TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HOI S6 9(169)-2012
NOI HAM VAN HOA QUA HIEN TU-QNG CHUYDN NGHTA AN DU CUA CUM T O C 6 OjNH TIENG VIET CO Y^U T 6 CHi BO PHAN CO T H 6 NGU'OI {06l SANH VOI TI^NG ANH)
DANG 00*0 HOANG T 6 M TAT
Bai viet doi sanh nghTa an du cua cac thinh ngu' tieng Anh vi cum tCr cd djnh tieng Vi'dt gioi han trong nhdm tCr cd chCra yeu td "dau". Ket qua cho thay so luvng diem dj biet Ion hon nhieu so vdi diem twang dong. Dd la do thanh ngtr tieng Anh phan anh each tw duy dac trung cua ngud'i Anh vi cum tCr co dinh tieng Viet phan anh Idi tw duy dac thu cOa ngwdl Vi$t. Diiu nay cdn cho thay ring, moi ngon ngCr cd nhCrng die trwng van hda rat rieng cua nd.
I.DATVAND^
Trong xu t h i ngay cang md rdng quan he giu'a cac dan tpc, cac quoc gia hl^n nay, vipc nghien cuu, tim hilu lich su, van hda cua cac dan tde ngay cang trd nen quan trpng va c i n thidt. Vipc nghien cuu Ijch su, van hda cua mdt dan tpc cung khdng the tach rdi nghien cuu ngdn ngu" cua dan tdc dd.
Nguydn Due Tan vilt: "Trong cung mpt sy vgt, hipn tugng, t u duy eua eon ngudi kham pha ra eac dgc trung khac nhau. Mdi dae trung ay ed t h i dugc lien tudng vdi dgc trung tuang t y eua sy vat hay hien Dgng Buc Hoang. Thgc sT. Phdng Gido duc- Dao tgo Qudn 11, Thdnh pho H i Chi Minh Nghien cuu sinh ngdnh Ngdn ngu hpc Hoc vi^n Khoa hpc Xa hdi.
tugng khac da cd ten gpi trong ngdn ngu' vi sy kham pha hien thyc, dc lien tudng cua mdi dan tpc mdi khac, hoan toan cd the tim hilu dgc didm lien tudng ndi ridng, tu duy ngdn ngO' ndi chung cua mpt dan tpc" (Nguyen Due T i n , 2008, tr. 20). Nhu vgy, qua ngdn ngu", qua each su dung tu ngu cd t h i thiy dugc dac tryng van hda va tu duy cua dan tpc. Dgc trung nay cua mli cpng ddng, mdi dan tdc la khac nhau v^ se dugc duy tri, luu giu- qua cac t h i hp.
Khdng ngogi le, dac trung van hda-dan tpc va tu duy cua ngudi Viet da dugc djnh hinh ro net trong mpi phuang dipn ngdn ngu" Vipt t u xa xua. Trong s l d6, hipn tugng chuyin nghTa cua tiing Vipt la mOt trong nhung hipn tugng t h i hipn nhO'ng net rat ridng cua van hda va t u duy, hipn dang la vln d l dugc nhilu nhd ngdn ngi> hpc quan tam.
Sy chuyin nghTa, theo TCr dien tieng Vi$t
"Chuyin sang mot nghTa mdi it nhieu vln cdn moi lien hp vdi nghTa trudc" va "la mpt phuang thuc de tgo them tu mdi ben cgnh cac phuang thuc ghep hogc lay" (Hoang Phe, 2001, tr. 188). Nhu v$y ed the ndi sy chuyen nghTa cung la mOt hipn tugng mang dam net dgc tnjng cua tung dan tOc va mang dau I n van hda cua dan tpc dd.
