Tap chi KHOA HQC BHSP TPHCM Trinh Sam
MIEN Y NIEM SONG NlTOfC TRONG TRI NHAN CUA NGlTOd NAM BO
TRjNH S A M ' TOM TAT
Xudt phdt ta ba nguyen li tri nhgn: Thuc the ndo gan gai nhdt thi xudt hien tru&c nhdt, thuc the ndo gdn gUi nhdt thi xudt hl$n nhieu nhdt, thuc the ndo gdn giii nhdt thi tdm tdc dpng l&n nhdt, bdi viit ndy, thong qua tri thirc ddn gidn vi moi tru&ng sdng nu&c, dua vdo Sir xudt hien ddm/ nhgt, chi ra mpt so phuong thiic y ni$m hda, phgm trii hda cua ngu&i Nam Bd.
Tie khda: ngudi Nam Bd, mdi trudng sdng nude, nguyen li tri nhgn, y niem hda, phgm trii hda.
ABSTRACT
Conceptual domain of river and water in Southerners' cognition From the three cognitive principles: The closest entities appear first, the closest entities appear most, and the closest entities have the biggest impact, this article, making use of popular knowledge of river and water environment and based on the dark and light appearance, points out some modes of conceptualization and cotegorizgtion by Southerners.
Keywords: Southerners, river and water environment, cognitive principle, conceptualization, categorization.
1. Do nhieu ii do khdc nhau, sdng nude vd nhOng dure thd lien quan ddn sdng nude (tir ddy ggi tdt la sdng nude) ed mdt vai trd to Idn trong ddi song tinh than va vat chdt cua ngudi Viet. Theo tri nhdn quan, trong tu duy cua con ngudi, thuc thd ndo gdn gui nhit thi xuit hi$n trade nhit, gan gQi nhit thi xuit hi$n nhidu nhdt va gin gQi nhdt thi tdm tdc d0ng Idn nhit. Vdi tu cdch la chu thd tri nhgn, con ngudi thudng phdng chidu hinh bdng ciia chinh minh len mdi tradng sdng nude, hdn nhiSn, qua tuong tdc, mdi trudng iy khdng thi khdng ngugc chieu Igi chinh con ngudi va xd hgi. Ndi each khdc, thdng qua nhOng trai nghiem cd
• PGS TS, Trudng Bai hoc Su phgm TPHCM
tinh tuong tdc, con ngudi thudng dimg nhimg hieu biet, nhimg kinh nghiem tir mdi tradng xung quanh thdng qua midn y nifm ndy de hieu y mien y ni£m khdc. Cd thd tim thiy nhidu each phgm trii hda vd y niem hda rit thii vi, kit qud cua su anh xg tir Con ngudi - Mdi trudng sdng nude va ngugc Igi trong tiing Viet. [6], [7], [8]
Tuy nhien, phai thira nhgn rdng, cdc cdng trinh ve dn du tri nhdn trong tiing Anh din nay chi tap trung nghien ciru cac phdng chiiu xudi, cdn theo chiiu hudng ngugc lai, thanh tgu chua nhiiu. Ndi rd hem, ngoai tinh chit nghiem than mang tinh phd nifm, dau dn ciia mdi tmdng vdt chdt vdn hda cdng nghiep phuong Tdy chua dugc phdn tich nhieu, trong khi dd, trong tieng Vi$t cd nhiiu khd ndng moi
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 46 ndm 2013
trucmg vat chat nhu song nuac, co cay, nui doi... la nhiing mien nguon kha da dang de kien tao nen mien dich'.
Bai vi^t nay, xuat phat tir kho tang tri thuc dan gian, co gang nhan dien them mot so dac diem n6i troi trong tri nh^n song nuac cua nguai Nam Bp (NB).
Trong nhan thiic cua chiing toi, dSy la mgt van de khong don gian, bai tinh thong nhat trong tam li dan tpc cua nguoi Viet la kha cao, nhOng mo ta a sau, chu yeu dua vao miic do the hien cac dac diem CO phin dam hem so vai cac viing khac, chii hoan toan khong can cii vao the doi lap co/khorig.
