8845,3575,3955,4215,4611.20.71,4001,3021,3111,3171,327-0.60.7 Sudan24,00326,07426,60227,13128,1331.83.722,44324,43924,93425,43026,3691.83.7 Syria9,3228,6938,4958,3818,191-1.4-2.34,0804,0713,9783,9243,855-0.6-1.8 Somalia7,3158,0448,1988,3558,4011.50.6..................... Iraq9,50511,12611,37611,61611,7902.41.51,7421,8451,8871,9261,9551.31.5 Oman755774762747724-0.5-3.13043403343283180.5-3.1 Palestine1,0381,1681,1861,2041,2462.03.5..................... Qatar2725242323-1.8-0.4139999-4.4-0.4 Comoros4975685805916022.21.94795505625725832.21.9 Kuwait52606162632.21.628323233342.01.6 Lebanon5497057046956802.4-2.277807978770.0-2.2 Libya1,3541,2881,2871,2881,328-0.23.1193176176176181-0.73.1 Egypt47,92554,79955,89356,93857,8992.11.722,66423,63824,11024,56124,9761.11.7 Morocco13,60613,63113,61413,58613,495-0.1-0.78,2608,0818,0718,0558,001-0.4-0.7 Mauritania1,9282,0662,0852,1032,0590.7-2.17418668738819012.22.3 Yemen16,10617,82118,07618,32018,2921.4-0.29,3439,94310,08510,22110,1901.0-0.3 (…) Not available Sources: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Database 2021; International Labour Organization (ILO) Database 2021.
Annex Table (3/2): Rural Population and Agricultural Population in Arab Countries (2010, 2016-2019) Rural Population (Thousands)Agricultural Population (Thousands)
(1000 Hectares) 20102016201720182019Average Annual Change (%) (2010-2019)
Percentage Change (%) (2018-2019) I- Total Cultivated Land Area68,486 72,027 72,360 74,120 75,100 1.01.3 1- Permanent Crops Area8,996 9,653 9,635 9,869 10,110 1.32.4 a- Rainfed Agriculture5,937 5,811 5,804 5,945 6,114 0.32.8 b- Irrigated Agriculture3,059 3,842 3,831 3,924 3,996 3.01.8 2- Seasonal Crops Area59,490 62,374 62,725 64,251 64,990 1.01.2 a- Rainfed Agriculture35,474 31,273 25,104 25,715 26,119 -3.31.6 b- Irrigated Agriculture10,444 9,991 9,742 9,979 10,199 -0.32.2 c- Uncultivated Area13,572 21,110 27,879 28,557 28,672 8.70.4 II- Forest Area94,887 41,409 *42,051 37,415 37,415 -9.80.0 III- Pasture Area494,259 371,392 370,933 382,189 375,922 -3.0-1.6 * The decrease in the forest area in 2016 compared to 2010 is due to the secession of South Sudan in 2011. Source: Arab Organisation for Agriculural Development (AOAD), report on the performance of the agricultural sector in the Arab countries 2021.
(2010, 2016-2019) Annex Table ( 3/1): Agricultural Land an d its Us es in Arab Cou nt ries
Indicator Year
Population, urban (% of total) 2019 59.2 %
Population ages 0-14 (% of total) 2019 32.7 %
Population ages 15-65 (% of total) 2019 62.7 %
Population ages 65 and above (% of total) 2019 4.6 %
Illiteracy rate, adult total 2019 25.5 %
Illiteracy rate, adult male 2019 18.4 %
Illiteracy rate, adult female 2019 35.6 %
Illiteracy rate, youth total 2019 14.0 %
Illiteracy rate, youth male 2019 11.8 %
Illiteracy rate, youth female 2019 16.4 %
Total enrollment, primary (% net) 2019 84.1 %
Total enrollment, primary, Male (% net) 2019 85.9 %
Total enrollment, primary, Female (% net) 2019 82.1 %
Gender enrollment gap in primary education
2019 0.98
Expected years of schooling in primary education, Total 2019 12.1 years
Expected years of schooling in primary education, Male 2019 12.4 years
Expected years of schooling in primary education, Female 2019 11.9 years
Dropout rate in primary education, Total 2019 11.5 %
Dropout rate in primary education, Male 2019 10.8 %
Dropout rate in primary education, Female 2019 12.3 %
Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GNI 2019 3.6 %
Public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure 2019 16.7 %
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 2019 72.1 years
Total fertility rate, (births per woman) 2019 3.2 child
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 2019 26.0 child
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) 2019 35 child
Total expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP 2018 5.2 %
Public expenditure on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health 2018 9.4 %
Improved water sources (% of population with access) 2019 94.0 %
Improved water sources, urban (% of urban population with access) 2019 97.0 % Improved water sources, rural (% of rural population with access) 2019 88.0 % Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access) 2019 91.0 % Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access) 2019 95.0 % Improved sanitation facilities, rural (% of rural population with access) 2019 82.0 % Sources : The Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Database, February 2021; UNDP; The World Bank, "World Development Indicators", The World Bank Database, January 2021; "Human Development Report", various reports;
UNESCO Database, February 2021.