Tuy nhien, tai lipu viet v l hipn tugng chuyin nghTa thudng d l cap d mde dp khai quat tren nhO'ng binh dipn khac nhau cua e l u true. Nhung nhgn dinh v l tinh hp thing giu'a eac nghTa khac nhau cua eOng
OANG ei>C HOANG - NOI HAM VAN HOA QUA HIEN TUONG . mot tir, phwang thirc ctiuyin bien y ngtila
cCia tir v.v tuy la chinti xac nhu-ng chu'a Su sau de CO thi thay du-oc si,r da dang va phong phu ma hien tuong chuyen nghTa cua tir tieng Viet dem lai va nhat la khi so sanh, doi chieu mot each he th6ng vol mot ngon ngii' khac thi die tru'ng van hoa dan toe va t u duy thong qua hien tu'ong chuyen nghTa moi thi hien ro. Chiing toi da chon tieng Viet va tieng Anh la hai thir tiing thupc hai lo^i hinh ngon ngu khac nhau (tieng Viet thuoc loai hinh ngon ngir don lip, am tiet tinh nen khong co kha nang ty ban than diln dat nhCrng y nghTa ve ngii' phap hien lo nhu trong nhieu ngon ngD*
bien hinh Au chau ma diln hinh la tieng Anh) de doi chieu vi muon tim ra sy khac biet ve phuong dien van hoa va t u duy tilm an trong cau true ngir nghTa cua hai ngon ngy nay.
2. DAC TRU'NG VAN H 6 A V A PHLfaNG THl>C TU" DUY QUA SU" C H U Y £ N NGHTA AN DU (B6I SANH vdi TI£NG ANH) 2.1. Sy phan anh tinh than tin nguong va kinh nghi0m dan gian
Co le mot trong nhCrng diem di biet ro net nhit gii>a cac cum tir co djnh mang nghTa an dy trong tiing Viet va thanh ngir tiing Anh la sy phan anh tinh th^n tin ngyong va kinh nghiem dan gian cua ngycri Vi$t v l cuoc sing, dac bi$t la sy doan bilt hau van cuoc doi, tinh n i t cua mot nguai qua dang ve ben ngoai.
Trong niem tin cua ngudi Viet tir xa xua, khi nhCrng hien tuong khi hau, thoi tilt, thien tai chya dyoc giai thich theo khoa hoc thi nhifng hien tuong nay la do mpt a^ng sieu nhien tao ra dyoc gpi la "Troi".
Do la dang linh thieng, d tren cao, cd nang Iyc ta° ra va quylt djnh so phUn muon loai
d duoi dit, va dac biet la phan xet cong bang cho moi ngyoi tran thi. Xult phat tir niem tin nay, ngycri Viet co quan dilm song la "d hiln gap lanh, a ac gap dir".
Ngyoi lam dieu ac, dii co khon kheo che day hoac cay vao tiln cua, quyin t h i ma nghi rang khong ai lam duoc gi minh thi cull ciing cung khong the thoat duoc "luoi troi long long". Trong cac cum tir co dinh tiing Viet Chung toi da khao sat co mot thanh ngir phan anh niem tin nay la "troi cao CO mat". Trong khi do tieng Anh khong CO mpt thanh ngu' nao mang net nghTa nay, m?c dii nguoi Anh cung co nilm tin vao mot dang linh thieng ma ho gpi la "God"
(t^m dich "Dire Chiia Troi'). Tir diln WTC's American Idioms Dictionary liet k^ 3 thanh ngif tiing Anh co tir "God" li act of God (nghTa den "hanh dong cua Chua' hay "do Chua lam" - chir khong phai do con ngyoi lam), honest to God (tuong duong vol "the CO Chua" trong tiing Viet) va "honest-to- God" diing nhy tinh tir vol nghTa "thanh that", "khong doi tra".
Nhy vay, trong khi ngyoi Viet xem "Troi" la
"sy phan xet cong bang nhat thi nguoi phyong Tay lai van dung "God" d l bien minh cho nhCrng sai lim cua minh. Chang han, danh thu bong da Argentina la Maradona da bien minh cho bSn thang bang tay cua minh vao luoi dpi tuyen Anh trong tran tir k i t World Cup 1986 tai Mexicp vol cum tir "Ban tay cua Chua"
(Hand of God).
Ngoai ra, trong tieng Viet con co nhCi'ng cym tir c6 dinh t h i hien dam net kinh nghi$m dan gian doan biet ban ch^t con ngyoi qua ngoai hinh. Ch^ng hgn nhy nhCrng ngycri ma "mat nhy mii Ion luoe"
ho^c "mit trang da" thi dan gian tin rang
BANG BD'C HOANG - NOI H A M V A N H O A QUA HIEN TU'ONG . nhung ngydi nay cd tam dja bac beo va
dpc dc.