2. D I thSy, nguoi Viet thuang dua vao cac an du: Phucmg tien la vgt chua, Phucmg ti$n la nguai bgn dong hdnh, Gdn gui vgt chdt la gan gui con nguai...
va ca cac hoan du: Vdt the thay cho con ngudi, vai hang loat hoan du bac dual nhu Do vgt thay cho nguai diing (nguai su dung). Do vgt thay cho chii the sa huu..., tau, thuyen duac dinh vi theo bac thang gia tri xa hpi rat khac nhau: thuyin r6ng (Trai an vua cuai thuyen rong, gai cm chong bong con tho), thuyen chlii (Ba chiia phai gai, bang thuyen chai do rupt;
Mpt khong an duoc cut sat, cho khong an dupe cut thuyen chai), thuyen thiing (Vira an, vira choi vira tha thuyen thiing, vira bai thuyen r6ng), thuySn manh, thuyen cau, thuyen nan, thuyen la...
deu nhu the ca^. Noi ro han, thuyen duac xep loai khong phai xuat phat tir chinh ban than chiing ma dua vao chii the sii dung. Ta xet tiep: Chiic thuyen kia noi CO, chiec gia no noi khong, phai chi mieu a gdn song, em the mot tieng keo long anh nghi, tire vin n5m trong pham vi xay
dung cac y niem theo cac nguyen tac vira nhae.
Nhu vay, bao trum len tdt ca la nguyen U con nguai la vgt the, noi khac, chiing ta hiSu va phan loai moi truong vat chit vol vat the va chit lieu gan giii bang chinh hinh anh ciia con ngu6fi.
Vin tren cai nSn khong gian t ^ thiic ky nhu: Ba chiec ghe sau cheo mau em dai, keo giong khoi den mil mit toi tdm, hay; Dimg theo cdi thoi ghe budn, khi vui thi o khi buon thi di; Em bieu anh dimg di bgn ghe chai, cot buom cao bao lua nang, sa ngdy dai anh xa em; Mo cha dua ddn cdy bdn, khong cho ghe cd ddu gdn ghe tdm... thi phuang thiic bidu dat vin la cac In du y niem nhu da phan tich a tren, tuy nhien sir phan lo^i phuang tien di lai tren song nu6c cua NB co phan hai khac.
Co the noi, ph^m trii ngu nghta bac tren la gidng nhau, nhung cr t)ac ca ban, dac biet la bac dudi, each thiic cau tnic hoa y niem rat khac. Su khac nhau khSng chi 6 su phan lap cac kieu thuc the (types of entities) trong ciing mot miSn y niem ma con the hien a each ap dat anh tugng (image) len sir vat.
Ben canh cac to hprp dinh danh phuong tien khai quat: ghe co, ghe xudng, ghe thuyen..., va cac to hgp dinh danh phuang tien dac tnmg cu the:
xudng, tdc rdng (tdc rang), vo lai...
phuong ngu- NB c6 each quy loai ghe rat tinh te, CO den gan 70 to hgp dinh danh.
Hay quan sat: ghe bdu, ghe bdu noc, ghe bdu lan (ghe tnrang dd), ghe be, ghe be, ghe ca vom, ghe cd, ghe cdo, ghe cdu, ghe ctia, ghe chai (ghe bdc chai), ghe chai lan, ghe chai long, ghe cui, ghe
Tap chi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Trinh Sam
chien. ghe dt^c, ghe duoi torn then tro, ghe le, (ghe 6), ^e gidn, ghe hdng, ghe chap pho, ghe neo, ghe cdu, ghe cheo, ghe mdy, ghe hat, ghe hdu, ghe ldi ngodi, ghe long (ghe bdn long), ghe luai, ghe"' luan, ghe mdy, ghe vach (ghe mo vach), ghe nan, ghe bdt mdn.ghe noc gia, ghe nhd Id, ghe ngo, ghe tret, ghe vai, ghe dd, ghe gidn, ghe son, ghe sai, ghe chien, ghe dieu, ghe tam sdc, ghe v^m, ghe vach, ghe khodi, ghe hdng bd, ghe x$p, ghe tam sdc, ghe rdi, ghe thucmg hd, ghe mdy duoi torn, ghe sam bu...
