CHU THUYET TIT DO KINH TE:
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MOT SO GIA TR! HIEN THITC VA N H O N G VAN DE RUT RA CHO PHAT TRIEN KINH TE HIEN NAY
:ii-':
PGS, TS PHAM QUOC TRUNG<''
"Thj trudng tdi da va nha nude tdi thieu" dd la nguyen ly can ban ciia tu tudng tu do kinh te va eiing chinh la ehu nghTa tu do mdi (Neoliberalism). Hpc thuyet nay da dupe hien thuc hoa vdi nhieu sac thai khac nhau, nhu chu nghTa trpng cung, chu nghTa trpng tien, ky vpng kinh te hpp ly... va dupe the che hoa mang tinh toan cau d nguyen tac hanh xir trong "Ddng thuan Washington" va nhupm mau sac eiia chii nghTa ca nhan d "Hpc thuyet R.Reagan" tai My va "Hpc thuyet M.Thatcher" tai Anh.
Nen tang ciia cac chinh sach kinh te dua tren co sd Hpc thuyet nay la han che tdi thieu sir can thiep eiia nha nude vao tien trinh van dpng eua nen kinh te, tu nhan hoa tdi mirc tdi da, ha thue va ndi ldng tien te, tao lap mdi trudng dau tu thuan lpi cho cac ludng vdn chiem ITnh khai thae thj trudng the gidi. ddng bang tien cdng, cat giam phuc lpi xa hpi tdi da de phue hdi lpi nhuan. Tir nhimg nam 80, cac chinh sach kinh te dua tren ly thuyet cua chii nghTa tu- do mdi trd thanh chien luac va cong cu
mgnh cua cac nudc phuang Tay, di diu laMy va Anh. Vdi cdng cu nay cae nha nudc
'*' Vien Kinh te, Hoc vien Chinh trj - Hanh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh.
phuong Tay da md ctia thi trudng eua hau het cac nudc tren the gidi cho sir van dpng tu do cua cae ludng tu ban. Trong khoang thdi gian tir nam 1980 den nam 2007, hang nghin ty USD lpi nhuan dau tu tir khap cac chau luc tren the gidi da dd vao My, khdng ehi tao ra su phdn thjnh eua nen kinh te My, ma edn bien hinh anh kinh te thj trudng tu do kieu My trd thanh "mau muc"
cua kinh te thj trudng tu ban chii nghTa.
Vdi nhirng thanh qua ma nen kinh te My va mpt sd nen kinh te phuang Tay cd duoc tir van dung chu thuyet tu do mdi tir dau nhirng nam 80 eua the ky XX den nay, eho thay chu nghTa tu do mdi da cd nhiing budc tien tich cue so vdi hpc thuyet Keynes ca tren phuang dien hien thue lan phuong dien ly luan. Chu nghTa tu do mdi vdi cac chinh sach tu do kinh te da dua nen kinh te cua cae nudc tu ban ehu nghTa phuong Tay ra khdi sir dinh tre thdi ky hau Keynes va cd nhtrng bude tien dai sau dd, ddng thdi, chil thuyet nay la trudng phai kinh te dau tien cd nhirng ddng gdp nhat djnh cho ly luan ve md hinh kinh te hon hpp trong phan tieh cac chinh sach kinh te va da cd nhimg ddng gdp ve mat ly luan ddi vdi viec ra quyet djnh dau tu, san xuat kinh doanh.
32 LY LUAN CHINH TRI 9 - 2009
quan trj doanh nghiep. Mac dii cd nhiing cho sir phat tri^n, cho nen chu nghTa tu do ddng gdp nhat djnh, song do bj ehi phdi va mdi (vdi ban chat, lpi ich eua sd hiiu tu gidi h^n bdi the gidi quan va tam nhin tu nhan) da ti^m in trong nd nhung nguy ca san, ddng thdi, lpi ich cua tu san ca nhan - khung hoang va chua dung sir ddi lap vdi ca the (chil nghTa bao thu - ca nhan) va lpi chii nghTa tu do hien dai trong xu the toan nhuan van la ddng lire dich thuc va tdi cao ciu hoa ngay nay.