Trd lai Idp t u dang nghien cuu, theo thong ke eua chung tdi thi trong 116 cum tu co dinh tieng Viet mang nghTa I n du cd ylu to
"dau" va cae bp phgn khac cua "dau" nhu
"ma", "mdt", "mat", "mdi" cd tdi 30 cum tu mang dang d i p cua dgc trung tren, ehilm ty lp 25,86%. Trong khi do, khi khao sat 104 thanh ngu tieng Anh thi chung tdi khdng thiy thanh ngu nao cd y l u to "diu"
va cac bp phgn khac cua "dau" thd hien dac trung nay
2 2 Coi trpng tinh hda thugn, trpng sy doan kit
Mpt dilm dj bipt nua giu'a cae cym tu c l djnh mang nghTa I n du tieng Viet va thanh ngu tiing Anh la cum tu co djnh tiing Vipt the hien dam net sy coi trong tinh hda thuan, sy doan kit. Mdt s l cum tu co djnh tieng Viet phe phan nhO'ng hanh vi x i u giu'a quan he ngudi va ngudi trong cpng dong nhu ha hiep ngudi khae ("de dau cudi el", "de dau chat dudi"), an ehan ("chgn d i u chgn dudi" hogc "an dau an dudi"), gian Ign ("treo d i u de, ban thit chd").
Ben cgnh do, d l khuyen nhau giu gin sy doan kit, thuang yeu i i n nhau giua nhung thanh vien trong gia dinh ta cd cac cum tu c l dinh nhu "anh em nhu t h i tay chan",
"tay dut rudt xdt", "mdi hd rang lanh", v.v.
Trong tiing Anh, chung ta rat kho ma tim ra thanh ngu- nao mang tinh ehat nay.
Trong qua trinh khao sat, ehiing tdi chi phat hipn mot thanh ngu- tiing Anh de eao sy lich su, giu dugc sy diem dgm trong khi bj khieu khich hgn la sy nhudng nhjn la "to keep a civil tongue in one's head".
Ngugc lgi, nhieu thanh ngu tiing Anh t h i
hipn thai dp cd ve it hda khi han khi ndi v l quan hp xa hpi. Xin trich d i n mpt so vi dy nhu sau,
Khi cd mpt bit dong y kiln ve mdt sy vipc ma sy cang thang "len den cyc dilm" thi ngudi Anh ndi la "len tdi cai diu" (to come to a head) va ed t h i "danh len dau nhau"
(to beat each other over the head). That ra thanh ngi> nay chf cd nghTa la "sin sang danh nhau" chu chua danh nhau that. Va n l u cd ai dd cd the dung Idi le dn tdn d l giai thich cho hai ben "thay ro phai trai va giai quylt vdi nhau mdt each on thda" thi ngudi Anh igi dung thanh ngu "to knock two heads together" (nghTa den la "cyng hai cai d i u cua hai ngudi dd vao nhau").
Khdng cd thanh ngO' nao tiing Anh ham y khuyen ngudi ta ndn nhudng nhin nhau ma Igi cd mOt thanh ngu vdi y nghTa "gay ap Iyc khien cho mdt ngudi phai di d i n mpt k i t lu^n hay lam mpt viec ma ngudi dd khdng muln" la "to hold a gun at someone's head" (nghTa den' "chTa sung vao dau cua ai").
Mdi ehi la "cdng ktch, tan edng y kiln eua ai" ma ngudi Anh da ndi la "bung vang dau ngudi ta" (to snap someone's head off).
Cdn y ndi ghet hay td ra kho chju vdi ai thi mipng Igi ndi "da vang ea diu" (to kick heads in).
Ggt bo mOt y kiln, bac bo mdt quan diem cua ai thi dau can phai bgo lye d i n ndi
"dgp Idn d i u mdt y kiln" (to knock gn idea on the head) hogc "quit thit lung len dau ai" (to belt someone over the head).
2.3. Giau sac thai mieu ta
So lugng cym tu e l djnh vu-a mang nghTa I n du vua mang tinh mieu ta trong tiing Vipt cao han trong tieng Anh rat nhieu vi
BANG OCrC HOANG - NOI HAM VAN HOA QUA HlfN TLrONG.
tieng Anh chf sii' dyng tinh tir d l mieu ta, hoac diing cau true "x+headed", hoac
"x+handed", v.v. de mieu ta ca theo nghTa thong thuOTg va theo nghia an du.