Di thiy, su phan loai n^y, trude hSt dua vao cdc tiSu chi khac nhau cua cac phuang ti^n nhu each thiic di ehuyen, nguon goc, hinh dang, cau t^o, chiic nang, \k ca tinh chit diln dang ciia timg ti6u loai, cung rit khac nhau. Vd co thi noi ngay, hinh thiic djnh danh xuit hien nhilu y6u t6 vay mugm tieng Khmer wk tieng Trung Quoe (Tri?u Chau) nhu ghe ngo, ghe ca vom, ghe chap ph6, ghe chai (tuk pokchay hay pok chay), ghe sam bu (sampou)... Dieu dang noi them la, van tren nen tang ciia an du ghe xudng Id con ngudi, trong do, chii the su dyng, chii thS sa hiJu dupe dimg lam can cii de phSn lo^ nhu ghe hau, ghe le, ghe tam s^c, ghe b^t man, ghe quoe sv, ghe roi (nau r6i)... tham chi, ca so ndy co khi lln dt cac ca sa khdc.
Ching h£in, ghe ban, Ghe bdu tra ldi ve kinh, con gdi theo chdng bo me ai nudi, v6n ggi ten theo hinh dang, mgt loai ghe dupfc dan bdng tre ngam, tr^t nhieu ldp chai hay diu rai, ngdy truac, hdng ndm giong buom tir Trung Bg theo gio mua 6 biln chd mdm, mu6i, hai san kho vdo NB ban ho^c d6i liy liia mang vl.
The nhung ngudi NB ua sir dung nguon gdc hon, do vay khi noi dan ghe bSu, la chi dan Trung Bp.
Lien quan den an du dang ban, trong tieng Viet toan dan khi ggi ai do la hu chim, vdi mgt nang luc tri nhan binh thudng, khdng kho khi giai ma, bdi nd da trd thanh ngu nghia thudng quy cua nhieu viing, the nhung khi ndi Anh Nam Id chiec xudng ba la, Anh Bdc la chiec ghe chdi^ niu khong phai la ngudi NB vdi tri thiic nen xuong ba Id Id nguai co tuu luang thdp, udng it, nhanh say nhung cung nhanh tinh, vi du: Gap xudng ba la nen cd may H ma da ngu roi [12, tr.l834], ghe chdi Id nguoi co tuu luang cao, uong dugrc nhieu, lau say, lau tinh thi rS rang de hieu dugc chiing, qua khong dan gian.
Cdc y ni?m keo theo nay khong chi dua vao sy khdc nhau ve dac diem kich thudc, trgng tai, van toe, chiic ndng khdc nhau ciia phucmg tien ghe xuong ma theo Huynh Cdng Tin din giai: Khi bi chim thi xudng ba la co the lac nuac, Idt Igi vd dUng di tiep duac; con ghe chdi mot khi da chim thi phdi mdt nhieu cdng sue m&i CO the true vat len dugc [11, tr.l3], ndi nhu ngdn ngQ hgc tri nhan, chiing con lien quan din tinh ea dgng ciia cac phuang tien di chuyin tren sdng nude trong mien ngudn.
Ve van hda rupru, d day cdn cd khd nhilu y niem ciing dupe xdy dung dua vdo sdng nude: xudng chim tai ben, qudc can cdu, uong tdi ben, nuac chim, say chui miii, chid ldi... vd xa han: Md t^m d bin cdi bin bg; Lo ra, cong viec mil tam chua thiy ben ba dau... Di thiy, vl mdt tri nhdn, cac y niem nay vita dupfc xay dung dua tr6n nguyen li tuang ty
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCIVI Sd 46 nam 2013
(principle of similarity) vira tren ca nguyen li ndi trdi (principle of prominence).