Annex Table (2/19) : Summary of Social Development Indicators in the Arab Countries
Index Value
(1000 Hectares) 20102016201720182019Average Annual Change (%) (2010-2019)
Percentage Change (%) (2018-2019) I- Total Cultivated Land Area68,486 72,027 72,360 74,120 75,100 1.01.3 1- Permanent Crops Area8,996 9,653 9,635 9,869 10,110 1.32.4 a- Rainfed Agriculture5,937 5,811 5,804 5,945 6,114 0.32.8 b- Irrigated Agriculture3,059 3,842 3,831 3,924 3,996 3.01.8 2- Seasonal Crops Area59,490 62,374 62,725 64,251 64,990 1.01.2 a- Rainfed Agriculture35,474 31,273 25,104 25,715 26,119 -3.31.6 b- Irrigated Agriculture10,444 9,991 9,742 9,979 10,199 -0.32.2 c- Uncultivated Area13,572 21,110 27,879 28,557 28,672 8.70.4 II- Forest Area94,887 41,409 *42,051 37,415 37,415 -9.80.0 III- Pasture Area494,259 371,392 370,933 382,189 375,922 -3.0-1.6 * The decrease in the forest area in 2016 compared to 2010 is due to the secession of South Sudan in 2011. Source: Arab Organisation for Agriculural Development (AOAD), report on the performance of the agricultural sector in the Arab countries 2021.
(2010, 2016-2019) Annex Table ( 3/1): Agricultural Land an d its Us es in Arab Cou nt ries
Indicator Year
Population, urban (% of total) 2019 59.2 %
Population ages 0-14 (% of total) 2019 32.7 %
Population ages 15-65 (% of total) 2019 62.7 %
Population ages 65 and above (% of total) 2019 4.6 %
Illiteracy rate, adult total 2019 25.5 %
Illiteracy rate, adult male 2019 18.4 %
Illiteracy rate, adult female 2019 35.6 %
Illiteracy rate, youth total 2019 14.0 %
Illiteracy rate, youth male 2019 11.8 %
Illiteracy rate, youth female 2019 16.4 %
Total enrollment, primary (% net) 2019 84.1 %
Total enrollment, primary, Male (% net) 2019 85.9 %
Total enrollment, primary, Female (% net) 2019 82.1 %
Gender enrollment gap in primary education
2019 0.98
Expected years of schooling in primary education, Total 2019 12.1 years
Expected years of schooling in primary education, Male 2019 12.4 years
Expected years of schooling in primary education, Female 2019 11.9 years
Dropout rate in primary education, Total 2019 11.5 %
Dropout rate in primary education, Male 2019 10.8 %
Dropout rate in primary education, Female 2019 12.3 %
Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GNI 2019 3.6 %
Public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure 2019 16.7 %
Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 2019 72.1 years
Total fertility rate, (births per woman) 2019 3.2 child
Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 2019 26.0 child
Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) 2019 35 child
Total expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP 2018 5.2 %
Public expenditure on health as a percentage of total expenditure on health 2018 9.4 %
Improved water sources (% of population with access) 2019 94.0 %
Improved water sources, urban (% of urban population with access) 2019 97.0 % Improved water sources, rural (% of rural population with access) 2019 88.0 % Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access) 2019 91.0 % Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access) 2019 95.0 % Improved sanitation facilities, rural (% of rural population with access) 2019 82.0 % Sources : The Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development, Database, February 2021; UNDP; The World Bank, "World Development Indicators", The World Bank Database, January 2021; "Human Development Report", various reports;
UNESCO Database, February 2021.