Bieu 1. Mpt so so lieu hien thuc hod gid tri cua chu thuyit tu do kinh te
Dem vi tinh: ty USD
fi'
LTnh vyc / moc thoi gian so sanh 1980 2007 Thuang mai quoc te
Dau tu dudi cac hinh thirc Thj trudng tai chinh quoc te
Doanh so giao dich hang ngay tren thj trudng tiln te the gidi
2.500 500 10.000 150
17.000 12.000 196.000 3.200 Nguon: TS Dang Xuan Thanh: Tuban qua doc? (http://www.tgvn.com.vn).
Do la ddng lire dieh thuc va tdi cao ciia sir phat trien, nen lpi nhuan thuc day mpi hoat ddng cua con ngudi, nhd nd ma cac qua trinh kinh te dupc khdi dpng va mpi co che kinh te dupc van hanh. Tuy nhien, khi muc tieu chay theo lpi nhuan dupe xa hpi hod eao dp va trd thanh ldng tham tham sau vao hanh vi cua mpi ca the, bao gdm ea nhirng ngudi khdng cd nang lire vat chat de hien thuc hda loi nhuan, thi khiing hoang khdng cdn la nguy co tiem an, ma nd biing phat thanh tham hpa toan eau that su. Vdi ban chat, lpi ich ciia sd hiin tu nhan, ca the tu ban chu nghTa la trung tam chi phdi cac CO che, chinh sach kinh te, ciing vdi muc tieu tdi da hoa lpi nhuan, chu thuyet tu do kinh te da tao nen sir khap khieng trong phat trien. Dd la su md rdng vd han eiia san xuat, kinh doanh nham thda man tham vpng lpi nhuan ciia cac ca the tu san, dd la tham vpng tieu diing mang tinh xa hdi dupc hd trp bdi eae chinh sach tin dung de dai vdi nang lire thuc te ciia nen kinh te va tieu diing cd kha ndng thanh toan la gidi han.
Thuc tien nay da tieh tu nhting bat dn, mat can ddi trong npi tai nen kinh te tu ban chii nghTa. Ket cue la khi nhung bat dn. mat can ddi nay den ngudng ciia nd va dudi tac dpng ciia bat ky mpt yeu td ngoai lai nao dd, tat yeu khiing hoang biing phat.
Nha nudc dupc xac lap vj tri tdi thieu trong can thiep vao cac qua trinh van hanh kinh te. Trong khi dd, cac hoat dpng kinh te dupc chi phdi va van hanh bdi nhirng sd hiru tu nhan, ca the vdi muc tieu tdi da hoa lgi nhuan. Do dd, nen kinh te van hanh mang tinh cue bp, rdi rac; mpi ca the trong nen kinh te eiing hudng tdi muc tieu lpi nhuan, nhung la loi nhuan cua timg ca the va dupc tien hanh vdi nhtrng each thirc khae nhau. Ket cue la nen kinh te dupc dan dat bdi Ipi ich cue bp, van hanh tu phat va thieu su kiem soat, giam sat can thiet, nen bat dn, khiing hoang la dieu khong tranh khdi. Dupc xac lap d vj tri tdi thieu trong cae hoat ddng kinh te, nhung nha nude lai danh vj tri tdi thieu dd phuc vu dac lire cho viee tdi da hoa loi nhuan ciia cac tu san ca
LY LUAN CHINH TRI 9 - 2009 33
nhan, ca the. Vi nhu, cac nha nudc tu san da ap dung chinh saeh kich cau bang mpi gia, ke ca giai phap ndi long tien te bang viec tang miic cung tien, hay chay dua vii trang bang viec khdi dpng cae eupe chien tranh (chien tranh Trung Ddng la mpt minh chimg) va vien trp cho cac ddng minh d khap the gidi. He qua tat yeu dd la nha nudc da gdp phan gia tang nhting bat dn cho sir van hanh kinh te tu ban chu nghTa ma khdng cd bat ky su giam sat, kiem soat can thiet nao va ket cue se la khiing hoang, la suy thoai khi nhung bat dn trong nen kinh te den gidi han cua nd. Bj thiic giuc bdi long