Khi khao sat so bo, chung toi ghi nhan nhy sau: trong 116 cum tir co dinh ciia tieng Viet CO y l u t6 "dau" thi eo 6 cum tir e6 dinh mang dac trung tren, trong khi tiing Anh chf CO 4/104 cum tir c6 djnh. Tuong ty doi vol cac cum tir khac chira y l u to "ma" la 4/11 trong tiing Viet va 0/4 trong tiing Anh, v l y l u ta "mit" la 12/120 trong tiing Viet va 1/72 trong tiing Anh, ve yeu to "mat" la 58/154 trong tieng Vijt va 9/55 trong tieng Anh, ve yeu to "miii" la 0/25 trong tiing Viet va 1/25 trong tiing Anh, v l y l u to
"rang" la 3/20 trong tieng Viet va 0/28 trong tieng Anh.
Tuy nhien, sy so sanh nay bj triing lap vi mot so cum tCr co djnh co t h i xult hien a hai tryong hop. Vi dy: cym tir c l dinh "ma banh due, mat mam xoi" co mat o ca phan
"ma" va "mat". Do do, chiing toi tong hop tit ca cac cym tif c6 dinh trong tieng Viet d l doi sanh thi k i t qua la trong tong cong 451 cym tir co dinh mang nghTa an du cua tiing Vi$t CO yeu to "day" va mot so bo ph^n khac tren day nhy "ma", "mit", "mat",
"mdi", "mui", va "rang" thi co 78 cum tir c6 djnh mang nghTa an dy d l mieu ta chilm ty le 17,29%. Ve phan tieng Anh cd 15 cym tir c6 dinh tren tong so 301, ty le la 4,89%.
2.4. T h i hien dgm nit c i y true song doi cua cym tir c l dinh tiing Viet va cau true
"x+y-ed" cua thanh ngii' tiing Anh 2.4.1. Cau true song d l i cua cym tir co djnh tiing Viet
Net dac tryng oua c i c cym tir c l dinh tiing Viet la CO nhO'ng thanh ngir co so am tilt
Chan (thuong la b i n am tilt, co khi toi muoi am tiet), chia thanh hai cap d l i xirng nhy "dau" - "culi", "lang" - "tong" trong
"day lang c y l i tong", hoac "dau" - "co", "de"
- "cuoi" trong "de day cuoi c6".
NghTa I n dy cua cac thanh ngu' nay thuang khong t h i chf do thanh to "dau"
riSng re tao thanh ma phai kit hcrp nghTa an dy tir hai cap doi xirng dd. Vi du trong thanh ngir "dau voi duoi chupt" co hai cap d l i xirng "diu" - "duoi", "vol" - "chuot".
"Dau" - "duoi" mang y niem ting thi, la hai bo phan trydc hit va sau hit cua mot con vat theo chieu nim ngang. "Voi" "chuot"
la hai con vat hoan toan khac nhau, da vay kich thuoc lai chenh lech qua Ion Nhu vay thanh ngir nay mang hai y niem- 1) "hai sy viec le ra la mot lai khong an nh|p gi vol nhau" va 2) "truoc Ion, sau nho". Ting hop la nghTa I n du noi ve mot sy viec khdng mang tinh nhit quan, luc dau thi "khoa tryong vT dai, nhung k i t cuoc lai khong ra gi". Net dac trung nay khong co trong tiing Anh. Trong phin nay chiing tai khao sat cym tir c l dinh chira cac Or chf ba phan khac cung nim tren "dau" va thiy cung xuat hien c i u true nay. K i t qua nhy sau:
- ve "diu" CO 48 cum tCr co djnh/116.
- ve "ma" co 4 cym tir e l dinh/11.
- ve "mat" co 26 cum tir c l djnh/120.
- v l "mat CO 32 cym tir e l djnh/146.
- ve "moi" CO 10 cum tir co djnh/13.
- v l "mOi" CO 3 cym tir e l dinh/25.
- v l "rang" eo 6 cym tir c l djnh/20.