Trd Igi vdi cdc y niem lien quan den cac phucmg tien di Igi tren sdng nude, ta cd mdt an du rdt phd bien trong nhieu ngdn ngir: To qudc Id mpt con tdu {con thuyen) vdi hang logt dn du bac dudi, kieu nhu sdng gid, bdo tap, thac ghenh...
la khd khan, trd nggi cua ddt nude; bien lang sdng em, thudn budm xudi gid, xudi chdo mdt mai... Id thudn Igi; ngudi Idnh dgo qudc gia Id thuyen tradng, leo ldi con tdu Id chinh sach cua mdt qudc gia... Tai ddy, tren binh didn phuong ngu lai xudt hi$n mdt cdu tnic phdt sinh (emergent straeture), trong tiing Viet todn ddn (TVTD), con/ chiec, deu ket hgp dugc vdi tdu/ thuyen, con cd phgm vi hogt dgng rat r^ng, trong khi d phuong ngu dang xet thi hdu nhu nd khdng cd kha ndng nhu the, con ghe (-), con xuong ba la (-), eon vd ldi, con tac rang (-)..., ma quen thudc hon ed Id yiu td chiic, ehiic xudng, chiec ghe, chiec vd lai... Phai chdng ngodi cdi nghia phan lap theo timg don vi, hinh dnh ciia cdc vdt thi di chuyen tren mdi trudng bao la sdng nude khidn chiing trd nen nhd nhoi, be nhd...
da gdp phdn hinh thdnh nen net nghia va su kit hgp cd phdn hoi khdc so vdi TVTD? Hon thi nira, chiing ta khdng thi ndi Td qudc Id mpt chiec ghe (mpt chiic xudng), Igi cang khdng the la mpt chiic vd ldi. Phai chdng ngodi tinh chdt tuong hgp vi tinh chdt che, trang trgng trong ciu tnic giiia cdc tir Hdn Vi$t ciia rd' qudc, tdu, thuyen ma edc tir ngO thudn Viet cimg miin y niem trong phucmg ngft khdng cd dugc, d ddy cdn cd nguyen do
tri nhan, ndi rd hon, cdc y niem ghe, xudng... trong miin ngudn khdng dii tdm vdc, hay ndi theo G. Fauconnier vd Turner M. (2007) Id khdng xac lap dugc mdt khdng gian tdm thiic chung (generic mental space) di thgc hien mdt ph^p anh xa tuong dircmg trong mien dich.
Va khi ngudi NB biiu dat di ctdig xudng, ciing ghe, nghia la cd cung mdt hodn canh, cimg mdt hdi, mdt hd vdi nhau: "Minh di chung mpt xudng, dng Nam Thdnh ha. He tfii em md chim, thi ong cung chim tuoi theo" (BNL, Dd dpc).
Cdn khi ngu nhdn xet, l&i noi dua do hay ndi do dua thi ed nghia la ldi ndi khdng that, ndi ed tinh chat dua ddy, khdng th8 tin dugc. Va cQng gidng nhu d mdt s6 vung mien khac, d day each dinh danh ciing bi chi phdi bdi nguyen li nghiem than, chdng hgn, dimg bO phdn co thi con ngudi di ggi tdn vdt thi: mdt ghe, mUi ghe (do), long ghe (xudng), .than ghe (xudng), bung ghe (xuong), hong ghe (xudng), lu&n ghe (do, xudng), ddu ghe, ditgke, tay cheo, tay ldi...; irong &6,ptiisL trade mat ngudi diiu khiin phucmg ti?n Id vimg miii, khu vuc chi huy Id vimg ldi, gidng nhu each hinh dung trong TVTD:
"Thuyen mgnh vi ldi, gdi mgnh vi chdng", "Thuyen theo ldi, gdi theo chdng", dgc bigt cdch img xir rit uyen chuydn: "Lira chiiu be ldi theo nu&c lugn thuyin". Bao triim len tit cd la phuong ti?n ndi chung, ghe xudng noi rieng dugc hinh dung la vgt chiia: trong ghe, trong xuong...
3. Cd thi tim thiy nhiiu y niem tuong ddng giOa TVTD vd phuong ngQ NB. Co diiu, trong TVTD, su lua chgn cdc dnh tugng tuy cd bi ehi phdi bdi nin vdn hda
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Trjnh Sam
chung, nhung tren binh dien khai quat, ehiing deu dua vao sy tuang quan co tinh phd bien, trong khi dd, phai thira nhan ring, sdng nude cd vai trd rdt Idn trong viec nhao nan, kiln tao thanh mdt he thdng y niem khd da dang trong mdi trudng giao tilp d NB.
