Chdt laong the che quan trj va tong nang sudt nhan to cua nen kinh te Viet Nam
LE QUANG CANH
'^di viei nghien crhi moi quan he cua the che vdi nang suat xa hoi trong nen kinh te Viet
^ Nam, xem xet vai trd cua chat litong the che quan tri tdi tong nang suat nhan td'.
Nghien cihi co dong gop nhat dinh khi xay dWig chi so chat lit(pig the che quan tri d cap quoc gia vd dUa tren chi so'ndy ddnh gid moi quan he cua chat li/cfng the che quan tri vdi tong nang sudt nhan tod Viet Nam.
Tii khoa: tong ndng sudt nhan to', the che kinh te'Viet Nam.
1. Gidi t h i e u
The che la mot t r u cot q u a n trong trong thiic hien tam nhin kinh te Viet Nam den nam 2035 de dUa Viet Nam trd t h a n h nUdc cd thu nhap t r u n g binh cao. Hudng tdi muc tieu do, cd nhieu giai phap can cd dUcJc de xuat, trong dd ddi mdi the che la mot t r u cot quan trong (WB va MPI, 2016). Gia thuyd't the che phat trien bdi Acemoglu va cong sU (2001) cho rSng: chat lUdng the che la yeu to' quan trong bao t r u m ca vi tri dia ly va chinh sach trong quye't dinh tdi hoat dong kinh te ciia qud'c gia. Gia thuyet chinh sach khSng dinh: cac chinh sach thuc day sil phan bo ngudn luc mot each hieu qua se d i n tdi t a n g trUdng kinh te cao hdn (Sachs va Warner, 1995; Wacziarg va Welch, 2008). N h u vay, cac gia thuyet nay deu k h i n g dinh tam quan trong ciia the che dd'i vdi hoat dong kinh te.
Mot qud'c gia cd the che' quan tri td't, quyen sd hCu tai san dUdc dam bao, cd it chinh sach can thiep meo md se khuyen khich dUdc cac tac nhan trong nen kinh te dau t u nhieu hon vao vd'n nhan luc, sii dung cac ngudn lUc nay hieu qua hdn va dat dUdc nang suat cao hdn (Acemoglu va Robinson, 2010). The che quan tri mdi trUdng kinh doanh dUdc thie't lap phu hdp se tac ddng tdi giam chi phi giao dich, gdp phan nang cao ke't qua san xuat va nang suat (North, 1990).
2. Phtfdng p h a p l u a n n g h i e n cdfu 2.1. The che quan tri
Quan niem lau ddi nh^'t ve the che dUdc dUa r a vao n a m 1914. Thed Veblen (1914), the che la nhiing quy c h u a n cua hanh vi hoac cac quy tac xac dinh h a n h vi trong nhiing t i n h hud'ng cu t h e , dUdc cac thanh vien ciia mot nhdm xa hdi chap nhan ve cd b a n va sU t u a n t h u cac quy tSc do la do ban t h a n t u kiem soat hoac do quyen luc ben ngoai kho'ng che. Tdi nhiing n a m 1970, nha kinh te Douglas N o r t h da xuat ban cdng trinh nghien ciiu lien q u a n tdi t h e che: dinh nghia, noi dung, cap do va nhiing tac dong ciia the che, dac biet la md'i quan he the che va t a n g trudng kinh te. He tho'ng cac nghien ciiu nay da h i n h t h a n h TrUdng phai kinh te hoc t h e che mdi. Theo North (1990): the che la nhiing luat le cua cuoc chdi trong xa hoi.
Dd la nhiing r a n g budc chinh thiic va phi chi'nh thtic do con ngUdi tao r a de dieu chinh va dinh hinh cac tUdng tac, hanh vi ciia minh. Cd ba cau p h a n quan trong cua he thd'ng the che: the che chi'nh thUc (thanh van, n h u luat le), t h e che phi chinh thiic (bat t h a n h vkn, nhii tuc le va cac quy tac x i the) va cac cd che va bien phap, che tai thiic thi.
World Bank (2002) cho rang: thi chi la nhiing quy dinh va to' chiic, ca chinh thiic lan
Le Quang Canh, PGS.TS., Tmcmg dai hoc Kinh te' qutfc dSn.
