Doi mM thg chg kinh te & Viet Nam
Phi Manh Hong'
' Trucmg Dgi hpc Kinh te, Dai hpc Qudc gia Hi Npi.
Email: [email protected]
Nh§n ngiy 15 thing 7 nim 2017. Chip nh|n ding ngiy 30 thing 7 nim 2017.
Tom tat: T6c dp tang tnrdng kinh te cham l^i va nhiing khd khan, bat on trong nen kinh tl dang gia tang bu6c Vi#t Nam phai diy nhanh qua trinh tai ca eiu va ddi mdi mo hinh tang tnrdng kinh te. Ddng thdi, phat triln ngudn nhan lye, ket eiu ha tang, ddi mdi the ehl eung duge xem nhu cac khiu "dot pha" ehiln luge can dugc thyc thi. Tuy v^iy, doi mdi the che, trSn thyc te, chua duoc xem nhu la ITnh vye cot ylu, can dugc mi tiSn. Vi§e ddi mdi va hoan thi?n the chd edn dien ra cham ch^p, thudng nghieng ve nhiing doi mdi eye bg trong ITnh vyc the che kinh te. Ngay trong ph^un vi nay, vi?e xac l§p va thye thi mpt each nhat quan h? thong quyen sd hihi tai san hi?u qui cung chua dagc xem trpng. Day la nhimg ly do khien cho qua trinh tai ea cau va chuyen doi md hinh tang trudng kinh tl d Vi^t Nam khong diln ra nhu ky vgng.
Tir khda: D6i mdi, the ehl kinh te, Viet Nam.
Phan lo^i nganh: Kinh te hpc
Abstract: The declining economic growth rate and increasing difficulties and uncertainties in the economy have forced Vietnam to accelerate the process of restmeturing and renovating the economic growth model. At the same time, human resources and inirastructure development and institutional renovation are also considered strategic breakthroughs to be implemented. However, institutional renovation has, in reality, not been seen as a core area, which should be prioritised.
Institutional renovation and completion have been slow, often inclined to incomprehensive renovation in the economic institutional area. Even within the scope, the effective and consistent est^lishment and enforcement of asset ownership rights have not received much attention. These are the reasons why the process of restructuring and renovating the model of economic growth in Vietnam has been taking place not as expected.
Keywords: Renovation, economic institutional framework, Vietnam.
Subject classification: Economics
1. Md dau trudng kinh t l diy kn tucmg. Tuy nhien, tii 2008 dSn nay, xu hudng tang trudng ch$m Qua trinh d6i mdi dugc khdi xudng tix 1986 lai hoc IQ rd net cho thay nhieu bdt dn, hgn den nay da giup Vi?t Nam dat dugfc su tang chi trong chdt lugng, hieu qua va tinh ben
Fhi M^h Hong vutig ciia qua trinh nay. Md thdc tang
trudng cu dua chu yeu v ^ su gia tang ddu vao, vdn dugc kich hoat tOt nhiing thay dhi the che do qua trinh ddi mdi viia qua mang lai, to ra khdng cdn hi$u I\rc. Vi the, vi$c t^i ca cdu toan bo n8n kinh tl, d6i mdi md hinh tang trudng dugc dat ra m0t c^ch tu nhien trong suot hem 5 nam qua. Cimg vdi dilu dd, D^i hoi XI ciia Dang Cong san Viet Nam (2011) da chi ra ba khau "t4c nghen"
can dugc "dgt pha" thao gd: thi che, nhSn luc, kit cdu ha ting [2, tr.106]. Tuy v|y, thuc te tat ca nhiing qua trinh tren dien ra rat cham, viec khdi dgng lai thdi ky tang trudng kinh tl nhanh td ra rit khd khan, vdn dl la d dau? Bai vilt nay se tra Idi cau hdi tren va thao luan mdt sd hudng giai quyet.
2. Doi mdi the che trong ba khSu
"d^t pha**
Cai each va ddi mdi the che la gdc de tang trudng va phat trien kinh tl ben vung, dat dugc sir thinh vugng chung. C) Viet Nam, su tae nghgn chi phdi cac tae n^en d cac ITnh vuc khac hien nay la tic nghen ve the che.
Trong 3 khau "tdc nghen" can "dgt phd"
de tao ra s\c chuyin bien th\rc su cho nen kinh te ma Dai hgi XI ciia D^g Cgng san Viet Nam (2011) neu len, nhan l\rc va ket cau ha tdng cd the eoi la nh&ng yeu td dau vao chimg ciia nen kinh te. Su cai thi?n nhanh vk ddng bd sd lugng, va quan trgng hcfn, chdt lugng cua cac ylu td nay chdc chdn sS giiip nen kinh tl gia tang dugc tdc do tang trudng. Tuy nhien, dgng luc chi phdi sir cdi thign cac yeu to tr6n ciing nhu each thdc su dyng chiing trong cac hoat
ddng kinh te Igi phu thudc vao cac quy tdc rang budc cac hoat ddng ddu tu va sic dung nhan luc hay kit cdu ha tdng. Ndi cdch khac, chung phy thuOc vao cac the che.
Trong tae phdm 70 sao cac quoc gia thdt bai, D. Acemoglu va J. A. Robinson cho rang, cac thi chi tdt la cac the ch6
"dung hgp" (inclusive institutions) cd the d$ng vien mgi ngudi khai thac va sii dimg ed hiSu qua cac ngu6n luc sSn cd, tich liiy va nang cdp chdng, sdng tao ra cac nguon lye mdi de sSn xudt ra ngay cang nhilu cda cai. Nguge lai, cac thi che tdi la cac thi che
"chiem doat" (extractive institutions) cd the lam thui chdt mgi dgng ca san xuat va sang tao cua cai, tao ra nhiing khuyen khich sai l^c theo chiSu nguge lai [1].
Nhu v^y, CO the thdy se khdng cd dOt pha trong su phat trien cd chat lugng ngudn nhan luc va ket cdu h£i tdng nlu khdng cd sir dot pha ve the chi.
