Chapter 8 121 Plastic Inorganic Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics
8. Summaries and outlook
Hybrid Nanomaterials - Flexible Electronics Materials
Hybrid Nanomaterials - Flexible Electronics Materials
8. Summaries and outlook
This chapter reviews the newly emerging plastic inorganic semiconductors (e.g., Ag2S) for next-generation flexible electronics. The term “flexibility” is clarified at the very beginning. It should be recognized that plasticity is important for flexible electronics due to the availability of feasible processing and deformability free of size restricts. The intrinsic brittleness for inorganic semiconductors and ceramics is explained from unidirectional and saturated characteristics of covalent bonds.
Historically, ionic crystals like AgCl have been found to exhibit certain plasticity but lack decent electrical conductivity. Groundbreakingly, Ag2S was discovered as the room-temperature ductile semiconductor. From the chemical bonding perspective, the multicentered, diffuse, weak interactions induce easy slipping while main- taining the integrity, which holds well not only for Ag2S but also for other plastic materials. The generalized bonding features are useful guidance for developing new flexible/plastic semiconductors. The electrical properties and thermoelectric performance of Ag2S are readily optimized upon Se/Te alloying while maintaining the plasticity and flexibility. Successively, full-inorganic thermoelectric devices are fabricated based on plastic and flexible Ag2S-based semiconductors, yielding much higher output power density than organic counterparts.
The discovery and application demonstration of plastic Ag2S inorganic semi- conductor pave a new way toward next-generation flexible electronics. Facing large-scale applications in electronics and energy conversions, several key chal- lenges lie ahead. First and basically, the mechanisms for plastic deformation in Ag2S needs further investigation, especially on the individual and synergetic effects of both chemical bonding and dislocations, which calls for tremendous efforts of both experimentalists and theorists from a variety of disciplines. Second, practical crite- ria are required to rapidly screen potentially new, plastic/flexible semiconductors.
These performance indicators should be easily available yet insightful, and it is bet- ter that they can be implemented into the high-throughput calculations. Third, all the techniques are to be renewed including material processing, electrode/ substrate selection, device fabrication, and circuit integration.
Facing all these exciting challenges and fascinating opportunities, there is no doubt that the flexible/plastic inorganic semiconductors will bring a revolution to academic communities, electronic/energy industries, and worldwide market. The next-generation flexible electronics is meant to deeply change our life and reshape the world. The future has come.
Plastic Inorganic Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91195
Author details
Tian-Ran Wei1,2, Heyang Chen2, Xun Shi1,2 and Lidong Chen1* 1 State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine
Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
*Address all correspondence to: [email protected]
© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Hybrid Nanomaterials - Flexible Electronics Materials
[1] Wong WS, Salleo A. Flexible
Electronics: Materials and Applications.
Vol. 11. New York: Springer Science &
Business Media; 2009
[2] Kim D-H, Lu N, Ma R, Kim Y-S, Kim R-H, Wang S, et al. Epidermal electronics. Science. 2011;333(6044):
838-843
[3] Gates BD. Flexible electronics.
Science. 2009;323(5921):1566-1567
[4] Sun Y, Rogers JA. Inorganic semiconductors for flexible electronics. Advanced Materials.
2007;19(15):1897-1916
[5] Cavallo F, Lagally MG.
Semiconductors turn soft: Inorganic nanomembranes. Soft Matter.
2010;6(3):439-455
[6] Rogers JA, Lagally MG, Nuzzo RG.
Synthesis, assembly and applications of semiconductor nanomembranes.
Nature. 2011;477(7362):45-53
[7] Kaltenbrunner M, Sekitani T, Reeder J, Yokota T, Kuribara K, Tokuhara T, et al. An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics. Nature. 2013;499(7459):
458-463
[8] Zhang S, Xu X, Lin T, He P. Recent advances in nano-materials for
packaging of electronic devices. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2019;30:13855-13868
[9] Yang M, Kim SW, Zhang S, Park DY, Lee C-W, Ko Y-H, et al. Facile and highly efficient fabrication of robust Ag nanowire–elastomer composite electrodes with tailored electrical properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2018;6(27):7207-7218
[10] Xu J, Wang S, Wang G-JN, Zhu C, Luo S, Jin L, et al. Highly stretchable
polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect. Science.