12 Nghian ciiu Kinh tesS5(468) • Thing 5/2017
Chat IU0ng the che quan t r j ,
phi chinh thiic, dieu phoi hoat ddng cua con ngUdi trong xa hdi. The che cd vai trd quan trong dd'i vdi phat trien kinh te xa hoi va dUdc the Men d hai khia canh: (i) the che ho trd thi trudng md rong va gia tang hieu qua cac hoat ddng cua cac chu t h e trong n e n k i n h te; (ii) the che tac dong bd trd t a n g triidng kinh te va giam ngheo ddi (World Bank, 2002).
Williamson (2002) dUa ra quan niem ve the che theo cac cap dp cua the che, bao gom: nen t i n g , mdi trUdng, quan tri va phan bd ngudn lUc va lao ddng. Theo dd, cap do cao nhat cua the che la nen tang xa hoi, bao gdm chuan miic, tap quan va truyen thd'ng. Cap do nay chii yeu dudc nghien ciiu bdi cac n h a nghien ciiu Uch sii kinh te va cac n h a nghien ciiu xa hdi hoc. Cac nha nghien cUu kinh te' hoc t h u a n tiiy it de cap tnic tiep den cap do nen tang xa hoi ciia the che. Thuc te phai mat rat nhieu thdi gian de cd the tao ra sU thay ddi d ca'p do nay, hang t r a m cho den hang nghin nam. Ca'p do thd hai ciia the che la mdi trUdng, bao gdm cac rang budc, quy dinh chi'nh thiic trong hien phap, luat va cac quyen ve tai san (North, 1991). Ca'p dp nay bao gdm cac thanh to' gan vdi chUc nang lap phap, hanh phap va tU phap cua nha nUdc, quy dinh
"luat choi" cho cac md'i quan he tUdng tac trong xa hdi. Ca'p dp thd ba ciia the che de cap tdi "chdi nhu the' nae" hay ca'p dp quan tri cua the che. Cap do the che nay lien quan tdi quyen tai san, hdp ddng, chi phi giao dich...va gan lien vdi chat lUdng quan tri nha nudc, do la hudng nghien chu yeu cua kinh te hoc the che d cap dp quan tri. Cap dd thii tU cua the che chinh la nhiing yeu to' tac dong den viec phan bd ngudn liic va lao ddng ciia ca nhan, doanh nghiep, hay td chiic. Day la cap do vi md cua the che. Trong nen kinh te thi trUdng, nhiing yeu to' nay cd the bao gdm gia ca, so' lUdng, tinh phu hdp ve muc tieu bay ddng lUc.
The che quan tri cd the dUdc hieu la the che d cap dp ba theo phan loai ciia Williamson (2002). Trong thUc tien, Chi so' quan tri toan cau vdi sau bp phan cau thanh da cung cap tieu chi do lUdng chat lUdng the che quan tri.
bao gdm: tieng noi va chat lUdng giai trinh; dn dinh chinh tri va khdng cd bao Ixic: hieu liic ciia chinh quyen; chat lUdng dieu tiet kinh doanh; thUdng ton p h a p luat (phap quyen);
kiem soat t h a m nhiing. Cac chi so'thanh phan da dUdc chuan hda theo thang diem 100. Chi so' quan tri toan cau va cac chi sd' t h a n h phan cang cao the hien chat lUdng thd che va cac bp phan cau t h a n h the che cang td't hay the che cang td't va ngUdc lai. Chi so' quan tri toan cau cho phep danh gia chat lUdng ciia the che quan tri cua qud'c gia theo cac noi dung quan trong nhat cua the che.
2.2. Do ludng ndng sudt
Nang suat la thUdc do tong hdp mUc dp hieu qua trong qua trinh san xuat, chuyen tU cac yeu to' dau vao t h a n h cac san pham dau ra. Trong phan tich kinh te, nang suat vd'n va nang suat lao ddng la cac chi tieu dUdc s\i dung phd bien hdn ca. Thed quan niem s\i dung phd bien, nang suat lao ddng do lUdng kha nang tao r a ciia cai, hieu suat cua lao ddng cu the trong qua trinh san xua't. Nang suat lao ddng dupe do bang sd san pham hay lUdng gia tri dUdc tao ra trong mot ddn vi thdi gian, hay ngUdc lai la lUdng thdi gian lao ddng bao phi de san xuat r a mot ddn vi san pham.