tham vd han dp vdi lpi nhuan, gidi dau tu tu ban da lpi dung nhtrng thanh tuu ciia tien bp khoa hpc - cdng nghe hien dai de tao ra nhieu san pham chimg khoan phai sinh, md rdng nen kinh tl tai chinh tiln te tach rdi rat xa nen kinh tl thuc. He qua la tao nen trang thai ao, bong bdng lan truyin rpng khap tren pham vi toan ciu. Dong hanh vdi kinh te ao, hanh vi diu co trong cac hoat ddng kinh te trd nen phd biln va ITnh vuc tai ehinh, bit ddng san trd thanh
"manh dit mau md" hip dan cac kenh diu tu, cung ddng thdi la noi gia tang cae khoan np tieu diing ciia dan cu, khi nhtrng san pham ao trong ITnh vuc nay trd vl gia trj thuc cua nd, nha dau tu ciing nhu ngudi dan trd thanh nhiing con np mit kha nang thanh khoan, he thdng tin dung bi te liet va dieu hien nhien la nln kinh tl roi vao khiing hoang. Tu nhan hoa tdi mire tdi da, kinh te tai chinh van hanh manh me tren pham vi toan ciu, ciing vdi sir tiln bp cua khoa hpc - cdng nghe, ciu triie kinh tl toan cau hoa djnh hinh va ngay cang dupc ciing cd. Trong khi dd, su can thiep cua nha nudc qudc gia vao tien trinh van dpng npi tai ciia nen kinh te la tdi thilu, chir chua ndi din
nhiing giam sat, kiem soat can thiet d mpt pham vi rdng ldn hon. Do dd, khdng nhiing nhieu ITnh vue hoat dpng kinh te tren pham vi toan eau khdng cd co che giam sat, kiem soat ma chinh ngay ban than nen kinh te qudc gia ciing bj budng long dudi tac dpng, hd trp tir chu thuyet tu do kinh te, vay nen khung hoang, suy thoai kinh te khdng cdn bd hep trong pham vi khu vue kinh te, mpt nen kinh te ma tinh chat lan tda va md rpng thanh khung hoang kinh te the gidi mang tinh thdng le. Va khung hoang kinh te thi gidi hien nay chinh la hien thuc bat ngudn tir khia canh nay ciia chit thuyet tu do kinh te cua chii nghTa tu do mdi.
Tir nhtrng phan tieh tren cd the thay, khdng rieng gi ly thuyet ctia chti nghTa tu do mdi, ma mpi ly thuyet kinh te, cung nhu nhtrng md hinh kinh te dupc tao ra tir nhtrng ly thuyet dd deu ehiia dimg nhiing hat nhan tieh cue, nhung cung ddng thdi an chira nhiing nhan td bat hpp ly trong sir van hanh lien tue, khdng ngimg ciia cac chu trinh kinh te va cau tnic kinh te. Dilu do cho thay, viec danh gia va dieu chinh trong van dung eae ly thuyet can dupe eoi la
"hogt dpng" khong the thieu trong qua
trinh quan ly su van hanh cua nen kinh tl hay chu ky kinh te. Le dT nhien, viec dilu chinh can dupe thuc hien tren eo sd tuan thil quy luat kinh tl khach quan, tdn trpng CO che tu dieu tiet ctia thj trudng. Viee dilu chinh ly thuyet van dung va thuc hien dilu tiet thuc tien eae hoat dpng kinh tl khdng ai khae phai la nhiem vu cua moi nha nudc.
Tuy nhien, hoat ddng dilu tilt cin dupc thuc hien bdi cae cdng cu chinh sach hiru hieu tren co sd phdi kit hgp gitia cac chinh sach, eo ehe cung nhu giiia cac nha nudc trong cau true kinh tl khu vuc, toan ciu.
Ddng thdi, sir virng ben cua ITnh virc tai
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chinh tien te va sir lanh manh hoa trong cac giao djch kinh te tai chinh ludn la mue tieu hudng den ciia nhtrng dilu tilt nha nudc.