Trong lihh vvrc phat trien nhan lyc, cac quy tae tuyen d\mg, tra luang, dl b^t, thang tien... d^c biet trong khu vuc cdng hi?n nay d Vi?t Nam khdng khuyin khich ngudi tai, khdng t^o ra dgng luc that su de ngudi lao dgng chii dgng trau ddi, tich luy lien tuc kien thiic, ky nang, hinh thanh tu duy va thai do cd trach nhi^m xa hgi cao, cd tinh than phan bien va sdng X^o - nhiing tlip hgp pham chat, kj nSng can thilt ciia nhihig ngudi lao dgng trong thdi dgi kinh tl tri thuc. Cac quy tdc hi§n hanh van chua trao quyen tu chu, t\i tri cho cae ca sd giao dye, dao tao, d$c bi^t la cac trudng d^ hgc.
Chiing biln nhihig ngudi lanh deio cac trudng thanh cac cdng chirc, vien chiic thira hanh (phu thuOc chu ylu vao cdp trgn) trong bg may hanh chinh quan lieu chung, biln cac giao vien thanh nhihig ngudi lao ddng thy dgng trong vi?c truyin tai kiln thic,
Khoa hpc xa hgi Viet Nam, sd 10 - 2017 thilu dgng ca tun tdi, phat trien chuyen mdn nhu trong mdt mdi trudng tu do hpc thuat, cd tinh chat canh tranh cao ddi hdi;
biln ngudi hgc thanh nhiing ngudi thd a vdi vi?c chilm ITnh kiln thdc, ky nang dich thyc, dl nilm vui va muc tieu ve diem sd, bang cdp dan dat qua trinh hgc tap cua minh. Trong mgt mdi trudng the che (bao gdm ca cac quy tdc ben ngoai h? thdng phap luat va ca chi quan ly giao due cua nha nude) nhu v^y, ro rang ngudi ta khdng CO ddng luc d l hgc t|ip, nghien cihi va dao t?o ra nhihig ngudi lao dgng tuong lai chdt lugng cao, cd nang luc canh tranh toan cau.
Phat triln kit cdu ha tang ndi chung la linh vyc thugc v l dau tu cdng. Nd liSn quan den hoat dgng cua bg may nha nude, phy thugc vao cac quy tdc phan bd va phan cap ngan sach, cac quy tdc chi tieu va giam sat chi tieu cong. Ngudi ra quylt dinh dau tu chi la ngudi dai di^n hay dugc uy nhiem chii kh6ng phai la ngudi chii thyc sy ciia khoan von dau tu. Sy xung dgt Igi ieh giiia ngudi chti va ngudi dai di$n ddi hdi phai cd mgt h^ thdng quy tdc the che chinh tri, kinh te tinh vi de giam sat va giam thilu cac hiSu ting tieu eye, gay tdn hai cho Igi ieh xS hgi chung. Ro rang, xir ty cac tae nghgn trong ITnh vyc kit cdu ha tang d Viet Nam hien nay khdng chi la sy gia tang quy md ddu tu cho ket cdu h£i tdng (dieu dang gap khd khan do tinh trang thSm hut ngSn sach va ng cdng cao hi^n nay), ma quan trgng \k phai nang cao hieu qua ciia ho^t dgng nay, nham xda bd tinh trang ddu tu dan trai, phan tan, lang phi, mang tinh chia cat nen kinh te nhu hi?n nay ("phong trao" xSy dyng san bay, dau tu cai t£io cang biln...
rgng khdp la bilu hi?n diln hinh). Dilu dd khong thi diln ra vdi cac quy tdc chi phdi cac hoat dgng ddu tu cong hien nay, trong
dd nhihig quylt dinh dau tu sai idm, thilu higu qua ve m^t xa hdi thudng khdng bj trimg phat. Chi khi thiet lap dugc cac thi che thich hgp, ngudi ta mdi dugc khuyin khich d l quy hoach, ddu tu, giam sat thi cdng mdt each cd hi?u qua, d l tao ra mgt h?
thdng dudng sa hay kit cdu ha tdng cin thiet cho nhu cau phat triln va sii dirng, khai thac chting mdt each huu hieu.
Nhu vay, the che cham thay ddi se gay ra sy tri tr6 chung cho ca nen kinh te, ciing nhu lam cham lai nhiing thay ddi trong linh vuc phat trien nhan luc va kit cau ha tdng.
Ndi each khac, ve mat tu duy, khi dl cap den eac budc "dot pha" chiln luge, phai tJip trung mi tiSn vao nhiing thay dii dot pha vg mat thi che. Va quan trgng han, phai biln tu duy nay thanh hanh ddng thyc tiln"'.
Tuang ty nhu v|iy, nhiing ddi mdi the che can thiet phai duge thyc hi^n mdi co the thay ddi dugc md hinh tang trudng ciing nhu tai ca cau (cau tnic) nen kinh tl.
Theo De an tdng the Tdi ca cdu kinh le gan lien v&i chuyen doi mo hinh lang trudng, dugc Thii tudng Chinh phii phS duyet thang 2 nam 2013, cd 3 linh vyc tai ca cau trgng tam duge lya chgn: 1) tai co cau dau tu cong; 2) tai ca cau doanh nghiep nha nude; 3) tai ca cau cdc td chiic tin dyng. Cdn chuyin ddi md hinh tang trudng la qua trinh chuyen "tir ehu yeu phat trifin theo chilu r§ng sang phat trien hgp ly giiia chilu rgng va chieu sau, vira md rgng quy mo, vira chii trgng nang cao chat lugng, hieu qua va tinh bin vimg" [9]. Tuy nhien, cac ngi dung tai ca cdu va sy chuyen doi md hinh tSng trudng ndi tren v l can ban khdng triln khai dugc, nlu nhu nhiing doi mdi va cai each v l the che khong diln ra nhdm lam thay ddi cac dOng ca cua cac tae nhan tham gia vao cac qua trinh tren.
