Meteorological information is critical for assessing the available energy resources and for the performance of many different types of renewable energy systems. Solar map of the total radiation over the United Arab Emirates was produced using the values obtained by Alnaser's model.
LIST OF THE TABLES
LIST OF THE TABLES ( CONTINUED)
LIST OF THE TABLES ( CONTINUED)
LIST OF FIG URE S
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
The best information is obtained by long-term measurements of solar radiation at the location of the site. The heat absorbed is distributed to the rest of the building by radiation and convection. Wind is defined as any movement of air relative to the surface of the earth.
No other factor is more important to the amount of wind energy available to a wind turbine than the speed of the wind.
AND WIND POWER
To find the amount of radiation that is scattered, the purity index of ten (KT) must be made clear. The clearness index is the ratio of the average monthly radiation on a horizontal surface to the average monthly extraterrestrial daily radiation and is given by the following equation (Duffie & Beckman 1980. Studies have shown that the average fraction of radiation that is scattered, ( HD/H ), is a function of the monthly mean KT purity index and the following equation was proposed (Duffie & Beckman, 1 980.
This pressure, added up over the entire surface area of the object, is the total force on that object. The volume, in tum, can be found by multiplying the wind speed, Y, by the area, A, through which the wind moves during a given time period, t. A here is the swept area by wind turbine blades, which is, A = 1t: D2/4 (D is the diameter), in the horizontal-axis turbine.
Only part of the wind energy density can be converted to useful work; this maximum conversion power is called the Betz limit, after the German scientist Albert Betz. He theorized that some of the wind had to keep moving through the turbine and not all of it could be caught. Tests confirm that the maximum power that can be obtained from a wind stream is 59.3% of the wind power for the horizontal wind turbine (Hunt, 1 98 1.
CHAPTER THREE
DATA COLLECTION
EXPERIMENTAL DATA )
There are 1,07 meteorological stations in the United Arab Emirates, the amount of data collected by these stations has reached 446 years, those stations are managed by different agencies. At the same time, there are no eye reading observations to compare and adjust data taken from these maps. In addition, the survey maps are affected by the high relative humidity value that prevails in the area of the survey instruments, which has a great effect on the paper map dimensions and which introduces large errors in the time and the accuracy of the recorded data of the meteorological instruments. .
From the conclusions mentioned above, it is clear that meteorological observations at different observation stations are incompatible. Table ( 3 .2 ) shows the instruments used at these stations to measure wind, duration of solar radiation and solar radiation. Long-term climatological data were obtained from the Civil Aviation Authority of Abu Dhabi International Airport and from the Meteorological Department of the Ministry of Communications.
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CHAPTER FOUR
CLIMATIC FEATURES OF
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
The Emirates are located southeast of the Arabian Gulf between the Qatar Peninsula in the west and the Musandum Peninsula in the east, except for Fujairah, which is located on the coast of the Gulf of Oman. Along the coast of the Arabian Gulf, the low-lying land is punctuated by ancient raised beaches and isolated hills up to 40 meters above sea level. In the following sections, a description of the climatic characteristics of the United Arab Emirates will be provided.
As a result, the surface air over the surrounding landmass, north of the Arabian Gulf, becomes colder than that over the Arabian Sea. The strong, cold and dry northeasterly waves, known locally as Elnashi, are causing temperatures to drop and sea levels to rise over the western offshore area of the UAE. Some of the extratropical lows from the Eastern Mediterranean are weakening/disintegrating, occasionally tracking southeasterly toward the Arabian Gulf.
Outbursts of strong cold air mass from the north follow a series of extratropical waves that cause Shamal winds. As this low strengthens, a fresh northwesterly flow develops over the southern parts of the Arabian Gulf from late May to early June. Hamal occasionally brings a thick dust haze to the southwestern parts of the UAE this summer.
CHAPTER FIVE
CALCULATIONS,
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With few exceptions, Page's model using Gopinathan's regression coefficients is more accurate in calculating the total radiation based on the comparison between the calculated and the measured monthly mean total radiation. A comparison is shown for the results of estimated total radiation obtained by the different models mentioned above (Figure 5 .2. 5 Values of the regression coefficients and the estimated total radiation using Page's model with different regression coefficient (kWhJm2).