Nang suat lao ddng the hien tinh cha't va trinh dp tien bd cua mot ca nhan, doanh nghiep hay ca nen kinh te. Theo ly thuyet ve nang liic canh tranh, nang suat lao ddng la mot trong nhiing yeu td' quye't dinh siie canh tranh cua doanh nghiep va nen kinh te.
O cap dp nen kinh te, nang sua't lao ddng xa hdi dupe sii dung de do ludng nang suat cua nen kinh te. Day la bien phan anh bieu sua't lam viec ciia lao ddng, dudc do bang GDP binh quan mot lao ddng trong thdi gian nhat dinh, thudng la mot nam. Ngoai ra, nang sua't vd'n cung la mot tieu chi do lUdng phd bien.
Nang sua't vd'n dupe do bang ty sd giUa gia tri san lUdng san xuat ra vdi lupng vd'n dau vao ciia san xuat trong mot thdi gian nhat dinh Thong thudng, san lupng san xuat ra la GDP trong nam va lUdng vd'n sii dung trong qua trinh san xua't d nam dd. Ben canh dd, tdng
Nghien cijv Kinh le so 5(468) - Thang 5/2017
1 3
Chat liiong the che quan trj
nang sua't nhan td' cua n e n kinh te (TFP) ciing dupe sii dung do ludng nang suat cua cac yeu to' khdng dupc de cap trong h a m san suat va nd the hien miic dp hieu qua trong viec sii dung cac yeu to' dau vao trong qua trinh san xuat.
2.3. Phuangphdp nghien ciiu De xem xet md'i quan he cua the che quan tri dd'i vdi nang sua't cua nen kinh te, nghien Cliu nay tien hanh d hai khia canh. Thti nhat, tien hanh phan tich thd'ng ke md ta md'i quan he giUa cac khia canh chinh cua the che quan tri vdi nang suat. Cdng cu dUdc sii dung phd bien bao gdm phan tich do thi va tinh toan he so' tUdng quan de xem xet md'i quan he giiia cac khia canh the che vdi nang suat d cac cap dp khac nhau. Diem manh ciia phUdng phap nay la cho biet dUdc md'i quan he giCa cac khia canh cua the che vdi nang suat ma khdng ddi hdi so' lUpng quan sat hay cd sd dii lieu Idn. Day la mot Idi the dang ke trong dieu kien sd lieu khd khan d Viet Nam. Thii hai, nghien ciiu sii dung kiem dinh nhan qua Granger xem xet lieu cd sii tac ddng nhan qua giiia chEi't lUdng the che quan tri va nang sua't xa hdi h Viet Nam. De tien h a n h kiem dinh nay, nghien cUu tinh toan chi so' do lUdng chat lupng the che quan tri va sau dd xem xet md'i quan he nhan qua cua chi so' chat lupng quan tri vdi TFP d Viet Nam.
Kiem dinh xem cd hay khdng md'i quan he nhan qua tii the che quan tri tdi nang sua't, nghien ciiu sii dung md hinh VAR va kiem dinh Granger nhU sau:
>^ =«o + S/^,l^-; +Z'5;^,-, +«, (1)
j=i 1=1
* I
Kiem dinh gia thuyet HQ: h^= ^2- ...~ h,=
... 5k = 0, ddi vdi phUOng trinh (1) vdi k la dp tre tdi uu da dupe xac dinh nhd cac chi so thong tin. Neu gia thuyet HQ hi bac bd cd nghia rang bien X ed tac ddng nhan qua de'n Y va ngupc lai. TuPng tu dd'i vdi phUdng trinh
(2), kiem dinh gia t h u y e t HQ: (t>i= (['2= •• = ^ij^
d, = 0, neu gia thuyet HQ bi bac bd cd nghia la bien Y cd tac ddng n h a n qua tdi X.
Trong nghien ciiu nay, Y la bien do ludng TFP con X la bien do lUdng QGI.