I'm mann Hong Nhu da ndi d tren, tai ca eau ddu tu cdng
chi dien ra va chuyin ddng theo hudng hi^u qua han khi dugc thyc thi tren nIn tang nhOng quy tdc t h i ehl khac trudc. It nhdt Cling cd the hinh dung dugc rdng, khi dd Qudc hdi phai ed quyen luc, nang luc va dgng CO kilm soat cae khoan thu, chi ngan sach, trong dd cd cac khoan chi cho ddu tu cdng (ehang han, hien tugng tham hyt ngan sach thudng xuyen vugt qua chi tieu ma Qudc hdi phe duyet cho thdy quyIn lye thyc sy trong vice kiem soat chi tieu ngan sach khdng ndm trong tay Qudc hdi); Chinh phd - hanh phap cd dgng ca lap ke hoach dau tu cdng mdt each hgp ly, vi Igi ieh dai hem cua xa hgi, cd kha nang dieu ph6i va phan bo, phan cap hgp ly ngan sach ddu tu giita Trung uang va cac dia phuong, chiu trach nhi?m giai trinh trudc Qudc hdi va cdng luan; cac ca quan tu phap cd kha nang hoat dgng dgc lap, cd dgng co va ngudn lye dii de dam bao nguyen tdc thugng tdn phap luat, trong do cac vy tham nhung, trudc h6t trong ITnh vyc dau tu cdng, phai dugc diSu tra, xet xii va trimg tri. Bao chi, cdng luan phai dugc khuyen khich de giam sat cac hoat dgng ddu tu cdng cua Nha nude, khdng bj vd hieu hda quyen lye cua minh bdi cac rao can chinh tri. Nhieu dao luat se phai sua ddi (Luat Td chiic bd may nha nude, Lu^t Ngan sach, Luat Hinh sy, Luat Dau tu, Lu^t Ngan hang...). Sy tap trung qua miic quyen hanh chi tieu cac nguon lye cdng (qua chi tieu ngan sach, qua kSnh cac doanh nghigp nha nude, qua kenh ho trg ngdn sach cua ngan hang nha nude) vao tay ngudi dung dau chinh phii tao co hdi cho sy Igm quyen, phai dugc thay ddi. Cac nhdm Igi ieh phai dugc kiem soat. Nhu vay, ro rang, chi rieng tai ca cau dau tu cdng da dyng c h ^ den va ddi hdi mdt loat cac thay
d6i ve the che. Tuy nhien, nhiing thay doi do cung c6 Igi va can thiet cho eac ITnh vuc tai ca cau khac.
Nhin chung, tai ca cau nen kinh te la sy cku tnic va dinh hinh lai cac hosit dgng kinh te theo nguyen tae cua mdt nen kinh te thi trudng hieu qua. Vi vay, trudc khi ndi den su sdp xep lai trong cac Imh vyc (dau tu cdng, khu vyc doanh nghiep nha nude, hay he thdng ngan hang) hay cac nganh kinh te (tai ca cau cac nganh cdng nghiep, nong nghiep...), can uu tien xu ly mdi quan he cau tnic Idn han, cd y nghia chi phdi han:
quan hS giua nha nude va thi trudng.
Xet d gdc do ca che phan bd ngudn lye, cd the xem nha nude va thi trudng nhu la hai CO che phan bd ngudn luc khac nhau, ddi nghich nhau, song cung cd the bo sung cho nhau. Phan bd ngudn lye qua nha nude la dya tren quan he cap phat, xin - cho, gan vdi quyIn luc cudng chi dac biet. Cdn hoat ddng ciia thi trudng la dya tren cac giao dich ty nguygn. Trong bdi canh thdng thudng, sy hgp tae va canh tranh ty nguyen giiia cae ea nhan tu chu se mang tinh chdt dung hgp (theo nghia ma ehiing ta ban ve the che) han, do dd hieu qua han. Vi thi, qua trinh tai co c3u phai thuc hiSn sao cho sy phan bd cac nguon iuc xa hgi cho cac hoat dgng kinh te, ve ca ban, phai dugc thyc hi?n thdng qua thi trudng, theo cac nguyen tdc thi trudng. Tuy nhien, kinh t l thi trudng khdng phai la mdt ca che kinh t l hoan bao va su van hanh cua nd ludn gdn lien vdi sy tdn tai ciia nha nude. Su tiln trien ciia cac the che (cac quy tae) thi trudng khdng chi gSn lien vdi cac ap lye nOi tai cua thj trudng, diln ra thdng qua cac thda thuan cd tinh chat quy tae (cac tap tyc, thdng Ig, quy chuan gia tri ma nhihig ngudi tham gia thi trudng chap nhan, tuan thii)
27
Khoa hgc ^ hgi Vi^t Nam, sd 10 • 2017 ben trong cgng ddng nhiing ngudi san xuat va tieu diing, ma cdn dugc hoan thi?n va ho trg bdi cac ap luc ben ngoai, dua trfin siic m ^ cudng chi ciia h? th6ng phap lu^t do nha nude thilt l^p. Rd rang d day, chdt lugng hoat dgng ciia cac thi chi thi trudng phu thudc rat nhilu vao nha nude khi nd t^o ra mdt khudn kho phap 1^ dh ckc quan h | thi trudng co thi van hanh m6t each trdi chay va hiSu qua. Han thi niia, khi thj trudng cd thdt bai, khi cdc dan xip dya trSn cac giao dich ty nguy?n t6 ra khdng hi$u qua (vi dy nhu trong vi?c cung cap dieh vy d6 dilu) Uii chinh nha nude 1^ cd tiem nang siia chOra thdt bai thi trudng. Mdt each tong quat han, trong m6t nen kinh te thi trudng, nha nude ton tai nhu mOt thi che ho trg, b6 sung cho thi trudng, dam bao cho thi trudng hoat dgng dugc va ho^t dgng mgt each cd hieu qua. Trong trudng hgp nay, nha nude thudng t6n tai nhu mdt tae nhan tnmg gian, diing tren hoae dung giiia nhiing ngudi san xudt va tieu diing, cung cap nhiing dich vy cdng ma cac bSn deu can song thi trudng 1^
khdng cung cdp dugc (nhu lu^t phap, quoc phdng, dudng sa...), giam sat, dieu chinh, khdng ehl cac hanh vi "tham lam", "I'ch ky"
(gay tdn hai cho Igi ieh chung cua xa hgi) bat nguon tir vi|c theo duoi cac Igi ieh ca nhan, bao vg nhiing ngudi ylu thi, thyc hign mye tieu cdng bdng xS hgi phu hgp vdi trinh do phat triln cda nIn kinh te. Ndi each khac, nha nude la dieu ki|n cdn thilt ciia thi trudng khi nd la cdng cy de bao dam cac luat chai theo kieu thj trudng dugc cac ben tudn thii. Nd cung la phuomg tien de siia ehiia cac that bgi thi trudng, lam cho nen kinh te trd nen hieu qua hon, dn dinh han va cong bang hon. Nha nude cung la ngudi to chiic, dan ddt, phdi hgp cac lye lugng thi trudng hudng din cae mye tieu tang trudng
va phat trien ben viing trong dai han. N^n nhd rang, nha nude ed tiem nang sira chxia eac thdt bsii thi trudng mSi khi ehiing xuat hi?n chd khdng phai nha nude chdc chdn sfta chiia dugc cae thdt b ^ thi trudng. Khi sy can thiSp cua nha nude vao cac hojit ddng thi trudng vugt qua nang lye eua nha nude, eac ket qua cda nIn kinh te tham chi con tdi te hon. Day la cho can phai noi din eac that bai cua nha nude.