Annex Table (2/19) : Summary of Social Development Indicators in the Arab Countries
Index Value
UnemploymentUnemploymentShare of Youth's Share Share of Share of Share of those Unemployed CountryYearRateRateFemales in(Ages 15-24) inUniversity GraduatesFirst-Time Jobseekersfor more than one year MaleFemaleUnemploymentUnemploymentin Unemploymentin Unemploymentin Total Unemployment (%)(Thousands)(Thousands)(Thousands)(Thousands)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) Jordan202023.21,74240429411121.230.727.434.839.248.848.0 U.A.E. * (1)20205.06,8203411861553.312.945.327.757.976.6... Bahrain * (2)20204.11,010416350.717.585.757.12.2...... Tunisia202018.04,14774644929715.324.639.827.340.053.871.9 Algeria202012.812,2311,5699975739.926.636.530.530.250.265.4 Djibouti202011.641248291911.611.539.534.9......... Saudi Arabia * (3)20207.714,6321,1224476753.922.860.130.950.888.147.7 Sudan202026.812,3873,3202,0881,23224.232.737.142.222.960.756.0 Syria202034.35,3461,8314751,35612.962.274.042.411.866.1... Somalia202013.14,06553341212113.212.822.742.2......... Iraq202013.710,3571,42396845510.832.631.939.9......... Oman * (4)20205.02,67813357762.422.357.342.736.980.2... Palestine (5)202025.91,28933423310222.341.130.436.343.761.825.6 Qatar * (6)20200.12,1713120.10.658.750.139.882.817.8 Comoros20208.4235201198.08.945.020.0...47.6... Kuwait * (7)20201.32,8453621151.01.941.610.014.2...44.5 Lebanon20206.62,31815394605.310.538.941.636.646.033.0 Libya202019.42,38946325420916.125.745.120.7...98.0... Egypt20207.928,4672,2581,4128466.017.737.541.139.737.526.6 Morocco202011.911,9711,42997945010.716.231.531.218.554.967.6 Mauritania202010.71,25013379549.313.640.326.9......... Yemen202013.46,95793479513812.425.914.844.112.2...... (…) Not available. * Nationals and expatriates. (3) In 2020, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 13.7% from the labor force. The unemployment rate among females was estimated at 30.2% and among the youth (Age Group of 15-24) at 29.8%. (4) In 2019, the employed labor among nationals was estimated at 463,000 and among expatriates at 1,848,000. (5) Share of university graduates among the unemployed = number of holders of Intermediate diploma and higher / total number of unemployed. (6) In 2020, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 0.2% from the labor force with around 504 being unemployed (with 126 males & 378 females). (7) In 2020, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 7.2%, with a rate of 7.7% for males and 6.6% for females.
Annex Table (2/18) : Selective Unemployment Indicators in the Arab Countries (1) The unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 6.9% and the number of unemployed was around 35,000. (2) In 2016, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 4.3% and the national labor force was estimated at 197,300 with 8,400 being unemployed. Sources: Authors's estimations based on Official National sources as well as Regional & International sources with mainly the International Labor Organization (ILO) Database.