2.4. Sdlieu
Sd heu sii dung trong p h a n tich nay dUpc t h u t h a p tii hai ngudn. Cu the, T F P diidc thu thap tii APO (2016). Day la sd lieu dUdc tinh toan bdi To chiic N a n g sua't Chau A cho 32 qud'c gia t h a n h vien trong k h u viic. Sd lieu nay hien cd tii n a m 1970 tdi n a m 2015. So lieu do ludng the che q u a n tri dUde trich tii Chi Sd' Quan tri toan cau (WGI) bao gdm 6 t r u cot: kiem soat t h a m nhiing; chat lUdng chinh sach; hieu liic chinh quyen; tieng noi va trach nhiem giai trinh; n h a nudc phap quyen; on dinh chinh tri. Tuy nhien trong nghien ciiu nay, dn dinh chinh tri khdng han la mot bd p h a n ciia chat lUdng quan tri nha nUdc ma theo Williamson (2002) thudc vao ca'p dp the che thii 2, n e n nd khdng dupe sii dung trong tinh toan va xay dung chi so' do lUdng QGI. Ghep hai ngudn du: lieu nay thu dUdc cac quan sat tii n a m 1996 den nam 2015 cho Viet Nam.
Nghien ciiu nay van dung phUdng phap tinh chi so' chat lUdng t h e che quan tri dUdc phat trien bdi Lasagni va cdng sii (2015) tren cd sd phUdng p h a p luan dUpc de cap trong Saaty (1980). Cu the, nghien ciiu sul dung 5 t h a n h p h a n trong WGI do ludng the che quan tri va tien h a n h tinh tdan trpng so cho tiing t h a n h phan va cud'i ciing diia tren trpng so' dd de t i n h chi sd' chat lUpng the che quan tri (QGI - quality of governance institutions).
Cac budc tinh toan trpng so' cho tiing thanh phan va chi sd' QGI dUdc md ta nhu sau:
Bitdc 1: sii dung ma t r a n so sanh ddi mot (A). Ma t r a n nay bao gdm cac phan tii a^ (vdi i va j = 1, 2,... 5 - la 5 t h a n h p h l n cua WGI) thoa m a n a,^ a,i = 1 va a„ = 1. Cac phan tii a„
do ludng mde dp quan trpng tUdng dd'i ciia 5 t h a n h phan vdi nhau tac ddng tdi nang suat va n h a n gia tri tii 1 de'n 9. Cu the, a.,= 1 khi t h a n h p h a n i va j la tUdng dUdng; a,j= 3 khi
14 Nghien cuu Kinh tSsS 5(468) - Thing 5/2017
Chat lirang the che quan tri
t h a n h p h a n i hoi quan trpng hdn j ; a.j= 5 khi t h a n h phan i quan trpng hdn y, &,= 7 khi t h a n h phan i r a t quan trpng hdn j ; a,j= 9 khi t h a n h phan i ciic kp quan trpng hdn j (Nifo va Vecchione, 2014). Cac gia t r i cua phan tvt a^, ban dau dUdc tinh tii cac he so' tac ddng ciia 5 chi so t h a n h phan WGI tdi T F P va GDP theo phUdng phap tinh trong so' cua cac thanh phan cau t h a n h chi so PCI (VCCI va USAID, 2016) va thiic Men gan gia tri theo quy dinh de xua't bdi Nifo va Vecchione (2014) d tren.
Biidc 2: chuan hda ma t r a n so sanh ddi mot (B), sao cho tdng cac phan t\i a,j theo tiftig cot bang 1 theo cdng thUc: ^^ = — . ^,1
Biidc 3: tinh trpng sd' cho tiing t h a n h p h l n w„ vdi i = 1, 2, 5. Sil dung t r u n g binh cac b,, theo tiing ddng trong ma t r a n (B), ta se thu dUdc trpng so' cho tCftig t h a n h phan i la:
Biidc 4: tinh chi so'chat lUdng the che quan
tri QGI se la: QGI = J ] ^' "^ ^' • ^^^^^ ^° ^' ^^
r=t
chi sd'thanh p h a n i (vdi i = 1, 2 .5).
Sau khi tinh toan chi sd' QGI theo hai trUdng hdp xac dinh gia tri cua phan tii a„ ban dau; (i) theo he sd tac ddng cua 5 cM sd t h a n h phan WGI tdi T F P va (ii) theo he sd tac ddng cua 5 cM sd t h a n h phan WGI tdi GDP deu cho trpng sd' cua 5 chi sd' t h a n h phan nay tUdng tii nhau va lan lUdt la: Meu liic chi'nh quyen (10%); nha nUdc phap quyen - thUdng tdn phap luat (15%); cha't lUpng cMnh sach (20%), kiem soat t h a m nhiing (25%); tieng ndi va trach nhiem giai tinh (35%). Diia tren cac trong so' nay, chi so' QGI dUdc tinh toan cho cac nam trong mau nghien ciiu.