Nhu vay, tai co cdu nen kinh te ciing co nghTa la phai dinh vi lai vai trd, chiic nang cua nha nude, quy md ciia kliu vyc c6ng, Khu vyc doanh nghigp nha nude can dugc thu h?p de khdng chen lan sy hoat d^ng von cd dOng CO hi8u qua hon cua khu vye tir nhan (nha nude hoan toan khdng can thilt phai diing ra san xudt cac hang hda tu nhan thdng thudng nhu sdt thep, xang ddu, dudng, siia, thudc la... nhu hign nay) cung nhu lam xdi mdn tu each "trgng tai" hay vi tri trung gian cua nha nude. Nha nude cung khdng thi dimg doanh nghiep nha nude nhu mgt cdng cy can thi^p kinh t l vi mfi (kieu nhu tao vi^c lam, binh dn gia) khi cac cong cu tai chinh, tiln te khac s5n cd va higu qua hon. Dinh v} lai tuong quan giiia nha nude va thi trudng, co cdu leii tuong quan giOa khu vyc cdng va khu vyc tu de khu vyc co tiem nang higu qua nhat phai giii vai tro dSn dat qua trinh tSng trudng kinh te se la ngi dung chinh cua qua trinh tai co cdu kinh te.
Dd cung la tiln de ciia viec chuyin dii mo hinh tang trudng theo hudng chdt lugng, higu qua va ben v ^ g .
Vigc tai ca cdu nhu v|iy ciing gia dinh nhiing thay dhi thi che quan h-gng theo hudng xay dyng nha nude phap quyIn va thi che th} trudng hign d^i nhu Bao cao Vi?t Nam 2035 ciia Ngan hang thi gidi vk Bg K I hogch va Ddu tu cua Vift Nam
fni JViann Mong khang dinh. Trong bdi canh nay, quan dilm
ve vai trd chu dao ciia kinh t l nha nude tuy da mat het uy tin trudc cac tieu chudn thuc tien, song v i n la mgt rao can tu duy cho cac budc ddi mdi thi chi cdn thilt tilp theo.
3. Hoan thifn, phat trien cac t h i che kinh te thi trvoDg
Trong bdi canh hien nay, eac thi chi kinh t l dung hgp tuong thich vdi cac thi chi thj trudng hien dai, cdn cdc thi chi chmh tri dung hgp ehinh la cac nha nude phap quyIn dan chii. Qua trinh ddi mdi d Viet Nam chinh la qua trinh chuyen ddi sang cac thi che kinh te cd tinh dimg hgp hon, va dilu do cd the giai thich cho nhiing thanh tyu ma Viet Nam da dat duge trong hon 30 nam qua. Tuy nhien, sy phat trien cac the ehe thi trudng theo cac nguyen tdc chung cua mdt nen kinh te dang phat trien hien dai van chua hoan thanh. Qua trinh nay lai khong dugc yem trg thich dang bdi viec hoan thi^n va ddi mdi cac the che chinh tri, do do, cac xung iuc thiie ddy tang trudng kinh te vdn dugc kich hoat tir tien trinh ddi mdi vua qua dan ddn can kiet. Vdng xoay di xudng, theo each diln dgt ciia D. Acemoglu va J. A. Robinson, da bat dau xuat hien. Da den thdi diSm ma vi$c tilp tyc phat trien cac the che kinh te thi trudng khdng the taeh rdi nhttng cai each va ddi mdi trong cae the che chinh tri. Trong khudn khd bai viet, chdng tdi chi ban den vi$c hoan thi?n cac thi ehe kinh te thi trudng d Viet Nam hign nay, vdi trgng tarn la vi^c hoan thign cae thi che lien quan dSn van d l sd huu.
Ddi vdi viec xay dyng va phat triln cac thi ehl thi trudng, dieu kign thilt ylu, cd tinh nIn tang dam bao cho nen kinh t l thi
trudng van hanh dugc mgt each binh thudng, hieu qua la thilt lap mgt he thdng quyen sd huu tai san rd rang, ranh mach, cd higu lye tren thuc te.
Le ra, day la dieu hien nhien, dugc chap nhan ehung tren the gidi, song d Vigt Nam nd ehi duge chap nhan timg budc, mgt each khd khan do phai dung hda vdi quan niem ve tinh uu viet cua sd huu cdng, hay vai trd chu dao cua kinh te nha nude. Ban chat ciia cac quan he thj trudng la giao djch tu nguyen giiia nhiing ca nhan dgc l^p eoi nhau nhu nhung ngudi tu hiiu'*. Vi thi, su phat trien ciia kinh te thi trudng phai dya tren sy thda n h ^ , xac lap, bao ve mgt each hiiu hieu quyIn sd hiiu tu nhan phi biln.