Chua cd dip thdng ke cu the, nhung CO thi ghi nhan budc diu, d NB phucmg thiic ddng xudt hien trdi nghiem (experiential co occurrence) lan at phuang thiic tuong ddng trai nghiem (experiential similarity).
Cd thi ndi, ngudi NB tuang tdc vdi mdi trudng vat chit mpt each tu nhi6n va thodi mdi, tao nen mOt biic tranh ngdn ngii diy nhan tinh vd din lugt nd chinh moi trudng hien thuc da gdp phan tao nen su phdng khodng vd lac quan trong tri nhan. Xem mdt so md-tip trong hd ddi ddp NB thi rd^
Hay quan sdt thSm:,
(i) TVTD: "Than em nhu tam lua dao, phit pha giua chp, biet vdo tay ai",
"Than em nhu hat mua sa, hat roi gieng ngpc, hat ra rudng cdy";
NB: "Than em nhu trai ban trdi, sdng d|lp gid ddi bilt tip vao dau".
(ii) TVTD; "Khdng mpr chp cung ddng";
NB: "Cd ai nude ciing diing bd, kh6ng ai nude ciing diing co muc nay".
(iii) TVTD: "M6o Idnh ai nd cdt tai";
NB: "Ghe Idnh ai nd tret chai".
4. Quan diem ndi trpi khdng chi chi phdi cdch lira chgn cdc quan hd cii phdp, cdc tieu diem thdng bdo trong m6 td mdt sir tinh nhu sa luge de c|p d tren ma thdng qua cac giac tugng (sensory image), cd the tim thdy it nhieu sir khac
bi?t trong -nhan thiie ciia mdt cdng ddng ngudi.
Ben canh each tri nhan theo md thiic: vdt chiia (nhdn tgo hay tu nhien) + vgt dugc chua la nuac, kieu nhu: iu nirdc, l^ch nirdc, ghe nircrc... cho thay tinh thich nghi ciia nude va mpt sd hoat dpng - tinh chat - trpig thai cua nd nhu:
ISn/xu6ng, diy/ v<ri, due/ trong, Ion /rdng, noi /chim, boi /lan/ l$i, ngup...
ldm miln nguon dl phdng chilu len miln dich trong nhilu pham tni tinh thin, rit phd biln trong tiing Viet, nhin chung ngudi NB phdn lo^i nude ehi tiet hem va khac la hem so edc viing khac. Ndi cu the, bdn c ^ 117 kit hgp quen thugc [4], dl dinh danh loai "ehat Idng khdng mdu, khdng mui tdn tai trong tu nhien", theo quan sdt cua chiing toi, rieng trong Dgi Nam qudc dm tu vi co tren 30 ngii doan dinh danh nuac cd net rieng cua phucmg ngii.
Trude het, ddng ehii y Id each ph6ng chieu theo thang dp nhdn tinh (human scale) de nh$n dien nuac kieu nhu: ntftfc bo, nvdc dimg, nirdc nhay, mxifz ch^y, nude nhihig, nirdc rpt, nirdc rdng, nude uong..., vd ca nude qu^u, nude cd tung, nude rot r$t, nude re re... nhu edeh ndi ngdy nay. Dieu nay ed thi giai thich duge, sdng nude vdn la mdt thi lien tuc, nhung de dat dugc mdt muc dich ndo do, con ngudi phdi ap dat mdt ranh gidi nhdn tao lam eho chiing phan ldp, ri@ng le nhu chinh sir hien hiiu cua eon ngudi cd thi tren mdt mdt phdng.
Vd trong trudng hgp ndy, khdng gi thich hgp han la diing trdi nghiem vl ddc dilm, vl hoat ddng ciia ehinh con ngudi chiing ta gdn cho sdng nude. Tit nhiSn, vl mdt
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 46 ndm 2013
saU' xa con bj ehi phoi bdi cac an du da hdn sau trong tri nao cua ngudi Viet kieu nhu sdng nuac la vgt the, sdng nuac Id vdt chua, song nuac Id con nguoi, sdng nuac Id xd hoi, img xii cua con nguoi Id hogt ddng ciia nu&c...