Nha nudc khdng can thiep true tilp vao cac qua trinh kinh te, nen cac cdng eu chinh sach, CO che dieu tiet phai dam bao viec giam sat, kiem soat mang tinh chii dpng va cd kha nang du bao cao.
Sir thoai trao cua chu nghTa tu do mdi bang cupc khiing hoang kinh tl hien thuc bat ngudn d My rdi lan rdng va trd thanh khung hoang kinh te toan eau hien nay cho thay, tu do kinh te la can thilt dl cac hoat dpng kinh te, hanh vi kinh tl cd thi toi uu hoa hieu qua kinh te cac ngudn lire, cac lira chpn kinh te. Song, tu do eiing ludn tilm an trong nd nhiing bat dn, nii ro dupc tao bdi long tham, bdi nham lan, bdi tu phat do vay dieu tiet ciing la yeu td khdng the thieu trong phat trien kinh te thj trudng. Hay ndi each khac, kinh te thj trudng hien dai phai la nen kinh te hdn hop trong dd co che tu dieu tiet eua thj trudng va dieu tiet chii ddng eua nha nudc la hai nhan td can dugc duy tri, cung cd d nhting mirc dp hop ly trong dieu kien thue tien ciia mdi nen kinh te.
Su pha san eua chii nghTa tu do mdi dudng nhu dang dem den "dja vj" mdi cho cae md hinh kinh te thj trudng nhan manh den vai trd kiem ke, kiem soat va tang cudng giam sat thj trudng ciia nha nudc.
Nhung, neu qua nhan manh mpt trong hai nhan td ea ban ciia nen kinh te hdn hop thi sdm hay mudn nen kinh te cung phai ddi dien vdi bat dn, suy thoai. Do dd, cd phan hoi chu quan, nhung cung ed the ndi sir lira chpn md hinh kinh te thj trudng cd sir quan ly ciia nha nudc d Viet Nam la diing dan, sang tao va dang ngay cang dupc thuc tien xac nhan. Tuy nhien, trong chang dudng phat trien tiep theo, Viet Nam can tham
nhuan mdt sd bai hpc dupc diic nit tir su pha san cua md hinh kinh te thj trudng tu do kieu My:
Thic nhdt, phat trien nen kinh te can tdn trpng tu dieu tiet cua thj trudng, nhung eiing can cd sir can thiep cua nha nudc d mpt mirc dp can thiet. Tranh tinh trang md rpng thj trudng canh tranh, nhung lam Ian gitia "rao can" can pha bd va cae "kiem soat"
can bao ve.
Thit hai, eanh giac vdi viec sir dung cac hanh vi kinh te de phuc vu y dd chinh trj mj dan. Day la bai hpc dat gia tir viec nude My da sir dung hoat dpng ciia hai cdng ty Fannie Mae va Freddie Mac de giup dan ngheo mua nha nham phuc vu y dd chinh trj mj dan.
Thir ba. than trpng trong dieu hanh chinh sach tai chinh, tien te. Neu sai lam trong lira chpn cac chinh sach nay se la tien de quan trpng cho khiing hoang khdi phat.
Nudc My da "gay dung" khiing hoang tir chinh sach lai suat thap keo dai qua lau nham vue day thj trudng chimg khoan sau cupc dd be ciia "cudc each mang" cdng nghe thdng tin.
Thir tu, mpi nen kinh te neu cac hoat dpng kinh te, hanh vi kinh te deu la nhiing hanh vi lam tien tham lam va khdng bj rang budc bdi nhiing co ehe giam sat, kiem soat hiru hieu, thi sdm mupn gi ciing dan den mpt cupc khiing hoang. Va tren thuc te, cupc khiing hoang tai chinh ngay nay la ket qua ciia mdt cudc chay dua lam tien mpt each cue ky tham lam cua che dp tu ban coi mpi djnh che kiem .soat la kim kep kieu xa hdi chu nghTa.
(1) The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.
(2) Federal National Mortgage Association.
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