Thieu nen tang nay, cac quan hg thj trudng kh6ng ton tgi va phat trien mgt each thye chat, trd n€n meo md, hinh thdc (nhu trong cac nude xa hgi chu nghia trudc day). Khi quyen sd htm tai san chi tap trung vao mOt sd it ngudi, eac thi chi kinh t l trd nen mang tinh chat chilm doat, cac khuyin khich kinh te khdng eo dugc d s6 dong ngudi dan, sy phan hda giau ngheo sau sdc va xung dot xa hgi gay gdt se ngan trd sy phat trien lau ben eiia eac qudc gia.
Nen kinh te thi trudng dya tren nIn tang quyen sd h&u tai san ciia cac ca nhan, la mgt nen kinh te dugc td chiic va v ^ hanh mgt each phi tap trung. No hoat dgng dua tren eac quyet dinh san xuat, trao ddi, tieu dimg, tiet kiem, dau tu... cua hang trieu ngudi san xuat va tieu dung, dugc ket ndi mgt each tinh vi nhd thi trudng. Siic sing, tinh nang ddng, higu qua ciia no dya tren cdc try cot: quyIn sd hiJu tai san rd rang, hiJu hieu; co ehl canh tranh lanh manh; tin higu gia ca khdng sai lac, phan anh chinh xac tinh khan hiem, trong dd quyen tu hiiu duge xem la nen tang t?o ra ty do kinh tl,
Khoa hgc xa hgi Vigt Nam, so 10 - 2017 cac giao dich kmh te ty nguygn, cung cd Igi, dya tren cac quan h$ hgp ding dang tin CEiy giiia eac ca nhan.
6 Viet Nam hi^n nay, quyIn tu hiiu tai san da dugc chinh thiic thda nhan, kinh te tu nhan da dugc eoi la mgt d^ng lye quan trgng cua nIn kmh tl. Tuy the, d day van cd nhiing ylu td bat dn ngan can su phat triSn lanh manh eiia cac quan hg thi trudng.
Thii nhdt, viec duy tri mdt khu vuc doanh nghiep nha nude rgng Idn^ mdt each cd chii dich, bdt chdp sy hoat dgng thilu higu qua eda khu vyc nay, cimg vdi thdi dO phan bi6t doi xd giiia cac loai hinh td chdc kinh te theo tinh chdt sd hiiu^ the hign trong cac chinh sach ciia Nha nude tgo ra sy canh tranh khdng lanh manh giiia cac khu vyc kinh t l trong viSc tilp c ^ thi trudng va cac nguin lye kinh t l (v6n, dat dai). Sy chdn idn nhu vay doi vdi khu vye sd hiiu tu nhan lam vd higu mdt phdn co ehe phan bd ngudn higu qui cda thj trudng.
Thii hai, tki sdn va ngudn vdn xa hgi trong khu vuc doanh nghigp nha nude lai dugc tap trung d mdt s6 it cae tap doan kinh tl ciia Nha nude cang lam m^o md co che canh tranh va gia ca. Sue manh thi trudng ciia cac tap dodn nay lai dugc ySm trg bang moi quan he uu ai ma cac ca quan quan ly nha nude ddnh cho chting (do la doanh nghiSp nha nude) ciing nhu moi quan h§
chIng lan Igi ieh va sy ludn chuyin nhan sy giiia hai bd phan nay (tap doan nha nude va CO quan quan ly nha nude). Lgi thi canh tranh nhdn tao khdng tao ra ap lye bugc eac tip doan phai ap dung cac cung each qudn tn doanh nghigp hign dgi, ddi mdi cdng ngh^ hay nang cao nang lye c?mh tranh dich thyc eua chiing. Chua k l tinh chat cdng ciia cac tai san ma cac t^p doan ndm giii khiln cho vdn dl xung dot lgi ieh gitta ngudi chu
tai san (xa hgi) va ngudi d ^ dif n/dugc iiy thac cang trd nen nghiSm trgng. Kit eye thua Id, d6 vd cda nhilu tip doan kmh tl nha nude la khd tranh khdi.
Khi cac quan hB than hiiu ty nhi6n giiia quan chdc quan ly va nhihig nguM lanh d^o eac tap doan kinh te nha nude dugc md rgng ra ca vdi mgt nhdm nhd cac "dai gia"
tu nhan, thi cac quan hg thi trudng cang bi bop meo. Quy6n tu hiiu tai san eiia cac doanh nghigp va ca nhdn cdn lai trong xa hdi bi mat di mgt phan gia tri va sy bao ve edn thiet, do hinh thdc su dung tm san t^i chu cua hg bi thu hgp bdi sy dong cira thi trudng do dgc quyen h o ^ sy cau kit nao do gay ra.
Thti ba, quyen tu huu dat dai cho din nay vin chua dugc chinh thiic thira nhSn khien cho thi trudng dat dai khdng hoat ddng nhu mgt thi trudng diing nghia, trong khi dd lai la mgt thi trudng nguin luc toi quan trgng, dae biet d cac nude cdn co khu vuc ndng nghiep Idn nhu Vigt Nam. Do dat dai dugc xac dinh thudc ve sd hiiu toan dan (thye chdt la sd hiiu nha nude), vige mua ban ehinh thiic ddt dai nhu mdt tai sii khdng dugc thira nhgn. Giao dich dat dai (dat nha, dat thd cu) giiia cac ca nhan chi dugc xem la giao dich v l quyen sit dung ddt. Day la dilu khdng chmh xac. Neu mua ban tai san (kl ca tai san dat dai) la mua, ban chuyen giao quyen sd h5u tai san mgt each vTnh vien, thi viec mua ban quyIn sii dung tai san, dii do la ddt, tiln, hay chiec d td... thyc chdt la viec thue mudn cac tai san. Nd ludn gdn vdi vi^c chuyin giao tai san t?m thdi trong mOt thdi han xac dinh nao dd, theo do hit thdi han nay, ngudi mua tra lai tai san cho ngudi ban. Trong khi d6, cac giao dieh mua ban nha ddt giiia cdc ea nhan thyc sy la sy chuyen giao nha ddt vTnh 30
vien, chii khdng phai cd thdi hzin nhu trong hgp ddng thue nha ddt. Vay trSn thyc tl, cd m^t bd phan dat dai dugc mua ban nhu mgt l o ^ tai san tu hiiu. Trong trudng hgp nay, vige khdng thira nhiin quyIn tu hihi ddt dai, tuy it nhieu van mang I?i chiit it nii ro cho dan chiing, song h§ luy ciia nd khdng Idn ddi vdi su phat trien thj trudng (chi thi hien d su khdng nhdt qimn va phan bi^t ddi xii ddi vdi cac logi ddt dai).
