.E - MOI TRl/dNG
REDD - Vi CONG D I N G CHIA SE 101JCH TRONG QUAN LY R I N G
Tir nam 1997, cac nha khoa hgc da chiing minh rang, nhiet do toan cau dang tang len nhanh chong do gia tang khi nha kinh trong khi quyen, trong d6 C02 la mot thu pham chinh. Riing c6 vai tro dac biet bdi n6 vira la tac nhan quan trgng de giam nhe su bien ddi khi hau thong qua viec hap thu va luu giir C02 nhung neu khdng dugc quan ly tot thi rirng lai chinh la nguyen nhan gdp phan gay len sir bien doi khi hau. Khdng chi viec phat thai do nha may, xi nghiep va sinh hoat, mat rimg va suy thoai rirng ciing co the la tang 20% lugng phat thai tren toan cau. Viec ngan chan mat rung va suy thoai rimg se la mot bien phap bao ve khi hau trai dat hieu qua va tuong ddi re tien so vdi cac giai phap khac.
Trong bdi canh mdi trudng dang suy thoai va trai dat dang n6ng len, nhiing cdng cu kinh te hira hen la mot giai phap hieu qua nham han che tac dong cua bien ddi khi hau ciing nhu tao sinh ke cho ngudi dan ngheo ben canh nhiing nd lire phong chong va thich nghi vdi bien ddi khi hau. REDD la ten viet tat cua cum tir tieng Anh - Reduced Emission from Deforestation in Developing Countries - nghia la Giam phat thai khi nha kinh do mat rirng d cac nude dang phat trien. Day la sang kien dugc dua ra tai Hdi nghi lan thir 11 (COP 11) cac ben tham gia Cong udc khung cua Lien hiep quoc ve bien doi khi hau (UNFCCC) dugc to chirc tai thanh pho Montreal, Canada nam 2005.
Cong dong Quoc te thira nhan ngay cang manh me hon viec neu nhu rimg dugc long ghep vao mot giai phap chdng bien doi khi hau thi cac nude dang phat trien can phai dugc den dap cho nhirng no lire giam thieu mat rung (khi chat trang de chuyen doi sang cac muc dich su dung dat khac) va suy thoai rirng (khi ngudn tai nguyen rimg bi ton hai). Xet cho cung, dat c6 rimg c6 gia tri rat Idn - cung cap go va tiem nang chuyen doi thanh rung
Thac si: Truong Tdt Do' Cue Lam nghiep - Bo Nong nghiep vd PTNT trdng thuong mai, hoac lam nong nghiep de nuoi sdng cu dan. Nhiing su den dap vc mat tai chinh la can thiet nham dam bao dat co cay rirng luon co gia tri cao nhu chinh rirng.
Giam phat thai do rirng xa suy thoai rirng (REDD) la mot ca che dugc thiol kcdo tao ra nliCrng su den dap nay. Cac nude sc do dcni \ a giani siit lugng phat thai C02 tir mat rirng \ a suy thoai rung trong pham vi bien gidi nirdc niinh. Sau mot Liiai doan nhat dinh, cac nude so tinh toan kroiiL; giani phat thai vanhan dirge so lugng tin chi caiboii lung va c6 the trao doi tren thi trirdiig dua ticn srr giani thieu nay. Cac tin chi carbon sau do co the dugc dcni ban tren thi trudng carbon toan cau. C ac lurov phat thai ra nhieu khi carbon (cac nuov phat tncn \oi nhieu nha may, khu cong nghiep) sc nuia tin clii do thay cho quyen dugc phat thai carbon. Nlur \ay, REDD cung cap su den dap \ c tai chinh do tranh mat rimg va suy thoai rirng. Khi lam nhir \ay, REDD cung se tao ra su kich thich quan ly rirng ben viing va binh dang doi \'di ngudi dan ngheo song trong hoac gan cac viing c6 rirng trien khai cac bien phap bao ve rirng thay cho viec pha rirng.
Tai Hoi nghi lan thir 13 (COP13) dien ra tai Bali, Indonesia vao thang 12/2007, cac ben da thong qua Ke hoach Hanh dong Bali (Bali Action Plan) trong d6 c6 de xuat 16 trinh xay dung va dua REDD tra thanh mot co che chinh thirc thugc he thdng cac bien phap han che bien doi khi hau trong tuong lai, dac biet la sau khi giai doan cam ket dau tien cua Nghi dinh thu Kyoto het hieu Itjc vao nam 2012. Hoi nghi keu ggi cac ben tiep tuc nghien cim, thu nghiem REDD va tdng ket kinh nghiem thuc tien lam co sd de Hoi nghi lan thir 15 (COP 15) to chirc tai Copenhagen, Dan Mach vao (12/2009) xem xet, quyet dinh.