2017;355(6320):59-64
[11] Sekitani T, Yokota T, Zschieschang U, Klauk H, Bauer S, Takeuchi K, et al.
Organic nonvolatile memory transistors for flexible sensor arrays. Science.
2009;326(5959):1516-1519
[12] Oh JY, Rondeau-Gagne S,
Chiu YC, Chortos A, Lissel F, Wang GN, et al. Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors. Nature.
2016;539(7629):411-415
[13] Jin ML, Park S, Kim JS, Kwon SH, Zhang S, Yoo MS, et al. An ultrastable ionic chemiresistor skin with an intrinsically stretchable polymer electrolyte. Advanced Materials.
2018;30(20):1706851
[14] Timoshenko SP, Woinowsky- Krieger S. Theory of Plates and Shells.
Auckland: McGraw-hill; 1959
[15] Bhimanapati GR, Lin Z,
Meunier V, Jung Y, Cha J, Das S, et al.
Recent advances in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano.
2015;9(12):11509-11539
[16] Fiori G, Bonaccorso F,
Iannaccone G, Palacios T, Neumaier D, Seabaugh A, et al. Electronics based on two-dimensional materials. Nature Nanotechnology. 2014;9:768-779
[17] Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J.
Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science.
2008;321(5887):385-388
[18] Kim J, Kim J, Song S, Zhang S, Cha J, Kim K, et al. Strength dependence of epoxy composites on the average filler size of non-oxidized graphene flake.
Carbon. 2017;113:379-386 References
Plastic Inorganic Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91195 [19] Faber KT, Malloy KJ. The Mechanical Properties of Semiconductors. San Diego: Academic Press; 1992
[20] Green DJ. An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998
[21] Shi X, Chen H, Hao F, Liu R, Wang T, Qiu P, et al. Room-temperature ductile inorganic semiconductor. Nature Materials. 2018;17:421-426
[22] Liang J, Wang T, Qiu P,
Yang S, Ming C, Chen H, et al. Flexible thermoelectrics: From silver
chalcogenides to full-inorganic devices.
Energy & Environmental Science.
2019;12(10):2983-2990
[23] Peng J, Snyder GJ. A figure of merit for flexibility. Science.
2019;366(6466):690-691
[24] Lu Q , Arroyo M, Huang R. Elastic bending modulus of monolayer
graphene. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2009;42(10):102002
[25] Yu PY, Cardona M. Fundamentals of Semiconductors. Berlin: Springer; 2010
[26] Zeier WG, Zevalkink A,
Gibbs ZM, Hautier G, Kanatzidis MG, Snyder GJ. Thinking like a chemist:
Intuition in thermoelectric materials.
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2016;55(24):2-18
[27] Nye JF. Plastic deformation of silver chloride I. internal stresses and the glide mechanism.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.
1949;198(1053):190-204
[28] Nye JF. Plastic deformation of silver chloride. II. Photoelastic study of the internal stresses in glide packets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A:
Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 1949;200(1060):47-66
[29] Stoloff N, Lezius D, Johnston T. Effect of temperature on the deformation of KCl-KBr alloys. Journal of Applied Physics. 1963;34(11):3315-3322
[30] Taylor A, Albers H, Pohl R. Effect of plastic deformation on the
thermal conductivity of various ionic crystals. Journal of Applied Physics. 1965;36(7):2270-2278
[31] Skrotzki W, Frommeyer O, Haasen P. Plasticity of polycrystalline ionic solids. Physica Status Solidi. 1981;66(1):219-228
[32] Vávra F, Ševčík Z. Formation of wavy slip bands in AgCl crystals at low temperatures. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics B. 1986;36(4):509-513
[33] Stokes R, Li C. Dislocations and the strength of polycrystalline ceramics. In: Stadelmaier HH, Austin WW, editors. Materials Science Research. Boston: Springer; 1963. pp. 133-157
[34] Nakamura A, Ukita M, Shimoda N, Furushima Y, Toyoura K, Matsunaga K. First-principles calculations on slip system activation in the rock salt structure: Electronic origin of ductility in silver chloride. Philosophical Magazine. 2017;97(16):1281-1310
[35] Ukita M, Nakamura A, Yokoi T, Matsunaga K. Electronic and atomic structures of edge and screw dislocations in rock salt structured ionic crystals. Philosophical Magazine. 2018;98(24):2189-2204
[36] Oshima Y, Nakamura A,
Matsunaga K. Extraordinary plasticity of an inorganic semiconductor in darkness. Science. 2018;360(6390):772-774
[37] Li G, An Q , Morozov SI,
Duan B, Goddard WA, Zhang Q , et al.
