Antidiabetic Effects of Hydroxytyrosol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence
5. Summary, Conclusion and Future Directions
Existing studies indicate that hydroxytyrosol (HT) has insulin-like effects on insulin target cells including adipocytes, hepatocytes and muscle cells, and exerted significant anti-diabetic effects in animal models of T2DM. Moreover, HT exhibited protective effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in chemically-, genetically- and dietary-induced animal models of T2DM.
Although the current literature regarding HT toxicity is scarce, the evidence suggests that HT is well-tolerated. A study showed that oral administration of pure HT at 5, 50 and 500 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks in Wistar rats resulted in no adverse effects, including micro or macro organ alterations, morbidity, or mortality [77]. More importantly, in 2011, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approved the use of HT (5 mg/day) or its derivatives to provide protection against oxidative damage and inflammation and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance/diabetes [78].
However, more systematic long-term human studies are required to assess the optimal dose required for the health benefits while avoiding any potential toxicity/side effects. In addition, more clinical studies are required to examine the bioavailability and mechanism of action of HT and to fully understand its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects.
Overall, the existing in vitro and in vivo studies of HT showed potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulin-like, and insulin sensitizing effects. This suggests a potential application for HT in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and T2DM.
Author Contributions:E.T. formulated the review topic. F.V. and E.T. wrote the majority of the manuscript. M.Y.
contributed to the writing of the manuscript, table and figure preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments:This work was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to E.T.
Conflicts of Interest:The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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