Vdi cae losii ddt khac, khdng phai la ddt nha hay dat thd cu, viec khdng thira nh|n quyen tu huu cd the tao ra hau qua nang nl.
O day, CO c h i thi trudng khdng cdn hogt dgng nhu mgt co chi phan bd ddt dai tir nganh nay sang nganh kia (vi du tir nganh trdng trgt sang nganh xay dung), tir ngudi sii dung dat kem higu qua sang ngudi sd dyng hieu qua hon. Trong ndng nghigp, dieu dd ngan can sy tap trung ddt dai, phat trien kinh te trang trai hay cac hinh thiic ndng nghiep kieu san xuat "Idn", higu qua hon. 0 day van tdn tai mgt thi trudng dat dai (kl ca thi trudng tai san ddt iSn thi trudng cho thue ddt), song nd la mgt dang thi trudng "xam" (tranh tdi, tranh sang), trong dd nha nude vira can dy tryc tiSp vao vige phan bd ddt dai (khdng chi cho cac muc dich sd dyng khac nhau ma con cho cac ea nhan khac nhau), viia tham gia vao qua trinh dinh gia. Trong nhieu trudng hgp, tir vai trd thye chdt la ngudi mdi gidi trung gian giiia ngudi ban (ndng dan) va ngudi mua (chii dau tu dy an sii dyng dat), nha nude sB bi lam dung de trd thanh ngudi
"cuong doat" va "ban tang", tao ra mgt sy phan phdi lgi rat bat cdng, cd lgi cho gidi ngudi giau. Mgt thi trudng "xam" nhu v^y khdng chi khdng higu qua, khdng cdng bang, ma cdn khuyen khich cac hoat dgng ddu CO, thu hiit mdt lugng vdn xa hgi khdng
nhd vao cac hoat dgng khdng sinh Idi doi vdi nIn kinh tl. Nhiing vy khilu kien ddt dai keo dai va dien ra d nhieu noi do hau qua ciia mgt co chi phan bo dat dai khong dya tren nguyen tdc thi trudng nhu vliy se tao ra nhiing bdt dn xa hgi, de dga su tang trudng va phat triln bin viing.
Thii tu, sy han ehl trong vi^c bao ve quyen lao dgng, va quyen sd hiiu tri tug ngan can sy phat triln cOa thi trudng lao ddng va thi trudng khoa hgc cdng nghg.
Tai san ma eac ea nhan sd hiiu bao gdm ca than the, k j nang, kien thiic ma hg hien cd. Do do, vige thira nhan quyen tu hiiu tai san se dan din sy thira nhSn quyen sdng, quyen lao dgng phd biln. Ngudi lao dgng se khdng bi phan biet doi xit tren ea sd cac dac tinh ca nhan ma ve co ban hg khdng lua chgn dugc (nhu cac dac tinh vl chung tdc, gidi tinh, tudi tae, xuat than gia dinh...).
Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam, thi trudng lao dgng vin bi chia cat theo cac viing mien, sy di chuyin lao dOng ty do tir noi nay din noi kia tuy khdng bi ehinh thiic cdm doan song van cd the bi ngan can bdi ehl dg hg khau.
Ngudi khdng ed hg khau chinh thiic d cac dd th} vdn kho tim dugc vige lam d khu vyc chinh thiic, gia dinh hg khdng dugc bao dam mgt so quyen thdng thudng (vi dy, quyen hgc hanh ciia con cai) nhu c ^ cu dan ed hg khau chinh thiic. Cae quan hg lao ddng trd n^n bap bSnh. M^t khac, vice tuyen dung va sir dyng lao ddng d khu vuc cdng van it nhieu chua dyng sy phan bigt doi xir (theo vimg, mien, hay nguon gdc xuat than).
Tai san tri tug la mgt loai tai san d^c biet, ed y nghia quan trgng hang dau trong thdi d ^ kinh te tri thiic. Lu|t bao hg quyIn sd hiiu tri tug ra ddi nhdm khuyen khich cac ca nhan chap nhan rui ro de sang tao ra nhiing
Khoa hoc xS hgi Viet Nam, s6 10 - 2017 tri thiic mdi. 6 Viet Nam, van dl ndm d kha nang thyc thi luat. Vige vi p h ^ quyIn sd hiiu tri tug phd biln, dudi nhilu hinh thdc (lam hang nhai, hang gia, an cdp thuong hieu, sii dyng phdn mim m6t each bdt hgp phap, in sach lau...) dang lam nan Idng cac nha phat minh, sang ehl hay ngudi viet sach.... Theo tdi, day la mgt nguyen nhan quan trgng khiln nganh cdng nghigp phan mIm Vigt Nam phat triln dudi tilm nang.
Thii nam, chdt lugng bao ve quyIn sd hiiu tai san thdp. Gia trj cua cac tai san se suy giam nlu chiing khdng dugc ket ndi vao h8 thdng quyIn sd hiiu chinh thdc, dugc thilt kl tinh vi va dugc bao ve huu higu. Chiing van khdng that sy chuyen hda thanh vdn - tu ban, hay ngudn luc kinh te hieu qua, do dd, se kim ham su phat trien dai h ^ (nhu d dai da sd cac nude dang phat ttiln). "Dan cu ngheo ciia eac qu6c gia nay (cac qudc gia the gidi thii ba va xa hOi chu nghia trudc day - PMH) chilm nam phdn sau nhan lo^ii, cd tai san, nhung ho thieu eo ehl thi hi^n tai san cda hg va tao v6n. Hg CO nha d nhung khdng cd gidy chiing nhan sd hiiu (title), cd cay trong (crops) nhung khong c6 chung thu (deeds); cd doanh nghigp nhung khdng cd tu each phap nhan.
