Phat trien kinh te
lang nghe go my nghe
tai thi xa Tu" Sofn, tinh B^c Ninh
TRAN TH| THANH HGYEN*
NGQYIN NGOC MAI**
v a THI Kijvi MAO***
T o m tat
De nghien cvtu thUc trqng phdt trien kinh teldng nghe gd my nghe tqi thi xd Tif San, tinh Bac Ninh, nhdm tdc gid da tien hdnh thu thdp sdlieu so cdp tit 30 hd sdn xudt vd 10 khdch hdng.
Ket qud cho thdy, qud trinh phdt trien ldng nghe vdn cdn nhikng khd khdn nhdt dinh lien quan den nguon vdn, lao ddng, tay nghe, nguyen vdt lieu vd thi trudng tieu thu. Dekinh teldng nghe phdt trien mqnh me, thdi gian tdi ngodi syi cd gang cda cdc ho sdn xudt, cdn nhikng hd tra khdng nhd tif phia chinh quyen dia phuang.
Tuf khoa: ldng nghe, kinh te, gd my nghe Summary
To study the development situation of craft of wood villages in Tu Son town, Bac Ninh province, this research collected primary data from 30 production households and 10 clients. The results indicate that the production process reveals several shortcomings in capital, labor, skills, materials and consumption market. In order to boost the crafi of wood villages, production households need make great effort and local authorities should provide more support.
Keywords: trade villages, economy, the craft of wood
^ Gl6l THIEU CO s d LY THUYET VA PHU'DNG PHAP
NGHIEN CLfU Lang nghe go my nghe tai thi xa Ttf
Sdn la mot trong 31 lang nghe truyen Cd nhieu quan diem khac nhau ve phat trien kinh thdng cua tinh Bac Ninh. Trai qua vai tram te lang nghe. Theo Chtfdng trinh Muc tieu Qud'c gia ve nam duy tn va phat trien, hien nay lang xay dtfng ndng thdn mdi, ndi ham ciia phat trien kinh te' nghe da trd thanh mot trung tam chuyen lang nghe bao gdm: phat trien san xuat, phat trien cac cung cap cac san pham do gd my nghe td chtfc kinh te, cai thien thu nhap. Mot so' nha nghien cho thi trtfdng trong ntfdc va xuat khau, cffu lai cho rang, phat trien kinh te lang nghe can tap ddng gdp khdng nhd vao phat trien kinh trung vao cac van de dau vao, dau ra (thi trtfdng tieu tedia phtfdng va tao cdng an viec lam dn thu) va ke't qua san xuat cua lang nghe. Trong bai viet dinh cho hang ngan ngtfdi dan ndng thdn. nay, nhdm tac gia tie'p can theo htfdng thtf hai.
Tuy nhien, htfdng phat trien cua cac lang Nghien cffu sff dung ddng thdi dff lieu thtf cap va nghe chtfa dn dinh va chtfa dtfdc duy tri sd cap. Dd'i vdi dff lieu thtf cap, nhdm tac gia tdng hdp td't, chiu stf canh tranh tff nhieu lang nghe ttf cac bao cao ciia thi xa Ttf Sdn, Cue Thd'ng ke tinh go my nghe khac, nhtf: Phu Khe, Thiet Bac Ninh... Dd'i vdi dff lieu sd cap, nhdm tac gia tien Ung (Ddng Anh Ha Ndi); Canh Nau hanh phdng van trilc tie'p 30 hd san xuat (cd vay vd'n (Thach That)... Trong bdi canh do, viec ngan hang) va 10 ngffdi tieu dung tren dia ban thi xa nghien cffu thffc trang phat trien kinh te' Ttf Sdn trong nam 2017. Phtfdng phap thd'ng ke md ta lang nghe gd my nghe tai thi xa Tff Sdn la dtfdc sff dung de trinh bay dac diem chung lien quan can thie't de tim ra nhffng giai phap giup de'n phat trien kinh te lang nghe ciia hd dan va cac lang nghe phat trien hdn nffa. lang nghe.