Hybrid Nanomaterials - Flexible Electronics Materials
[1] Wong WS, Salleo A. Flexible
Electronics: Materials and Applications.
Vol. 11. New York: Springer Science &
Business Media; 2009
[2] Kim D-H, Lu N, Ma R, Kim Y-S, Kim R-H, Wang S, et al. Epidermal electronics. Science. 2011;333(6044):
838-843
[3] Gates BD. Flexible electronics.
Science. 2009;323(5921):1566-1567
[4] Sun Y, Rogers JA. Inorganic semiconductors for flexible electronics. Advanced Materials.
2007;19(15):1897-1916
[5] Cavallo F, Lagally MG.
Semiconductors turn soft: Inorganic nanomembranes. Soft Matter.
2010;6(3):439-455
[6] Rogers JA, Lagally MG, Nuzzo RG.
Synthesis, assembly and applications of semiconductor nanomembranes.
Nature. 2011;477(7362):45-53
[7] Kaltenbrunner M, Sekitani T, Reeder J, Yokota T, Kuribara K, Tokuhara T, et al. An ultra-lightweight design for imperceptible plastic electronics. Nature. 2013;499(7459):
458-463
[8] Zhang S, Xu X, Lin T, He P. Recent advances in nano-materials for
packaging of electronic devices. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2019;30:13855-13868
[9] Yang M, Kim SW, Zhang S, Park DY, Lee C-W, Ko Y-H, et al. Facile and highly efficient fabrication of robust Ag nanowire–elastomer composite electrodes with tailored electrical properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2018;6(27):7207-7218
[10] Xu J, Wang S, Wang G-JN, Zhu C, Luo S, Jin L, et al. Highly stretchable
polymer semiconductor films through the nanoconfinement effect. Science.
2017;355(6320):59-64
[11] Sekitani T, Yokota T, Zschieschang U, Klauk H, Bauer S, Takeuchi K, et al.
Organic nonvolatile memory transistors for flexible sensor arrays. Science.
2009;326(5959):1516-1519
[12] Oh JY, Rondeau-Gagne S,
Chiu YC, Chortos A, Lissel F, Wang GN, et al. Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors. Nature.
2016;539(7629):411-415
[13] Jin ML, Park S, Kim JS, Kwon SH, Zhang S, Yoo MS, et al. An ultrastable ionic chemiresistor skin with an intrinsically stretchable polymer electrolyte. Advanced Materials.
2018;30(20):1706851
[14] Timoshenko SP, Woinowsky- Krieger S. Theory of Plates and Shells.
Auckland: McGraw-hill; 1959
[15] Bhimanapati GR, Lin Z,
Meunier V, Jung Y, Cha J, Das S, et al.
Recent advances in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano.
2015;9(12):11509-11539
[16] Fiori G, Bonaccorso F,
Iannaccone G, Palacios T, Neumaier D, Seabaugh A, et al. Electronics based on two-dimensional materials. Nature Nanotechnology. 2014;9:768-779
[17] Lee C, Wei X, Kysar JW, Hone J.
Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene. Science.
2008;321(5887):385-388
[18] Kim J, Kim J, Song S, Zhang S, Cha J, Kim K, et al. Strength dependence of epoxy composites on the average filler size of non-oxidized graphene flake.
Carbon. 2017;113:379-386 References
Plastic Inorganic Semiconductors for Flexible Electronics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91195 [19] Faber KT, Malloy KJ. The Mechanical Properties of Semiconductors. San Diego: Academic Press; 1992
[20] Green DJ. An Introduction to the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998
[21] Shi X, Chen H, Hao F, Liu R, Wang T, Qiu P, et al. Room-temperature ductile inorganic semiconductor. Nature Materials. 2018;17:421-426
[22] Liang J, Wang T, Qiu P,
Yang S, Ming C, Chen H, et al. Flexible thermoelectrics: From silver
chalcogenides to full-inorganic devices.