Tuy nhien. nhy tren da nil. con so nay co mot phan bj triing lap nen chiing toi tong hgp lai tren tong s l 451 cym tCr e l djnh mang nghTa I n dy cua tieng Vi#t co y l u t l
"dau" va mot so bo ph?n khac tren d i u thi
DANG BLfC HOANG - NQl HAM VAN HOA QUA HIEN TU'ONG...
kit qua la cd 118 cym tu eo djnh ed cau true song doi. Ty le la 26,16%.
2,4 2. Clu true "x+y-ed" eua thanh ngy tieng Anh
Trong khi elu true song ddi xult hien vdi tan xult kha cao trong cae cum tu eo dinh tidng Vipt va trong tiing Anh khdng ed hien tugng nay thi c l u true "x+y-ed" cd trong cac thanh ngu tieng Anh lai khdng cd trong tiing Viet
Tat ea cac danh t u cd ten cua cac bd phgn tren ea the deu ed eau true nay, mpt phin dung de mieu ta thdng thudng (theo nghTa den) nhu "left-handed" (= thugn tay trai), mdt phin mang nghta an dy nhu "a left- handed compliment (= ldi khen deu, Idi ndi mia).
Trong cae thanh ngu' tiing Anh cd y l u t l
"dau" va mdt so bp phgn khac tren dau ma chung tdi da khao sat thi elu true nay cd tan so xult hien nhu sau:
- v l "day" cd 4 thanh ngij'/104.
- v l "ma": khdng ed.
- v l "mit" CO 2 thanh ngi>/72.
- v l "mgt cd 3 thanh ngu'/55.
- ve "mdi": khdng ed.
- v l "mui" cd 1 thanh ngu/28.
- ve "rang": khdng cd.
Kit qua ting hgp la cd 10 cum t u co djnh cd eau true "x+y-ed" tren ting s l 301 thanh ngu- da khao sat, ty lp la 3.32%. Nhu vgy t i n so nay thip han nhieu so vdi cau true song d l i trong cum tu c l djnh tiing Vipt.
3. N G U O N G 6 C Dj BIET v £ DAC TRU'NG VAN H 6 A V A PHUONG THLfC T U DUY QUA SU C H U Y £ N NGHTA A N DU NHIN TU- NGUYEN L V "DT NHAN VI TRUNG"
(CON NGU-dl LA TRUNG TAM- ANTHROPOCENTRIC)
Theo cae nha ngdn ngu' hpc, buc tranh ngdn ngu v l t h i gidi dugc phan anh trong v l n t u vyng eua ngdn ngu ed in dgm d i u v i t cua loi t u duy "dT nhan vi trung". Ching hgn, ehan nui, mieng ong, diu song, dit Chen, mOi thuyin, mat bao, luul lua, ngon vd, v.v. Nhung tu chan, mieng, dau. dit, mui, mat, Iwol, ngdn la mugn cua Idp tu chi than t h i con ngudi, hay ndi each khac, theo ngdn ngu hpc tri nhan, hipn thyc da dugc cac bp phgn than thd eon ngudi tri giac Tu tudng chf dgo cua nguyen ly "dT nhan vi trung" ham ehi con ngudi la trung tam cua tat ca nhung hipn tugng van hda va ngdn ngu. Chinh y thuc eua eon ngudi ddng vai trd ke trung gian giO'a van hoa va ngdn ngu, eon y nipm hoat ddng vdi t u each la dan vj cua nhu'ng tiem nang tinh than hogc tam Iy cua y thuc con ngudi.
Cd t h i ndi "DT nhan vi trung" la t h i gidi quan, theo dd mue dieh cuoi cung hay trung tam eua tat ea y chi va hanh ddng la Con Ngudi ("tit ca cho eon ngudi", "con ngudi la mue dieh toi cao eua tgo hda").
"DT nhan vi trung" la mpt net khdng the tach rdi con ngudi, no the hien trong t i t ca nhu'ng gi con ngudi lam. Ddi sing tinh than cua con ngudi, he thong tri giac va thuylt giai t i t ea nhu-ng gi xung quanh, dpng ca hanh dpng trong hoat ddng thyc t i l n cung nhu hoat dpng tinh thin - tat ca deu dya tren eg sd "dT nhan vi trung".