3. C h a t Itftfng t h e c h e q u a n t r i v a T F P d V i e t N a m
3.1. Chdt liiang the che quan tri Mdi trUdng the che' Viet Nam da d a t nhiing tien bd dang ke trong thdi gian qua, tuy nhien sii tien bd dd chUa t h a n h xu hudng ro net. Dieu nay the hien ro trong cac khia canh ciia the che trong hinh 1.
HINH 1: C h a t lifdng c a c k h i a c a n h t h e c h e di V i e t N a m , 1996-2015
\q<)6 ^gqft ooCO -^J^- -0^^ -lOO* 7.00^ o O t ^ nSl^ nji^f^ -iQCfi iQ\^ i^W 1Q\^ -^0X1 O Q V * a O \ ^
Kiem soat tham
~nhOng
Hieu li/c chinh
""quyen
Chat i\lrSnq
"chinh sach
Nha nildc phap
"quyen
Nguon: T6ug hop lir WGI.
Trong 5 khia canh the hien mdi trUdng thd che d Viet Nam, "hieu lUc chinh quyen"
va "nha nUdc p h a p quyen" dUdc thuc hien tdt n h a t va ngay cang dUdc cai thien. Day
Nghien cuV Kmh te SO 5(468) - Thing 5/2017 15
Gh^t lirofng the chif quan t r j . . .
\k nhiing ddng liic quan trong thiic d^y cai each the chi va tang trtfdng kinh te 3 Vi6t Nam. Khia canh thi che con kha yeu d Viet Nam dd 1^ "tieng ndi va trdch nhi§m giai trinh". Tuy c6 sii cai thi6n theo thdi gian nhUng tdc do cai thi^n cua chi scT nay kha ch^m chap. Day la v^n de d^t ra cho cai each the chi* d Vi$t Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
H I N H 1: Chat Itfofng t h ^ che Vi£t Nam so vdi c&c midc cd thu iih|ip t r u n g binh thap va trung binh cao nam 2015
Rigng viec "kilm BO&t tham nhung" va
"chlft lUdng chinh sach" vSn 6 mtic thap nhiing co sU ti^n bo ro net theo thdi gian trong nhOng nam glln dfiy. N6u chi xem xet trong giai doan tii n&m 2011 tdi nay thi xu hiidng cai thien cac chi so' the hiSn ch^t liidng quan tri d Vi|t Nam rSLt dang ghi nh4n.
60
H 39,4 1
F ^ ^ l
.—
1
_._
1
m :1»
ii
m -wt
h^li^^K
^H
S'-'^T^RBB
KljmiottlhamnhOng Hi£u lut chfnh quyjn Chjt luttig chfnh tich Nhl niMc phdp quyfn Tijiig ngi v i giii tiinh
Ws»(Jn: T(ing hop til WGI.
Khi so sanh chtft lUdng the che S Viet Nam vfii cac nudc c6 thu nh|ip trung binh thffp thi ro r4ng chat lUflng the che noi chung cua Vi$t Nam cao hon dang k^. Ngoai trii y&
to "tiShg noi va giai trinh" 4 miJc rat thSp, con lai cac tru cot Ithac cua thi chS Viet Nam deu tot hdn so v6i trung binh cua cac nudc co mtic thu nhSip trung binh thlCp. Chi B6' "hiSu luc chinh quyen" d Viet Nam da cao hon mile trung binh cua cac nudc co thu nh$p trung binh^cao. Day la ket qua dang ghi nh4n cho SU no luc cai each the che cr Viet Nam. Ba noi dung thi hita moi tru6ng thi che con y& i Viyt Nam so vffi cac nu6c do ik "tighg noi va giai trinh", "chft luong chi'nh sach" va "kilm soat tham nhung". Day se 14 nhOng hudng d6t pha trong cai each thi che cua Viet Nam khi Chung ta chuyin thinh qu& gia'ed thu
nhlip trung binh th4p va tiS'p tue d|it ra khi thu nhap cua Vigt Nam ttag len.