5. Nhu chiing ta diSu biet, ngdn ngu:
hgc tri nhan khdng xem xet con ngudi tach khoi mdi trudng chung quanh, tach khoi ngudi khde ma nhu mpt ehu the tucmg tac. Tir do nhung tdng the trai nghiem dupe hinh thanh va cae chiing loai trai nghiem nay khdng chi luon dugc md rgng ma cdn thudng xuyen dugc kiem tra thdng qua su nhan hieu cua cdc thanh vien trong mpt eong dong dien ngon.
Nhu vay, con ngudi thudng xuyen tucmg tac vdi the gidi vat chat, tham chi nhiing trai nghiem vat chit Id co sd dl xdy dung nen nhung y niem phi vat chit, va viec hinh thanh nen nhiing f niem nhu da thay, khdng hoan todn dua vao nhung ddc trung eo hiiu ciia su vat, hien tupng ma eo the noi mdt each cue doan, chiing thudng tuang iing vdi nhiing dac trung tuong tae. Bdi vi, cac y niem tuy ve ban chit mang tinh an du nhung cd thi khac nhau trong cac nen van hda khac nhau.
Dilu nay khong chi ehinh xac troiig cac ngon ngii md cdn td ra co siic giai thich ngay trong long mot ngfin ngii cd nhiing moi trudng sinh hoat v^t chdt khac nhau.
Ben canh cau tue ngii sdng nude rdt phi biln trong tiing Viet: An nhu rdng cuon, ldm nhu cd cudng igi nu&c, hay xem xet mpt sd y niem, xuit hien d ba viing sau:
Bdc Bp: An nhu thuyen ch& ma, ldm nhu a chai gidng;
Trung Bg; An nhu cong chgy, ldm nhu mdi mgi bai;
Nam Bg: An nhu xdng xiic, mdn nhu luc binh troi.
D I thiy, xet vl nhilu phuong dien, cac diin ngon nay ed eiing chung mot mo thiic. Vl npi dung, dn = hu&ng thu, ldm
^ lao dong, le thudng theo mgt chudn muc nhit dinh (tay lam, ham nhai), hai phuang dien nay phai thdng nhat vdi nhau, thi nhung d day lai khdng nhu thi, do vay, thdng diep md ngudi nghe nhan dugc la phe phan thai dd lam thi bieng nhde, ehdy ludi edn viec hudng thy thi ngugc lai, cdn ve mat hinh thue, tat ca ba diin ngdn deu dimg phuang thiie so sanh theo sy lya chpn eac khia canh noi trpi khac nhau. Co the mo hinh hda khuon bilu dat nhu sau: A thi x, B thi y, trong dd X vd y cd nghia ddi lap nhau.
Trude nay, cdc cau tyc ngQ tren dugc nhan dien nhu la nhung ^iln thi, tiic ve ca ban la nhiing dien ngfin ddng nghia. Nhdn dinh nay khdng sai, nhung rd rang chua bao quat hit phuang dien ngii dyng cua chiing, nhat la ve phucmg dien van hda nhan thiic. Theo tri nhan luan, con ngirdi lya chpn chi tiet ndo trong mpt tdng the sy tinh la cd li do, bdi trong dien dgt chiing ta thudng khdng gian hda ede hinh thiic ngdn ngii va cdc hinh thiic nay cd duge ndi dung nhd vdo cac an dy khong gian hda dd. Ndi dan gian, ngon ngii dugc hinh dung Id mpt vat ehiia (hinh thiic) ma theo kinh nghiem khi v^t chiia thay ddi tiii It hdn vat duge chiia (npi dung), cung thay ddi theo, do dd, hinh thiic ngdn ngii khde, ngii nghia se khde, thdm ehi cdng nhilu hinh thiie cdng nhieu ndi dung (More of 10
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Trinh Sam
form is more of content) [14] va vi vdy, ngdn ngii hpc tri nhan khdng cdng nhdn cd loai cau ddng nghia.