Chinh sy khdng sin cd nhung bieu hien thilt ylu nay giai thieh vi sao dan chiing, nhiing ngudi da lam theo mpi sang che khac ciia phuong Tay, tir chiec kgp gidy cho tdi Id phan img hgt nhSn, lai khdng ed kha nang tao ra du vdn lam cho chu nghTa tu ban ndi dia cua hg hoat dgng" [7, tr.7].
Theo Hernando De Soto, he thong quyen sd hiiu chinh thiic (duge the hien trong cac chimg thu, hd so sd huu gan vdi cac quy tdc phap Iy ranh mach, dugc tieu chuan hda cao) d cac nude phat trien dem lai sy thanh cdng cho cac nude nay vi nd cd nhung tae dung: 1) xac dinh ro tiem nang kinh t l cua
tai san; 2) tich hgp thdng tin tan mat vao mgt h$ thdng; 3) lam cho dan chung co trach nhiem; 4) lam cho cac tai san co the dugc chuyen ddi; 5) ket ndi dan chiing; 6) bao v§ cac giao dich [7, tr.52-67]. RS rang, d Viet Nam hien nay, tir sy thira nhan quyIn sd hiiu tai skn cua ngudi dan din viec phat trien cac the che nhdm bao dam cac quyen phat sinh tir dd (quyen nam giu, phan chia, sir dyng, cdm c6, chuyin nhugng...) cd the phat huy het hi$u nang kinh te cua nd, cdn mgt khoang each kha xa. Dilu nay thi hi^n rd nhdt trong ITnh vyc bao hg quyIn ddi vdi dat dai cua ngudi dan.
M | t khac, khi trlt ty an ninh xa hgi trd nSn phiic tap hon, khi chat lugng hoEit d^ng cua cac CO quan tu phap trong viSc xit ly cac tranh chdp ve tai san, ve hgp ddng sd dung tai san con thap, chi phi thuc thi quyen tai san (chi phi l o ^ trir) eua ngudi dSn gia tang. Hg qua la sy phat trien ciia cac thi ttudng se bi kim ham.
4. K i t luSn
Qua trinh tang trudng kinh t l cham lai va nhiing khd khan, bdt I n eiia nIn kinh tl gia tang (ng cdng Idn, thSm hyt ngan sach cao, t>' 1| ng xdu cao va gia tang trong toan bg hg th6ng ngan hang...) cho thdy nhilu dilm
"tdc nghen" cdn phdi xur 1;^. Tuy nhien, khdu 'dgt pha" chiln luge cdn uu ti^n la d6i mdi va hoan thign the che.
Sy tilp tuc ddi mdi va hoan thi^n cac the ehl kinh t l la quan trgng, song no khong taeh rdi sy d6i mdi va hoan thign cac the chi chinh tri. Hai loai thi chi nay cdn phai thilt k l d l chung ngay cang mang tinh
"dung hgp" hon, cho phep chiing ho trg, nang dd nhau, t^o ra sy phat triln thinh vugng lau dai.
Phat triln cac thi chi kinh tl thi trudng bao gdm nhilu khia cgmh, song nlu chi tap trung vao viec hoan thign cac "chinh sach"
phat triln thi trudng (bao gom ck cac luat
"con" hay cac thii tyc hanh chinh), nhu van thudng dugc neu trong cac vSn kign va sach bao, thi nhiing thay ddi theo kilu "dgt pha"
khd xay ra. Cdn xii Iy nhOng vdn de the ehl d tang sau hon, gdc hon theo hudng xac lap va thyc thi nhdt qudn m0t hg thong quyIn sd hiru tai san higu qua. Dilu dd khdng don gian chi la thda nhan sd hiiu va khu vyc kinh tl tu nhan. Nd ddi hdi he thong phap luat phai dugc thilt kl va thyc thi sao cho mgi hanh vi b^o luc, cudng doat tai san dugc ngan chan; cac hanh vi lam dyng, dOc doan xam hai den tai san cua cae cdng dan, ngay ca ciia nha nude, eung bi chi udc; cae ho^t dgng tu phap cd tinh minh bach, cdng bang va de dy doan [5, tr.59-60]. Rieng ddi vdi thi trudng dat dai, vige thira nhan quyen tu hiiu dat dai la can thiet de md dudng cho su phat triln cd higu qua th} trudng dac bigt quan trgng nay, ciing nhu giai quyet tdt hon vdn dl "tam ndng". Khdng chi cd the, chi bdng each dd, ngudi ta mdi thay dugc chi ddu tin cay vl quylt tam chinh tri trong viec thiic ddy va phat triln cac the che thi trudng hudng den mgt nen kinh tl thi trudng hign dai.
Tai ca cdu nIn kinh te, chuyen ddi md lunh tang trudng la ngi dung quan trgng trong chien luge phat trien kinh te - xS hgi hign nay cua Vigt Nam. Song, qui trinh nay se khdng dien ra mgt cdch thyc chdt, higu qua vdi tdc dg nhanh, phu hgp vdi tinh cap thilt ma tinh hinh kinh te - xa hgi hign nay dang ddi hdi, nlu nd khdng dugc dat trSn nIn tang va gan lien vdi nhiing ddi mdi the chi kinh tl, cMnh tri tucmg ling. 0 day, nguyen tdc cua m^t nha nude kien t ^ can
duge ap dyng. Thay \d sa da vao viec xay dyng cac dy an tai co cdu "hoanh trang" va chi tilt, cdn nhieu kinh phi, Nha nude chi can tap trung vao khung thiet ke tdng thi, vdi nhiing mye tieu cd tdm nhin dai han de dan dat qua trinh tai co cdu va tap trung nhilu hon vao vi$c thay ddi cac quy tae va
"luat choi" dl hudng va phdi hgp hanh vi ciia cac chu the kinh te vao viec thyc hien cac muc tieu tai co cau. De Nha nude cd the ho?it dgng nhu mgt nha nude kifin tao thi cdn cd cac quy tdc the chi thich hgp rang buOc sy v|n hanh ciia nha nude. Trong trudng hgp nay, dinh vi lai vai trd ciia nha nude la tien de can thiet. Dd eung la dieu kign quan trgng de phat triln ehinh eac the ehl kinh tl thi trudng ndi chung.