Nhu-vay, chit ludng the ch^ 6 Vi6t Nam co sij thay ddi dang k l theo yeu clu ciia sU phat triln kinh tg xa hoi. Cac danh gia vi chtt lUdng thi chi 6 Viet Nam co the dUdc torn tat: (i) cac khia canh cua thi chi i Viet Nam c6 sU cai thiSn trong nhiing nim g& diy, die bi|t la hieu lUe cua chinh quyin, thUdng ton phap lu&t (nh4 nudc phap quyIn), kilm soat tham nhOng v4 chit lUdng chfnh sach; (ii) cha't lUdng thi che Viet Nam 14 tot hdn hoSc ngang bang so vdi cac nUdc co mfic thu nh4p trung binh thSip cl eac khi'a canh the chi, dSc blM chi s6 hi$u lUc chinh quyen con tot hdn cac nude c6 thu nh4p trung binh cao; (iii) .khia c^uih tieng ndi va giai trinh, mae dii c6 SU cai thi$n, nhung cdn khoang each iSit xa
16 NghiSn ciii Kinh t0s^5(468) - Thing s/2017
Chat lirang the ch£'quan trj
so vdi cac nUdc cd miJc t h u n h a p tUdng dUdng.
3.2. Mdi quan he the che vd ndng sudt Kiem dinh nhan qua
Nghien ciiu tien h a n h kiem dinh n h a n qua xem lieu cd md'i quan he giiia QGI va TFP. Kiem dinh tinh ditng cua chudi thdi gian TFP va QGI cho t h a y hai chudi thdi
gian nay la chudi thdi gian diing d sai p h a n bac 1 (vdi miic y nghia thd'ng ke lan lUdt d miic 5% va 10%). Tiep dd, nghien ciiu kiem dinh dong tich hdp thong qua kiem dinh Johansen, ke't qua cho t h a y cd it n h a t mot quan he ddng tich hdp giiia T F P va QGI.
Nghien cdtu tiep tuc kiem dinh n h a n qua giiia T F P va QGI, ke't qua n h u sau;
BANG 1: K e t q u a k i e m d i n h G r a n g e r c a u s a l i t y W a l d t e s t s Moi quan he
TFP-> QGI QGI ^ TFP
Gia trj Chi-2 0,3799 15,6248
Gia tri P-value 0,9843 0,0004
Ket luan KhOng CO t^c ddng
C6 tac dong
Ket qua kiem dinh n h a n qua cho thay cd sU tac dong cua Chat lUdng the che' tdi Tong nang sua't n h a n td' d Viet Nam ma khdng cd tac ddng theo chieu ngUdc lai. Ke't qua nay khang dinh vai trd cua nang cao chat lUdng t h e che q u a n t r i dd'i vdi viec n a n g cao n a n g
sua't trong bd'i canh d Viet Nam.
• Quan he giiia cdc chi so'the che quan tri vd TFP d Viet Nam
Md'i quan he giiia chat lUdng the che quan tri va T F P dUdc md t a trong hinh 3. Ke't qua nay cho thay:
HINH 3: M o i q u a n h e ciia t h e c h e v 6 i T F P , 2001-2015
Hinh 3a: Kiem soat tham nhung vd TFP Hinh 3b: Hieu lUe chinh quyen vd TFP
0.960 R= = 0.4521
20.0 25.0 30.0 3S.0 40.0 45.0
Hinh 3c: Nhd nudc phap quyen vd TFP 1.100 -,
Hinh 3d: Chdt luong chinh sach vd TFP 1-100
1.060 1.040 1020 1.000
Nghien CIAJ Kinh les6S(468) • Thing 5/2017
17
Chat lirgng the che qudn t r j .
Hinh 3e: Tieng noi vd gidi trinh vdi TFP Hinh 3f: Chdt lugng the che quan tri vdi TFP
1-100 7 1 080 -.
1-060 I 1.CM0 ! 1.02) -1
NguSn. Tinh toan dira trfin s6' liSu WGI va APO (2015).