Neu trd thanh mdt ca che tai chinh chinh thirc
BAN TIN THONG TIN KH&CN SO 01/2010
KHOA HQC - CONG NGHE - M
trong cac thoa thuan quoc te thi trudc het REDD sc gdp phan lam han che bien ddi khi hau tren pham \ i toan cau. Ben canh do, thuc hien REDD ciing ddng nghia vdi vice rirng dugc quan ly \ a su diing ben
\irng, da dang sinh hgc \a cac dich \ u moi trudng cua rirng dugc bao tdn, gop phan cung cap go \ a cac lam san ngoai go. thiic day phat trien kinh tc, \a hoi va xda ddi giam ngheo tai cac nude dang phat trien cd dien tich i iing tu nhien Idn.
REDD thu hilt \a phan phoi Igi ich mot each cong bang cho nhieu chu the, bao gdm nhirng ngudi quan ly rirng o dia phuong, cac can bg lam nghiep va chinh quyen dia phuong, cac to chirc phi chinh phu dia phuong va cac to chiic xa hdi cd lien quan tdi quan ly rirng va tat ca nhung ngudi sdng phu thugc vao rimg. Nhiing ngudi nay cd quyen nhan dugc Igi ich tir REDD do nhiing ddng gdp cua hg vao viec thuc thi REDD.
Cac to chirc xa hdi, cac td chirc phi chinh phu va cac cdng ddng se c6 vai trd quan trgng trong thuc thi REDD d cap dia phuong thong qua thuc hanh quan ly rimg ben virng. Lam nghiep cdng ddng ciing se gop phan hien thuc hoa cac thanh qua ciia REDD; cai thien sinh ke, dam bao khdi lugng carbon tang trir trong rimg va nit ra cac bai hgc ve quan ly rimg ben viing. Cac chii the dia phuong ciing se la ngudi thu thap sd lieu tdt nhat nlu dugc dao tao, hg cd the thu thap sd lieu mdt each chinh xac va thudng xuyen cac thdng tin cin thilt v l mat rimg va suy thoai rimg thong qua giam sat tai thuc dia. Doi lai REDD chu truong mang lai Igi ich cho cac chu the dja phuong thdng qua:
• Lam rd quyen sir dung dat va cac quyIn khac ve rimg va dat lam nghiep;
• Duy tri tai nguyen rimg va sinh k l ciia ngudi dan sdng phu thugc vao rimg;
• Thira nhan toan cau rang hg la ngudi quan ly rimg cd trach nhiem thdng qua viec cap chung chi carbon de hg cd the ban nd tren thi trudng thucmg mai de phuc vu ddi sdng ciia hg va tilp tuc quan ly rung.
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Qua trinh thuc thi REDD se dugc chia thanh 2 giai doan, giai doan 1 (2008-2012) - Nang cao nang luc a cac cap va cac ben cd lien quan trong viec thuc thi REDD ddng thdi tien hanh cac du an thu nghiem, giai doan 2 (sau 2012) - Trien khai REDD (neu REDD chinh thirc tro' thanh mdt co che tai chinh trong cac Thoa thuan qudc te ve bien ddi khi hau).
Viet Nam la 1 trong 5 nude bi anh hudng nang nc nhat cua bien ddi khi hau, dac biet la sir dang len cua nude bien. Theo sd lieu thdng ke cua Bg NN&PTNT, tinh den thang 12 nam 2008, dien tich rung cua Viet Nam la 13.118.773ha, do che phu dat 38,7%, trong dd rirng tu nhien la 10.348.591 ha (chiem 78,88% dien tich cd rimg va 3 1 % tdng dien tich tu nhien ca nude). Tuy nhien, tinh trang mat rimg va suy thoai rimg van tiep dien, dac biet la d Ddng Nam Bd va Tay Nguyen. Vi vay, viec thuc hien REDD vira la co hdi, tiem nang va vira la thach thirc ddi vdi Viet Nam.
Nham tang cudng kha nang phdi hgp va long ghep Chuong trinh, du an, huy ddng tdi da va su dung cd hieu qua cac ngudn lire ciing nhu huy dong mgi thanh phan kinh te va cac nha tai trg tham gia thue thi REDD, Bd NN&PTNT da chii tri, phii hgp vdi Bd Tai nguyen - Mdi trudng va cac Bg, nganh cd lien quan xay dung Chuong trinh REDD quoc gia.
Bd Ndng nghiep va PTNT la eo quan quan ly nha nude ve linh vuc ndng nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn trong dd cd nganh lam nghiep - la ca quan chu tri, phdi hgp vdi Bd Tai nguyen va Moi trudng (co quan dau mdi qudc gia thuc thi UNFCCC) va cac Bd, nganh, dia phuong nghien ciiu triln khai REDD d Viet Nam. Bd NN & PTNT da giao cho Cue Lam nghiep la co quan chu tri, phoi hgp vdi cac don vi trong va ngoai Bd, cac to chirc qudc te xay dung va trien khai REDD.