Ngdn ngu- hpc, mpt trong nhu'ng khoa hgc nhSn van, tilp thu tu tudng "dT nhan vi trung" kha sdm. Cae nha trilt hpe va ngdn ngO* hpc nhu V. Humboldt, E. Benveniste, R. Langacker, v.v. d i u eho ring vj t h i cua con ngydi trong ngdn ngO la vd tiln khoang hgu. Trong phan tilp theo sau chung tdi c l
DANG DUc HOANG - NOI HAM VAN HOA QUA HIEN TUCTNG..
gang su dyng nguyen ly nay d l giai ma eac dac trung khac biet trong lii tu duy cua hai dan tdc Vipt-Anh.
3.1. Dac trung van hda 1: swphan inh tmh than tin ngwdng va kinh nghiem dan gian Trong nen van hda ndng nghipp lOa nudc, ddi song phu thupc nhilu vao thidn nhien, ngudi ndng dan ludn mong sao "mua thuan, gid hda" nen ngudi Viet Nam cd y thuc tdn trpng thidn nhien. Han nua, trilt hpc phuang Ddng cd khai niem "Thidn- Dia-Nhan" trong dd con ngudi la ddi tuang d giO'a, tren la "trdi" va dudi la "dit" Do dd du la "ngudi anh hung ddm lugc, cd chi khi cao" thi v l n phai "dau ddi trdi, chan dap dit". Hgn nu-a, dudi thdi phong kiln xa xua, kha nang thua kien v l sy ha hilp, ehen ep eua bpn "cudng hao ac ba" hay
"tham quan d lai" la g i n nhu khdng the, ngudi dan chi mong vao sy phan xet cdng bing cua mpt dang sieu nhien: "Trdi". Den khi ke x i u bj trung trj thi ngudi dan han hpan, eung co them nilm tin ring "trdi cao cd mat".
Vd kinh nghipm dan gian, ngudi Vipt Nam cd ea mpt b l day tu'ng trai, rieng v l ITnh vye "nhin mgt ma bat hinh dong", nhin dang ve ben ngoai de doan tam tinh, tuang lai eung r i t phong phu. Xult phat t u kinh nghiem thue tidn, khi quan sat thiy mpt hipn tuang nao dd lap di lap lai thi dan gian due k i t truyen lai eho ddi sau. Vi dy:
khi chung kiln hien tugng "nhO'ng ngudi phy nu" dpp thudng cd so phgn gian nan", dan gian k i t lugn ring "ma hong bgc phan"
3.2. Dgc trung van hda 2 col trgng tinh hda thuan, trgng si/ doan kit
Trong cupc song cung nhu trong lao dpng, cdng dong ngudi Viet ludn dya vao nhau
de sinh ton va san xult Cupc song trong thdn lang ngudi Viet ngay xua vdi "tinh lang nghTa xdm" va phuang thuc lao dpng
"van cdng" da khiln cho sy doan k i t gan bd cua ngudi Viet phat tnen mgnh me han la tinh than cgnh tranh, ua thich san ban cua ngudi Anh trong xa hpi thdi trung c l . Dd la ly do d l xult hipn nhung cum tu e l dmh mang nghTa an dy mang y nghTa trpng hda thuan, trpng doan kit trong tiing Viet tren tinh than "dT hda vi quy".
3.3. Dae trung van hda 3: tlnh mieu ta qua an du
Dgc tinh lien tudng theo tryc giac eua ngudi Viet khidn cho nhieu cym tu eo djnh trong tieng Vipt mang dgm tinh mieu ta.
Hinh anh tn nhan ve mdt vat nao dd mang dac tinh tuang dong vdi mpt bd phan ca t h i ngudi se khai day sy lien tudng trong t u duy ngudi Viet Vi dy: cai mam, cai thdt va "mat mam", "mat thdt".
Ngugc Igi, ngudi Anh vdi dae trung lien tudng thien v l ly tinh ndn it co thanh ngu mang tinh mieu ta.