Cac khia canh the che nhu "nha nUdc phap quyen", "chat lUdng chinh sach" cd md'i quan be thuan vdi TFP khi sii dung so'lieu tii nam 1996 den nam 2015 cho Viet Nam. Ket qua nay ciing kha tUdng ddng vdi nhiing phat hien dd'i vdi cac qud'c gia phat trien va dang phat trien ndi chung (Badalyan va cdng sU, 2016). "Tieng ndi va giai trinh" cd md'i quan he tieu cUc vdi TFP, tuy nhien miic do tUdng quan khdng Idn. Dm vdi cac bien "kiem soat tham nhung", "hieu luc chinh quyen" va
"chat lUdng the che quan tri", md'i quan he cua chung vdi TFP khdng t h u i n tiiy tuyen tinh ma tuan theo md hinh chii U. Ke't qua nay cd nghia la d mUc ban dau thap, "kiem soat tham nhiing" td't, nang cao "hieu lUc chinh quyen" va "chat lUdng the che quan tri"
lam giam nang sua't TFP trong ng^n ban, nhung khi "kiem soat tham nhiing", "hieu lUc chinh quyen" va "chat lUdng the che quan tri"
tang len du td't thi cd tac ddng tich cUc tdi viec nang cao TFP cho nen kinh te trong dai han. Dieu nay cd the luan giai rSng cac tac nhan trong nen kinh te da khdng sii dung dung cdng cu de nang cao nang suat va nang luc canh tranh ma dua vao nhiing md'i "quan he", dUa vao cac cdng cu khac nhu "chi phi khdng chinh thdc" hoac "san sau" (Nguyen Van Thang ya cdng sU, 2016). Chinh vi vay, khi viec kiem soat tham nhiing, hieu luc chinh quyen va chat lUdng the che quan tri dUdc nang len se lam giam nang sua't cua cac tac nhan trong nen kinh te bdi vi cac tac nhan bay gid khong con dUa vao cac cdng cu
khdng thich hdp de duy tri n a n g lUc canh t r a n h va nang sua't ma phai chuyen sang sii dung cac cdng cu phii hdp cho viec nang cao nang suat. Ket qua n a y gdi y rang, viec kiem soat t h a m nhiing va n a n g cao chat lUdng the che quan tri se gap khd k h a n trong ngSn ban vi lam giam n a n g suat; nhUng ve dai han, viec kiem soat td't t h a m nhiing va nang cao chat lUdng the che' q u a n tri se ddng vai tro tich cUc cho viec n a n g cao n a n g suat d Viet Nam va se giiip thiic day kiem soat tham n h u n g cung n h u n a n g cao cha't lUdng the che quan tri.
4. Ket l u a n v a k h u y e n nghi chinh s a c h
The che' la mot trong cac tru cot quan trpng quye't dinh tdi viec hoan thanh cac muc tieu t a n g trudng va p h a t trien cua Viet Nam.
Trong nhiing n a m qua, mdi trudng the che quan tri d Viet Nam cd sU cai thien dang ke va d mot so chi tieu t h a n h phan ciia the che quan tri n h a nUdc, td r a vUdt trdi so vdi miic trung binh ciia cac qud'c gia cd thu nhap trung binh thap n h u Viet Nam. Tuy nhien neu so sanh vdi cac nUde cd thu nhap trung binh cao, the che quan tri n h a nUde ciia Viet Nam con cd mot khoang each (xem them trong chi so WGI, World Bank, 2016). Cai each the che vfin dang la mot van de dat ra cho Viet Nam.
Nghien ciiu da chi ra md'i quan he tich cUc giiia chat lUdng the che' vdi nang cao TFP trong dai han.
18 Nghien cuu Kinh tes65(468) - Thing 5/2017
Chat iUdng the che quan trj
D i i a t r e n k e ^ q u a p h a n t i c h n h a n q u a v a m o i q u a n h e c u a t h e c h e t d i n a n g su&'t, n g h i e n c i i u d U a r a m o t so' d e x u a t n h S m t h i i c d a y n a n g c a o n a n g s u a t T F P c u a n e n k i n h t e . Thii nhdt, t i e p t u c d a y m a n h c d n g c u o c c a i e a c h t h e c h e . C h a t l U d n g t h e c h e q u a n t r i q u y e ' t d i n h t d i n a n g s u a t T F P v a d a y l a y e u td' t h i i c d a y s i i g i a t a n g T F P c u a n e n k i n h te'.