Trd lai cdc dien ngdn tuc ngir dang xem xet, cd the thay ddu an van hda vd ddc diem mdi trudng vat chat la khd ro net. Bdc Bd cdn dam anh hudng cua vdn hda truygn thdng, viec ciing gi6 vdi viec d6t hdng ma kha phd biln, thuyin chd md nhe di tren sdng nude hdn la di ehuyin rit nhanh, trong khi hinh dnh dii ldp dugc lya chpn la mpt ed gai tho thin ngam trdng, cdn hien thye sdng nude Trung Bd dugc lua chpn la hinh anh cong chgy vd mdi mgi bai ^ va d NB hinh dnh xdng xiic phii sa ddi lap vdi nhiing gie l^ic binh trdi dugc lua chgn nhu nhiing dnh tugng nii trOi.
Rd rdng, cac y niem d day dupe lya chpn vd cai ndi theo tu duy vd ngon ngii hinh tugng mang dau In ciia timg viing van hda, du xet ehiing tir gdc do ndo cung khdng the xem Id ddng nghia dugc. Cdng nhan ddng nghia Id tudc di cdi ve da dang trong kiSn t^o y niem, tiic cung co nghia Id ddng nhdt chii the tri nhan, ldm ngheo di tinh hgp li tudng tupng (imaginative rationality) ciia tu duy.
6. Co the ke den dac trung cau tao - ngii nghia cd phan tho rdp ciia dja danh NB vdi nhieu yeu to song nude va ca vay mugn nhu Bin Nghe, Bin Tre, Ben Duge..., Vam Cdng, Vdm Cd, Vdm Cdi Thia..., Kinh Tau Hu, Kinh Bdu 6t, Kinh Rupt Ngya..,, Rach Chiec, Rach Sdi, Rach Choai..., sy phan loai kha chi tiet mdt sd vat chiia nude ty nhien hoac nhan tao nhu: song, lach, ngdi, reo, kinh, ranh, xeo, Idng, lung, ngpn, rpc, bung, bien, trap, viing, tat..., mdt so an du eo tinh chat tiem tdng nhu Thai gian Id su van ddng cUa nuac, Ndi thi hu&ng len, chim thi huong xudng, Xudi ddng thi hu&ng len, ngugc ddng thi hu&ng xudng...
Tuy nhien, co the khdng dinh, cdch thiic tuang tae theo hudng xuoi hoac ngugc trong phucmg ngii, ve ea ban la kha gidng nhau trong tieng Viet. Co dieu, tinh chdt hoa hop va thich nghi horn la che ngu va thong tri mdi trudng sdng nude ciia ngudi NB cd phan dam net hon.
Chinh dieu nay, ehi phdi den diem nhin vd cd sy iua chgn dp ndi troi trong tri nhdn.
' XuSt pliSt tir ^n du: Dai nguai la co cdy, Tu tuang ia co cay... ti€ng Viet c6 kh^ nhiSu truing hg^) diing phuang thilc djnh danh thuc vSt d l goi ten cdc bfl phSn ca t h i con ngucri nhu qua/trdi tim, thgn... Id gan.
phoi. Idch... bdptay. chdn... tinh yeu ddm hoa ket trdi, hgnh phuc ddm choi niiy Ipc, trdi lim heo Ha, tdm hon can coi, con non kinh nghiem, thai ca chin mudi, ggo CQi, cdy da cdy de. vun xai cho mot tinh yeu,..
^ Can luu y, trong cuon Chi nam ngpc dm gidi nghTa. mot cuon tir dien Han Nom in nam 1761 co bai tho Thuyen xe, xuat hi?n khS nhieu thuat ngfl-, giai thich ve nhieu chung loai thuyen, ciu tao cung nhu each thiic vSn h^nh chting, trong d6 c6 nhidu tit ngu hi?n nay van con duac nguiri Nam Bp su dung. Xem them, Phan c a m Thugng, 2011, Vdn minh vdt chdt aia nguai Vi^l, Nxb Tri thiic, tr.88-92.
' Ghe chdi tiic ghe bdc chdi, khong phai \k ghe dinh c4, vnh la ghe cha liia, ghe dn lua, c6n b(fn ghe chdi kh6ng phii \k b^in tren thuyen danh ca mk ban chii tren ghe cha liia. Theo Vuang H6ng SSn, 1993,1999, ghe chdi c6 ngu6n g6c tir tieng Khmer la tuk pokchay hoJc pok chay (sdd tr. 360 -63).