Unemployment RateLabor ForceNumber of Unemployed Persons Number of Unemployed Male Number of Unemployed Female
Employment (Annual Growth Rate) (%) 201020192010-201920102019201020192010201920102019 Total Arab Countries50.451.52.2 19.520.722.418.416.917.760.863.9 Jordan41.938.93.5 15.314.46.35.013.013.980.781.1 U.A.E.82.278.81.5 44.352.56.22.89.59.284.388.0 Bahrain72.273.03.0 43.845.00.60.924.922.274.576.9 Tunisia46.746.51.3 24.523.620.618.430.632.348.849.3 Algeria42.441.31.8 14.414.611.714.533.132.555.253.0 Djibouti59.359.12.5 49.650.874.059.68.210.817.829.6 Saudi Arabia51.156.74.1 18.322.35.112.919.38.375.678.8 Sudan47.546.32.6 28.129.151.540.67.99.340.650.2 Syria43.140.3-1.813.114.320.014.031.537.448.548.7 Somalia46.046.23.2 20.521.8………...... Iraq46.846.93.2 12.011.85.53.615.115.579.480.9 Oman61.971.17.9 27.031.028.932.28.07.063.160.8 Palestine40.946.54.5 13.817.9…8.7…9.8…81.6 Qatar86.787.04.7 51.456.80.70.954.423.844.975.3 Comoros42.143.42.9 34.536.869.454.4…15.6…30.0 Kuwait70.068.34.3 46.649.33.83.714.426.181.870.3 Lebanon45.747.34.4 22.822.91.81.328.528.769.770.0 Libya53.852.41.3 33.633.83.02.121.921.275.176.7 Egypt49.348.21.6 22.622.132.723.324.512.242.864.5 Morocco49.948.70.5 25.521.425.522.228.429.646.148.2 Mauritania49.749.43.2 28.129.950.334.35.47.344.358.4 Yemen39.537.82.5 10.05.736.038.08.77.355.354.8 (…) Not available. Source : Annex Table (3/3), Joint Arab Economic Report, various reports; National Sources; The World Bank "World Development Indicators" 2021; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Database 2021; UNICEF, the World's Children Situation 2019; International Labour Organization (ILO) Database 2021.
( Ages 15+ )to Total Employment (%)ServicesAgricultureIndustry
An nex Tab le (2/17) : Employ me nt i n the Arab Cou ntrie s
Employment by Main Economic Sectors (%)Employment As a Percentage of Total PopulationProportion of Employed Women ( Ages 15+ )UnemploymentUnemploymentShare of Youth's Share Share of Share of Share of those Unemployed CountryYearRateRateFemales in(Ages 15-24) inUniversity GraduatesFirst-Time Jobseekersfor more than one year MaleFemaleUnemploymentUnemploymentin Unemploymentin Unemploymentin Total Unemployment (%)(Thousands)(Thousands)(Thousands)(Thousands)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%)(%) Jordan202023.21,74240429411121.230.727.434.839.248.848.0 U.A.E. * (1)20205.06,8203411861553.312.945.327.757.976.6... Bahrain * (2)20204.11,010416350.717.585.757.12.2...... Tunisia202018.04,14774644929715.324.639.827.340.053.871.9 Algeria202012.812,2311,5699975739.926.636.530.530.250.265.4 Djibouti202011.641248291911.611.539.534.9......... Saudi Arabia * (3)20207.714,6321,1224476753.922.860.130.950.888.147.7 Sudan202026.812,3873,3202,0881,23224.232.737.142.222.960.756.0 Syria202034.35,3461,8314751,35612.962.274.042.411.866.1... Somalia202013.14,06553341212113.212.822.742.2......... Iraq202013.710,3571,42396845510.832.631.939.9......... Oman * (4)20205.02,67813357762.422.357.342.736.980.2... Palestine (5)202025.91,28933423310222.341.130.436.343.761.825.6 Qatar * (6)20200.12,1713120.10.658.750.139.882.817.8 Comoros20208.4235201198.08.945.020.0...47.6... Kuwait * (7)20201.32,8453621151.01.941.610.014.2...44.5 Lebanon20206.62,31815394605.310.538.941.636.646.033.0 Libya202019.42,38946325420916.125.745.120.7...98.0... Egypt20207.928,4672,2581,4128466.017.737.541.139.737.526.6 Morocco202011.911,9711,42997945010.716.231.531.218.554.967.6 Mauritania202010.71,25013379549.313.640.326.9......... Yemen202013.46,95793479513812.425.914.844.112.2...... (…) Not available. * Nationals and expatriates. (3) In 2020, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 13.7% from the labor force. The unemployment rate among females was estimated at 30.2% and among the youth (Age Group of 15-24) at 29.8%. (4) In 2019, the employed labor among nationals was estimated at 463,000 and among expatriates at 1,848,000. (5) Share of university graduates among the unemployed = number of holders of Intermediate diploma and higher / total number of unemployed. (6) In 2020, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 0.2% from the labor force with around 504 being unemployed (with 126 males & 378 females). (7) In 2020, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 7.2%, with a rate of 7.7% for males and 6.6% for females.