3.4 Dac trung van hda 4: eau true song doi cua ci/m tCr cd dinh tieng Vigt va ciu true "x+y-ed" cua thanh ngCr tieng Anh Tiing Viet vdi dac tinh dan tilt va giau am dieu la ea sd d l loi van biln nglu phat trien. Tinh ddi xung theo cap xuat hipn t u van hpe han lam nhu tha, phu, cau ddi d i n van hoc dan gian qua nhO'ng cum tu co djnh cd s l am tilt chdn (thudng la bin am tilt), chia thanh hai cgp doi xung nhu "dau"
"el", "de" - "cudi" trong "de dau cudi c l " . Ngugc lai, tieng Anh la mpt ngdn ngu biln hinh, t u mpt logi tu nay se eho mOt logi t u khac cd cung mdt goc nghTa nhu "nation"
(danh tu) thanh "national" (tinh tu).
DANG BU'C HOANG - NOI H A M V A N H O A QUA HIEN TUONG..
"modern" (tinh tu) thanh "modernize" (ddng tu). Mpt trong nhung dgng biln hinh pho biln la them mdt tinh t u g i n vdi mdt danh tu them "ed" vao sau dung nhu tinh t u d l mieu ta.
4, K^T LUAN
Viec nhgn dipn day du va toan dien ve tat ca cac v l n dd cd lien quan den ngdn ngu- va dac trung van hda-dan tpc la mdt v l n d l hoan toan khdng dan gian Bdi le, theo Nguydn Van Khang: "sy phuc tap nay trudc hit nam trong ban than khai niem nghta tu Bdi nghTa t u khdng chi la mpt hien tugng thuan tuy ngdn ngu hoc ma cdn la he qua cua mdt qua trinh nhan thuc, he qua cua nhung qua trinh ed tinh ehit tam ly-xa hpi-lieh su" (Nguydn Nhu Y, Nguyen Van Khang, Phgm Xuan Thanh, 1992, tr. 2). •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Agnes, Michael David B Guralnik. 2002.
Webster's New World College Dictionary (Fourth Edition). Wiley Publishing Inc.
2. Carlson, Neil R. 1990. Psychology, the Science of Behavior 3^ edition. Ally & Bacon.
Boston.
3. Dd Huu Chau. 1981. Tu- vung-ngu'nghTa tiing Vigt. Ha Npi: Nxb. Giao dye.
4. Hornby, A S. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English (Fifth edition). Oxford University Press 5. Hoang Phd. 2001. Td diin tting Vigt Dd Nang' Nxb Da Ndng.
6. Kovecses, Z. 2004. Metaphor and Emotion Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling. CUP, Cambridge.
7 Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live by. University of Chicago Press.
Chicago.
8. Nguydn Ddc Tdn 2008 Die trung vin hda-din tdc cOa ngdn ngir vi tu duy. Ha Ndi:
Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi
9. Nguydn Nhu Y, Nguyen Van Khang, Pham Xuan Thanh. 1992. TCr dien thinh ngCr Viet Nam. Ha Ndi: Nxb Van hda.
10. Nguydn Thidn Giap. 2009. TCr vi/ng hgc tieng Viet. Ha Npi: Nxb. Giao due.
11. Renton, N.E. 1992. Metaphohcally Speaking. Warner Books, inc New York.
12. Turner, M. 1991. Reading Minds: The Study of English In The Age of Cognitive Science. Princeton University Press. Princeton.
(Tiip theo trang 63)
ton tgi vdi Ijch su d i u rang cudc ddi cua eac nha van, nha tha t i t y l u ngan ngui han lich su; d i u rang sd phgn cua hp ed bat hgnh, mong manh. Nhung trang vilt eua hp se song mai vdi thdi gian va duge cdng chung ddn nhgn - nhu cac trudng ea su thi ve thai chdng My ed gia tri. • TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bich Thu. 1983. Thanh Thao. mdt guang mat tieu bieu trong tho tCr sau 1975. Ha Ndi:
Tgp chi Van hpc (5, 6).
2. Lgi Nguyen An. 1981. Bin gdp ve trwdng ca. Ha Npi: Tgp chi Van nghd Quan dpi (1).
3. Lgi Nguyen An. 1984 Van hoc vi phi binh.
Ha Npi: Nxb. Tac phim mdi.
4 Vu Van Sy. 2005. Mach tha trong ngudn the ky. Ha Ndi: Nxb. Khoa hpc Xa hpi-