The percentage difference is calculated for the different total radiation calculated by the theoretical models compared to the measured total radiation ( Tables. When calculating the percentage difference between the measured and calculated diffuse radiation using Alnaser's model ( Table 5.9 ) , the percentage is on the high side, but it is used for the other stations, because this is the best formula to calculate the total radiation. It is noticeable that the total radiation for AI Ain for the month of March is the lowest, that can be easily explained, since the percentage of maximum sunshine possible for that month is the lowest 0.
Station name / Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May J u n J u l Aug Sep Oct Nov Abu Dhabi Total radiation 4. June is the month with the maximum total radiation for all the stations in general. Solar maps were produced for the total radiation in the United Arab Emirates using the results obtained by Alnaser's model (Figures 5.
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RA.KHA1MAH'"'\�
The maximum wind speed is around 4 pm local time (1200 GMT) and this is mainly due to the sea breeze. The same applies to those stations, but, as can be seen from the figures, the average hourly wind speed at Shaijah is smaller. The wind speed of 500 0 per hour for Abu-Dhabi airport has exceeded 3.5 billion, it is also worth noting that the prevailing direction is the northwest wind.
1 9) shows that the above also applies to the airports of Bateen and Dubai, i.e. 50% of the wind speed is exceeded. 3. Table (5.22) how the wind speed at a height of 50 meters for different months and for the annual average wind speed. Compared to the wind speed at a height of 10 meters, the wind speed at a height of 50 meters is relatively higher.
When the diameter of the wind turbine was changed, the difference was significant, but more than the effect of wind speed. AI-Ain Airport is the station with the highest theoretical annual wind power at 1 0 meters, and Bateen Airport at 50 meters (the wind speed at this level is estimated) because they obtained the highest wind speed of 1 0 and 50 respectively meters. . Ras AI-Khaimah Airport is the station with the lowest annual maximum theoretical wind power at 1 0 and 50 meters because it had the lowest mean wind speed at both altitudes.
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION
CHAPTER S IX
5 m/s, which is considered to be the minimum wind speed for the production of power from small wind turbines, with peak average wind speed around 04:00. It is also worth mentioning that the wind speed reaches about 5 ml in the afternoon, which is the time when the maximum energy is required, especially in the warm months. Data al 0 show that the summer months (mainly May, June and July) have higher values for wind speed mean and mean maximum.
Fujeirah was the exception with the highest wind speed during the winter months, mainly due to the transmission of the Shamal wind through the mountains, which sometimes caused strong winds. It is also important to say that even with low average winds, sometimes wind speeds reach destructive speeds. Analyzing the data that gives the wind speed at 50 meters above the surface, it is found that the predicted wind speed at 50 meters is promising, especially for areas such as.
For Abu-Dhabi Airport, about 50% of wind speeds exceed 3 5 rnJ it i lower from October to January and about 20% or more of wind speeds exceed 5 .6 m1s from February to September and only about 1,60 0 annual wind speeds are calm . Looking at the maximum theoretical wind power available, it is clear that the power varies greatly with wind speed and again with the exception of March, the summer months are the months with the highest power output. Also note that the records we have are from aeronautical meteorological stations, as these stations are usually chosen in areas of low wind speed for aviation safety, and these stations should be as far as possible from obstacles and high areas that could be used as areas with potentially high wind speeds.
SUBSCRIPTS
GLOSSARY
Day This is a day that has otherworldly. radiation that is closest to the average of the month. Relative humidity The ratio of the actual amount of water vapor. in the air compared to the amount of water vapor the air can hold at a given temperature and pressure. Solar constant Energy from Sul, per unit time, received at a. a unit of area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of radiation at the mean distance of the Earth from Sul, outside the atmosphere, the mean value of which is 1 3 76 Wm-2•. Semipermanent high in the subtropical high pressure belt centered near 30° latitude.
It is also a measure of the average speed or kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance. Vapor pressure The pressure exerted by the water vapor molecules in a given amount of air. - Bulb temperature The lowest temperature that can be. is achieved by evaporating water into the air.
Total solar radiation Sum of beam and diffuse radiation at. the most common measurement of solar radiation is the total radiation on a horizontal surface, often called global radiation. The angle formed by the vertical line to the zenith (the point directly overhead) and the line of sight to the sun.