Xii ly nhihig bat dn dang tich tu trong nen kinh tl nhdm dua nd trd lai qua trinh tang trudng lanh manh, ben viing rd rang, ddi hdi Viet Nam phai co edu lai nIn kinh te, thay doi each thiic tang trudng. D I thiic day cac qua trinh nay, nhiing ddi mdi sau sac trong the che kinh te va ehinh tri la khdng thi ne tranh, dii day la nhiing nhiem vy khdng he de dang. Rao can chinh d day ndm d sure khang cy to Idn cua cac the chi hign hanh, vdn cd tii trudc ddi mdi, sy chdng doi ciia cac nhdm Igi ieh, vdn dugc hudng Igi td sy ngap ngung, thiSu trigt dl trong cai each, ddi mdi hign nay. Cac nhdm lgi ieh cd siic manh kinh te va chinh tri to Idn nay vd tinh hay hiiu y deu mudn bao ve cac quan di§m giao dieu, bao thii. Nguge lai, quan dilm giao dieu nay la chd dya tu tudng cua eac luc lugng mudn ngan can cac tiln trinh tilp tyc cai each, ddi mdi va hgi nhlp. Vi the, vige ddi mdi tu duy, dua nd phii hgp va ngang tam vdi yeu cau ciia thuc tiln va thdi dai la can thiet.
Khoa hgc xa hgi Vigt Nam, so 10 - 2017
C h u t h i c h
^ T(r so chinh thiic cua T6ng eye Th6ng kS, c6 thi tinh ra toe dp tang tnr6Trig tong skn phIm trong nude (GDP) titmg binh h ^ g n3m trong giai doan 1991 - 2000 la 7,6%; giai doan 2001-2010 \k 7,3%; trong khi trong giai dogn 5 nSm gin day 2011-2015 chi 1^
5,87%. N6u tinh tii 2008, toe d$ tang tnrdng GDP trung binh h ^ g n3m cflng chi \k 5,88%.
' Kk lu|n nky khic vdri kk lugn ciia ngu&i dihig dku chinh phu nhi^m ky tnrdc, khi 6ng vigt: [Phit triln ngu6n nhan lye], "x6t den ciing, dSy 1^ khau quan trpng nhat trong ba khSu dpt phi, c6 vai tr6 chi ph6i vi^c thuc hi§n eic 6gt phi khic, vi chinh con ngurdi tgo ra vi thirc thi cic thi ehl, xiy d\mg bp miy, quy ho?ch vk phit triln ket cdu ha ting" [10]. CJ dSy, dieu quan trpng khdng phii Ii con ngurfn chung chung, con ngu&i c i nhSn, m i Ii mdi tuang tdc giO'a nhChig ci nhin khic nhau, c6 cie l^i Ieh v i d$ng cc khic nhau. Si^ ph6i hpp v i tucmg tic giiia cie c i nhan bi din dit, bj chi ph6i b6i cie quy tic the che chii khdng phii bdi cic thi^n chi ri^ng rg ciia hp.
^ Trong bp Tu ban, C.Mic vilt: "N6i chung, cic d6i tugng sii di^ng tra thinh hing hda, ehi Ii vl cie v$t do Ii skn phkm ciia nh&ng lao dpng tu nhan tiln hinh dgc l|p ddi vdi nhau" [7, tr.106].
^ Theo s6 li^u cila T6ng cpc thdng ke, tinh d thdi dilm 31/12/2014, tong tii sin ciia cic doanh nghiep nhi nude Ii 6.600.885 ty' ddng, chiem 31,8% t6ng tii sin ciia cie doanh nghiep c i nirdc, tong v6n ciia cic doanh nghi§p niy Ii 6.593.275 t$ ddng, ciing chilm t j 1? tuong ty trong tong v6n ciia toin bp cie doanh nghiep. Lini y, trong cich tinh niy, cic doanh nghipp CO phan cd v6n nhi nude d i b) lo^i khu v\rc doanh nghi?p nhi nude [8].
* Khdng chi kinh t l nhi nirdc m i ngay ci kinh te hpp tic xa - von chi cd ddng gdp khdng ding ke c i
ve sin lupng lin vifc lim, khdng ed khi ning phit triln tit sau d6i mdi, vSn thudng dupe ini tien "xep h^ng" cao hon so vdi kinh t l tu nhan trong cic van kien chinh thiic ciia Ding Cpng sin Vi^t Nam.
T a i l i e u t h a m k h a o
[1] D. Acemoglu, J. A Robinson (2013), T(ii sao cac qu6c gia thdt bgi, Nxb Ixi, Tp. Hfi Chi Minh
Ding Cpng san Vi§t Nam (2011), Vdn ki^n Dgi hpi dpi bieu toan quoc lan thu XI, Nxb Chfnh tri qu6c gia, H i Ndi.
Phi M^nh Hdng, T r k Dbih Thien (2014),
"Quan ni$m v i tinh thirc tiln eiia nIn kinh t^
thj trudng dinh hudng x i hpi chu nghia a Vipt Nam", Tap chi Nghien diu Kinh ti, sfi 3.
C.Mic, F.Angghen, Toan tgp. 123, Nxb Chinli trj qu6c gia. H i Ndi.
Ngin hing thi gidi (1997), Nhd nu&c trong mpt the gi&i dang chuyin ddi, Nxb Chinh trj quic gia. H i Npi.
A. Smith (1997), Cwaco/ciia cac (/drt/pt; Nxb Gidoduc,HiNdt.
Hernando De Soto (2006), Bidn cua Von, Nxb Chinh tri qu6c gia, H i N ^ i .
Tong eye Thdng k€ (2016), Kit qua san xuit kinh doanh cua cdc doanh nghiep Vift Nam giai dogn 2010 - 2014, Nxb Th6ng kd. Hi M- htq)://www.mofehcm.gov.vn/vi/mofe/cn_vakv /america/nrl303251l4730/nrl30325n5520/ns
130607231949
[10] http://thanhnien.vn/thoi-su/3-khau-dot-pha-chieii- luoc-cua-chinh-phu-215114.html
34