Energy & Environmental Science.
2019;12(10):2983-2990
[23] Peng J, Snyder GJ. A figure of merit for flexibility. Science.
2019;366(6466):690-691
[24] Lu Q , Arroyo M, Huang R. Elastic bending modulus of monolayer
graphene. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2009;42(10):102002
[25] Yu PY, Cardona M. Fundamentals of Semiconductors. Berlin: Springer; 2010
[26] Zeier WG, Zevalkink A,
Gibbs ZM, Hautier G, Kanatzidis MG, Snyder GJ. Thinking like a chemist:
Intuition in thermoelectric materials.
Angewandte Chemie, International Edition. 2016;55(24):2-18
[27] Nye JF. Plastic deformation of silver chloride I. internal stresses and the glide mechanism.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.
1949;198(1053):190-204
[28] Nye JF. Plastic deformation of silver chloride. II. Photoelastic study of the internal stresses in glide packets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A:
Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
1949;200(1060):47-66
[29] Stoloff N, Lezius D, Johnston T.
Effect of temperature on the deformation of KCl-KBr alloys. Journal of Applied Physics. 1963;34(11):3315-3322
[30] Taylor A, Albers H, Pohl R. Effect of plastic deformation on the
thermal conductivity of various ionic crystals. Journal of Applied Physics.
1965;36(7):2270-2278
[31] Skrotzki W, Frommeyer O, Haasen P. Plasticity of polycrystalline ionic solids. Physica Status Solidi.
1981;66(1):219-228
[32] Vávra F, Ševčík Z. Formation of wavy slip bands in AgCl crystals at low temperatures. Czechoslovak Journal of Physics B. 1986;36(4):509-513
[33] Stokes R, Li C. Dislocations and the strength of polycrystalline ceramics. In:
Stadelmaier HH, Austin WW, editors.
Materials Science Research. Boston:
Springer; 1963. pp. 133-157
[34] Nakamura A, Ukita M, Shimoda N, Furushima Y, Toyoura K, Matsunaga K.
First-principles calculations on slip system activation in the rock salt structure: Electronic origin of ductility in silver chloride. Philosophical Magazine. 2017;97(16):1281-1310
[35] Ukita M, Nakamura A, Yokoi T, Matsunaga K. Electronic and atomic structures of edge and screw dislocations in rock salt structured ionic crystals. Philosophical Magazine.
2018;98(24):2189-2204
[36] Oshima Y, Nakamura A,
Matsunaga K. Extraordinary plasticity of an inorganic semiconductor in darkness.
Science. 2018;360(6390):772-774
[37] Li G, An Q , Morozov SI,
Duan B, Goddard WA, Zhang Q , et al.
Hybrid Nanomaterials - Flexible Electronics Materials Ductile deformation mechanism
in semiconductor α-Ag2S. npj
Computational Materials. 2018;4(1):44
[38] Peng R, Ma Y, He Z, Huang B, Kou L, Dai Y. Single-layer Ag2S: A two-dimensional bidirectional Auxetic semiconductor. Nano Letters.
2019;19(2):1227-1233
[39] Ding Y, Qiu Y, Cai K, Yao Q ,
Chen S, Chen L, et al. High performance n-type Ag2Se film on nylon membrane for flexible thermoelectric power generator. Nature Communications.
2019;10(1):841
Hybrid Nanomaterials - Flexible Electronics Materials Ductile deformation mechanism
in semiconductor α-Ag2S. npj
Computational Materials. 2018;4(1):44
[38] Peng R, Ma Y, He Z, Huang B, Kou L, Dai Y. Single-layer Ag2S: A two-dimensional bidirectional Auxetic semiconductor. Nano Letters.
2019;19(2):1227-1233
[39] Ding Y, Qiu Y, Cai K, Yao Q ,
Chen S, Chen L, et al. High performance n-type Ag2Se film on nylon membrane for flexible thermoelectric power generator. Nature Communications.
2019;10(1):841