Tap chi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCIVI ^^ •** «""> ^"^^
' Hinh, anh co gii NB trong chile ao bi ba, tim khin rin, dung 4 i k khiin xu6ng tren bao la song niicrc, dong tac riron cheo trong gio da pho diln hit cii ve dep hinh thi cua nguai phu nO. khien dan gian tuc canh sinh tinh; Nu*c chay lang linh chay ra Vim Cu, Th^y dang em cheo cap vii muon hun.
Moi tru6ng s6ng nuoc, bun dit chua phai li nhiing kho khin, hay chii y den cac cau ho d6i dip sau, Nir. U chrni em ti xu6ng bin, Ao quin lem lim hoi anh hun chS nio; Nam: Bau ai, dims n6i tim phio. Than em lem lim ch5 nao qua cOng hun; Tao bao hon. iVir: X5n quin em loi qua lung, Quan em t|lt xuong hoi anh hun Ch8 nio? Nam: Qua hun thi hun mi dio, CM quin em t(it xu6ng thi qua cim sio ngu luon.
Diing cic cong cu song nuoc nhu cii co dl n6i lai, choi chU rit dpc dao: Bfm BA THU ma era coii chi duon ehua khio, chir cho trang lan r6i em d6i dip xio mil nghe. (BA THU: Mot ncri noi tiSng ve dan dem, tung, gii lie).
' Khong phai la ca mai nuoc ngot nhu m6t so tir diln giai thich mi li mot loai sinh v|t s6ng a viing nuoc lo nhu cira biln, chung thuimg tr6i chim chap trong nude.
TAI LIEU T H A M K H A O
1. Nguyen Van Ai (chil bien) (1987), Sd lay phuang ngir Nam Bp, Nxb Ciiu Long.
2. Huinh Tinh Paulus Cua (1895), Dgi Nam qudc dm tu vi, SAIGON impiimeii REY, CURIOL & Cie, 4, m e d'Adran, 4.
3. Nguyin Van H4U (1974, 2012), Vdn hpc miin Nam Luc tinh, tap 1, Miin Nam & vdn hgc ddn gian dia phuang, ^xh Tre.
4. Nguyin Thi Thanh Phuong (1997), 77m hiiu tir ngU sdng nu&c trong dai sdng vdn hoa Viet Nam, Luan van Th^ic sT, Tmong Dai hgc Khoa hpc Xa h^i va Nhan van TPHCM.
5. Trinh Sam (1986), Phuong ngU vd ca dao ddn ca dia phuang, trong Tuyen tap 40 ndm Tgp chi Vdn hpc I960 -1999, tjp 1, Vdn hpc ddn gian, Nxb Thanh ph6 Ho CM Minh, 1999, tr.422-432.
6. Trinh Sam (2011), "Mi6n y iii?m song nuac trong tri nhan cila nguoi Viet", Tap chi
% d n n g S , (12), tr.1-15.
7. Trinh Sam (2011), "Dong song va cuoc doi", Tgp chi Ngdn ngU & Doi song, (10), tr.31-34.
8. Trinh Sam (2013), "Lam ban ve chu Thiiy trong van hoa Viet", Bdo Vdn hda, xuan Quy Ti.
9. Trinh Sam (2013), "Phong each ngon ngu Ho Chi Minh, nhin tir goc do ngon ngfl hgc tri nh^", Tgp chi Ngdn ngU & D&i sdng, (1, 2), tr.2-15.
10. Vuong H6ng SSn (1993, 1999), Tu vi tiing ndi miin Nam, Nxb Tre.
11. Huynh Cong Tin (2006), Cdm nhdn bdn sdc Nam Bp, Nxb Van hoa - Th6ng tin.
12. Huynh Cong Tin (2007), Tir dien tir ngU Nam Bo, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi.
13. Fauconnier G., Turner M. (2002), The way we think: Conceptual intergration andthe mind's hidden complexities. New York.
14. Lakoff G., Johnson, (1980, 2003), Metaphors we live by. The University of Chicago (2003, CO them Loi bat 33 trang).
(Ngiy Tda soan nh$n duoc bit 14-4-2013: ngiy phin bipn dinh gii: 06-5-2013:
ngiy ctiip nhin iing. 24-5-2013)