Annex Table (2/18) : Selective Unemployment Indicators in the Arab Countries (1) The unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 6.9% and the number of unemployed was around 35,000. (2) In 2016, the unemployment rate among nationals was estimated at 4.3% and the national labor force was estimated at 197,300 with 8,400 being unemployed. Sources: Authors's estimations based on Official National sources as well as Regional & International sources with mainly the International Labor Organization (ILO) Database.
Unemployment RateLabor ForceNumber of Unemployed Persons Number of Unemployed Male Number of Unemployed Female
Employment (Annual Growth Rate) (%) 201020192010-201920102019201020192010201920102019 Total Arab Countries50.451.52.2 19.520.722.418.416.917.760.863.9 Jordan41.938.93.5 15.314.46.35.013.013.980.781.1 U.A.E.82.278.81.5 44.352.56.22.89.59.284.388.0 Bahrain72.273.03.0 43.845.00.60.924.922.274.576.9 Tunisia46.746.51.3 24.523.620.618.430.632.348.849.3 Algeria42.441.31.8 14.414.611.714.533.132.555.253.0 Djibouti59.359.12.5 49.650.874.059.68.210.817.829.6 Saudi Arabia51.156.74.1 18.322.35.112.919.38.375.678.8 Sudan47.546.32.6 28.129.151.540.67.99.340.650.2 Syria43.140.3-1.813.114.320.014.031.537.448.548.7 Somalia46.046.23.2 20.521.8………...... Iraq46.846.93.2 12.011.85.53.615.115.579.480.9 Oman61.971.17.9 27.031.028.932.28.07.063.160.8 Palestine40.946.54.5 13.817.9…8.7…9.8…81.6 Qatar86.787.04.7 51.456.80.70.954.423.844.975.3 Comoros42.143.42.9 34.536.869.454.4…15.6…30.0 Kuwait70.068.34.3 46.649.33.83.714.426.181.870.3 Lebanon45.747.34.4 22.822.91.81.328.528.769.770.0 Libya53.852.41.3 33.633.83.02.121.921.275.176.7 Egypt49.348.21.6 22.622.132.723.324.512.242.864.5 Morocco49.948.70.5 25.521.425.522.228.429.646.148.2 Mauritania49.749.43.2 28.129.950.334.35.47.344.358.4 Yemen39.537.82.5 10.05.736.038.08.77.355.354.8 (…) Not available. Source : Annex Table (3/3), Joint Arab Economic Report, various reports; National Sources; The World Bank "World Development Indicators" 2021; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Database 2021; UNICEF, the World's Children Situation 2019; International Labour Organization (ILO) Database 2021.
( Ages 15+ )to Total Employment (%)ServicesAgricultureIndustry
An nex Tab le (2/17) : Employ me nt i n the Arab Cou ntrie s
Employment by Main Economic Sectors (%)Employment As a Percentage of Total PopulationProportion of Employed Women ( Ages 15+ )2010201920102019 Jordan2.81.61.00.6 U.A.E.1.2 (1) 0.62.3 (1) 2.3 Bahrain1.43.40.00.0 Tunisia2.2 (1) 2.52.2 (1) 1.3 Algeria1.9 (1)2.01.6 (1)1.1 Djibouti1.9 (1) 1.9 (1) 1.7 (1) 1.7 (1) Saudi Arabia1.92.51.71.0 Sudan1.91.31.61.0 Syria2.32.3 (3) 1.61.6 (3) Somalia............ Iraq2.11.31.31.2 Oman1.92.41.0 (1) 0.6 Palestine3.5 (2) 3.30.90.9 Qatar1.3 (2) 0.80.5 (2) 0.7 Comoros1.5 (1) 1.31.1 (1) 1.0 Kuwait1.6 (1) 1.50.9 (1) 0.4 Lebanon1.8 (1) 2.20.6 (1) 0.7 Libya3.94.42.00.0 Egypt1.8 (2) 1.51.5 (2) 1.3 Morocco1.8 (1) 2.12.1 (1) 1.3 Mauritania1.41.61.21.1 Yemen2.83.06.97.2 (…) Not available. (*) Guide to Gender Equality : Illiteracy rate (Female) / Illiteracy rate (Male) (1) Data for the period 2005-2009. (2) Data for the year 2011. (3) Data for the year 2012. Sources: Sources of Annex Table (2/16)-A