Thuc hien Quyet dinh sd 2 cua Hdi nghi lan thii 13 cac ben tham gia UNFCCC (C0P13), thang
BAN TIN THONG TIN KH&CN SO 01/2010
KHOA HQC - CONG NGHE - MOI TRlJdNG
02/2008 Viet Nam da giri tdi Ban Thu ky cua Cdng udc tai lieu neu quan diem ve phuong phap ciing nhu 16 trinh thue hien REDD, trong dd cd d l xuat cac hoat ddng can su hd trg ve tai chinh va ky thuat ciia cong ddng qudc te. Bd NN & PTNT cung da giri thu bay td su quan tam va mong mudn dugc tham gia REDD tdi Van phdng thudng true ciia LHQ tai Viet Nam. Dap lai, Chinh phii Na Uy va Chuong trinh giam khi thai do pha rimg va suy thoai rimg cua Lien Hgp qudc (UN-REDD) da cir doan chuyen gia cao cap sang Viet Nam vao thang 01 /2009.
Doan da lam viec vdi Van phdng Chinh phii, Bg Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, Bd Ndng nghiep va PTNT, Bg Ke hoach va Dau tu va mdt sd bd nganh c6 lien quan khac de tim hieu mdi quan tam ciing nhu nhu cau trg giiip ciia Viet Nam trong qua trinh xay dung va trien khai REDD, ddng thdi to chirc cac buoi hdi thao gidi thieu ve REDD, co hdi va thach thiic trong qua trinh thuc hien. UN-REDD va FCPF da cir mdt doan cdng tac den Viet Nam ban thao ve kha nang phdi hgp giiia Chinh phii Viet Nam vdi Ngan hang the gidi, UN-REDD va cac nha tai trg khac trong viec thuc thi REDD. Ben canh dd, Bg NN & PTNT ciing da tien hanh trao ddi vdi cac nha tai trg tiem nang khac nhu Ha Lan, Phan Lan, Nhat Ban, Uc, Thuy ST, Dan Mach, ADB... dl tim kiem them nguon tai trg va da dat dugc nhiing ket qua kha quan.
Ba CO quan la FAO, UNDP va UNEP da thanh lap Chuong trinh chung nham giam phat thai khi nha kinh thong qua cac nd lire han che mat rimg va suy thoai rung (ggi tat la chuong trinh UN-REDD) do chinh phii Na uy tai trg. UN-REDD da lira chgn thue hien tai 9 qudc gia tham gia thi diem sang kien khdi ddng nhanh cua UN-REDD, trong dd cd Viet Nam. Ban dl xuit chuong trinh UN-REDD Viet Nam da dugc Ban chinh sach UN-REDD phe duyet tai Panama vao thang 3/2009 va dugc ky ket giira Bg Nong nghiep va PTNT vdi Lien hgp qudc vao nay 6/8/2009. Hdi thao khdi ddng chuong trinh
UN-REDD Viet Nam dugc td chirc ngay 17/9/2009. Den nay cac hoat ddng thir nghiem REDD nay da dugc trien khai va hien trudng thi diem dugc lua chgn tai tinh Lam Ddng.
Cimg vdi nd lire trien khai thi diem REDD tai Viet Nam, Du an Bao ve mdi trudng va quan ly tai nguyen thien nhien tinh Dak Ndng (EPMNR) ciing da xay dung ke hoach va dugc UBND tinh Dak Ndng cho phep trien khai du an thir nghiem REDD.
Day la nhung budc di quan trgng nham nang cao nhan thiic ve REDD; Xay dung phuong phap tao lap CO sd dii lieu giam sat lugng carbon luu giii de tham gia REDD; Ddng gdp vao viec thiet lap he thdng chia se Igi ich cdng bang, gdp phan giam ngheo cho cdng ddng quan ly rimg; Nang cao nhan thirc cho cac ben lien quan trong quan ly tai nguyen rimg de thich ling vdi bien ddi khi hau; Ddng gdp vao viec phat trien phuong phap luan cap qudc gia de bao dam cdng dong dugc thira nhan nhu la mdt ddi tugng quan trgng trong chuong trinh REDD.
Nha nude ta da va dang tien hanh giao dat giao rimg cho ca nhan, td chiic va cac thanh phan kinh te xa hoi. Khi nhan dat rimg, hg chinh la nhirng ngudi chii thuc sir tham gia true tiep vao cac hoat ddng quan ly, bao ve va phat trien rimg. Hg la ngudi dugc hudng true tiep va phan Idn Igi ich tir cac hoat ddng tren sau khi da trich nop cac khoan phi theo quy dinh ciia phap luat hien hanh.
Chu truong ciia Nha nude la khuyen khich cac thanh phan kinh te tham gia thuc hien REDD, Nha nude se chi ddng vai trd quan ly va dieu phdi cac hoat ddng nham dam bao tinh thong nhat. Hien nay, Bd NN & PTNT dang phdi hgp vdi cac ben cd lien quan nghien ciiu md hinh td chirc va thuc hien.
Trong tuong lai, REDD se hoat ddng theo co che thi trudng. Do vay, su tham gia ciia da dang cac thanh phan kinh te va cac ben cd lien quan se dam bao tinh minh bach va ben viing cua co che nay. Chinh vi vay, REDD dugc xem nhu la mdt co hoi, tiem nang va sir cdng bang chia se Igi ich trong quan ly rimg./.
BAN TIN THONG TIN KH&CN SO 01/2010