C a c k h i a c a n h c i i a t h e c h e d e u cd t a c d d n g t i c h ciic t d i v i e c n a n g c a o t d n g n a n g s u a t n h a n t o ' c u a n e n k i n h t e , c h i i t l a t r o n g d a i h a n . D a y m a n h c a i e a c h t h e c h e ' q u a n t r i m d i t r u d n g k i n h d o a n h s e cd v a i t r d q u a n t r p n g t r o n g v i e c n a n g c a o n a n g s u a t .
Thi2 hai, t i e p t u c t h i i c d a y k i e m s o a t t h a m n h u n g . M a c d i i t r o n g n g a n h a n , k i e m s o a t t h a m n h u n g s e l a m g i a n T F P c u a n e n k i n h t e v a g a y n h i i n g c a n t r d c h o c d n g c u o c e h d ' n g t h a m n h u n g . T u y n h i e n , t r o n g d a i h a n k h i m d i t r U d n g k i n h d o a n h m a t h a m n h i i n g dUdc k i e m s o a t td't h d n , T F P c u a n e n k i n h t e s e n a n g c a o .
Thii ba, t h i i c h i e n c a c b i e n p h a p n a n g c a o c h a t l U d n g c h i n h s a c h . N a n g c a o c h a t l U d n g c h i n h s a c h s e g i u p n a n g c a o n a n g s u a t T F P . N a n g c a o c h a t l U d n g c h i n h s a c h n e n t a p t r u n g v a o : (i) k h u y e n k h i c h sU t h a m g i a t h i i c s i i c i i a d d i tUOng d i e u c h i n h c h i n h s a c h v a o q u y t r i n h x a y d u n g c h i n h s a c h ; (ii) c h i n h s a c h c a n g S n v d i n g u d n l u c t h u c h i e n . / .
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1. Acemoglu D. va Robinson J. (2010), The role of institutions in growth and development, Working Paper No. 10. World Bank
2. Acemoglu D, va Robinson, J. (2012), Why nations fail: The origins of power, prosperity, and poverty, Crown Business; 1 edition.
3. APO (2016), APO Productivity Databook 2015, Keio University Press Inc.
4. Badalyan G., Herzfeld, T. va Rajcaniova M.
(2016), Infrastnicture, institutions, and economic
productivity in transition countries, hltp.lldx.doi.
org/10.154J4/isd20I6.sl2.0]
5. Lasagni A., Nifo A. and Vecchione G. (2015), Finn producuvity and institutional quality.evidence from Italian industry", Journal of Regional Science, 55 (5), 774-800.
6. Nguyen Van Thing, H6 Dinh Bao, U Quang Canh va Nguyen Vu Hung (2016), Strategic and transactional costs of comjplion: perspectives from Vietnamese fums, Crime Law and Social Change 02/2016; DOL I0.1007/sl0611-016-9609-7.
7. Nifo rt. and Vecchione G. (2014), Do Institutions Play a Role in Skilled Migration? The Case of Italy, Regional Studies, 4m0), l62S-\649.
8. North D. (1990), Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
9. North D. (1991). Instimtions, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97-112.
10. Saaty T.L.. (1980), The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill, New York.
11. Sachs J.D. and Warner A. (1995), Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1, 1-118.
12. Syverson C, (2011), What Determines Productivity? Journal of Economic Literature, 49(2), 326-365.
13. V C a va USAID (2016), Chi s6 nang luc canh tranh cJp tinh 2015, http://pcivietnam.org/tailieii/
Ho%20so%2063%20tinh.%20thanh%20pho%20VN.pdf 14. Veblen T. (1914), The instinct of workmanship and the state of industrial art. The McMillan Company, New York.
15. Wacziarg R. and Welch K. (2008). Trade Liberalization and Growth: New Evidence, World Bank Economic Review 22 (2), 187-231.
16. WB va MPI (2016), Bao cao Vie! Nam 2035:
Huang lai su think vuong, sang tao, cong bang vd ddn chu, Ngan hang The' gioi va B6 Ke' hoach va d^u tu.
17. Williamson O. E. (2002), The new institutional economics: taking stock, looking ahead, Journal of economic literature, 38(3), 595-613.
18. World Bank (2002), Building the institutions for markets. World Development Report, New York: Oxford University Press.
19. World Bank (2016), Worldwile Governance Indicators, http://info.worldbank.org/govemance/wgiAnd ex.aspx#reports.
Nghien cuu Kinh tes65(468) - Thing 5/2017 19