*ThS., "ThS., Hoc vien Nong nghiep Viet Nam I Email: [email protected] I [email protected]
***ThS., Vien Chinh sach va Chien itfdc phat trien nong nghiep, nong thon
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/12/2018; Ngdy phdn Men: 21/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 24/12/2018
Economy and Forecast Review
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B A N G 1: TINH HINH Sflf DUNG DAT DAI vA NHA XC/dNG CCA CAC HO DIEU TRA TAI LANG NGHE GO MY NGHE Tieu chi
Tong dien tich dat
Phdn theo tinh chat s& dung Dat nha d, van phong Nha xifdng, kho Ben bai, cufa hang Phdn theo nguon goc Dat difdc giao Dat di thue lai
Di§n tich 6^t cua hO S6'lrfotng(in^)
19.810
Ccfc§'u(%) 100
8.930 10.115 765
45,08 51,06 3,86
12.175 7.635
61,46 38,54
B A N G 2: TINH HINH CHAT HTCJNG LAO DONG TRONG CAC Cd s d THG T H A P SO LIEU TAI LANG NGHE
Npi dung Tong so lao dong tham gia san xuat
So" hi(fng (ngricfi) 354
Co[cau(%)
100 Chia theo trinh dQ vdn hoa
Tot nghiep cap 1 Tot nghiep cap 2 Tot nghiep cap 3
Tot nghiep dai hoc, cao dang
113 163 46 32
31,92 46,05 12,99 9,04 Chia theo chuyen mon ky thuat
Co chuyen mon, thd gioi, thd ca Nghe nhan
Qua dao tao, tap huan Khong qua dao tao
68 2 40 241
19,31 0,56 11,30 68,08 Chia theo loai hinh lao dQng
Lao dong kiem san xuat nong nghiep Lao dong chuyen san xuat
Lao dong chuyen mon ky thuat, thd gioi, thd ca/1 lao dong
88 266
24,86 75,14 0,19 Chia theo gidi tinh
Nam NiJ
322 32
90,96 9,04 Chia theo dQ tuoi
Difdi 18
Tir 18 tuoi den 24 tuoi Ttr 25 tuoi den 35 tudi
0 165 189
0 46,61 53,39 Theo nguon goc
Lao dong tif co Lao dong di thue
82 272
23,16 76,84 Nguon: T6ng hdp so lieu di^u tra
KET QUA NGHEN CLTU
Tinh hinh phdn bd cdc ldng nghe gd my nghe tqi Tif Seen
Hien nay, tren dia ban Thi xa cd 9 lang nghe gd my nghe, trong dd cd 6 lang nghe truyen thd'ng. Cac lang nghe go tap trung chu yeu d xa Hffdng Mac vdi 3 lang nghe truyen thd'ng (Hffdng Mac, Mai Ddng va
Kim Thieu) va 2 lang nghe mdi (Dong Hffdng va Kim Bang), xa Phu Khe vdi 2 lang nghe truyen thd'ng (Phii Khe Dong, Phu Khe Thffdng), xa Dong Quang co 1 lang nghe truyen thd'ng (Dong Ky) va xa Tam Sdn cd 1 lang nghe mdi (Dtfdng Sdn). Trong do, nd] tieng va phat trien nhat la lang nghe go my nghe Ddng Ky.
Cdc ye'u to' ddu vdo cua qud trinh sdn xudt
Ke't qua khao sat cho biet, vd'n tiled cua cac hg san xuat tai lang nghe chiem binh quan 65,32%, vd'n vay chiem binh quan 34,68% (trong dd, vay nha ntfdc chiem 19,88% va vay ttf nhan chiem 14,80%).
Ve dat dai, nha xtfdng, theo Bang 1, cac hd chii yeu sff dung dat ttf co de lam mat bang cho san xuat va nha xtfcing (51,06%). Ngoai dat dtfdc giao, thi mot bd phan khdng nhd cac hd phai sff dung di't di thue (38,54%), anh htfdng tdi viec trtfng bay va gidi thieu san pham, ciing nhtf md rdng san xuat.
Ve tinh binh lao ddng, theo Bang 2, lao ddng tai cac lang nghe gd my nghe chu yeu la nam (90,96%) va la lao dong thue ngoai (76,84%). Cac thd mdc co do tudi kha tre, dang trong qua trinh hoc nghe va ren luyen ky nang. Day ciing la Idp lao ddng day tiem nang de duy tn phat trien nghe gd my nghe va truyen nghe trong ttfdng lai. Tuy nhien, trinh dp van hda ciia life Itfdng lao ddng cdn thap, Gan 80% liIc Itfdng lao ddng cd trinh dp THCS trd xudng, chi bdn 9% life lifdng lao ddng td't nghiep dai hgc, cao dang.
Dieu nay anh htfdng rat ldn den kha nang tie'p thu ky thuat ciia hg, ciing nhif viec ap dung tien bd khoa hgc, ky thuat vao san xuat. Ben canh do, hau het lao ddng d cac lang nghe deu chtfa qua dao tao chuyen mdn, ma nghe gd my nghe lai ddi hdi ngtfdi thd phai cd ky nang va dp tinh xao, phai qua dao tao mdi lam dtfdc Bang 2 cho tha'y, trung binh ctf 100 lao ddng, tbi chi ed 19 lao ddng cd chuyen mdn ky thuat, la thd gidi, thd ca. Day la nguyen nhan ban che stf phat trien cua san pham nghe mdc va giam hieu qua san xuat cua lang nghe.
Dd'i vdi may mdc thie't bi va cong nghe san xuat, d Tff Sdn bien nay, viec dau tff may mdc, trang thie't bi phue n san xuat cdn It, hau bet cac lang nghe deu san xuat bang tay, hoac may moc cii ky, lac hau. Mot so' loai may mdc cong nghe cao da dtfdc dtfa vao san xuat tai day, tuy hien vin edn rat it hg ap dung.
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Kinh tevaDU baoNguyen vat lieu dau vao cua cac lang nghe chu yeu la cac loai gd quy: trac, gu, pdmu, mun (den, sgc), stfa, huyet, vang tam, cam thi... Sd do 1 cho tha'y, cac loai gd nay dtfdc cac chu budn mua tff gd khai thac theo ke'hoach (5%) hoac gd thanh ly phat mai, gd trdi nd'i (17%), gd thu mua tff cac hd trdng rffng. Tuy nhien, ngudn gd ma cac lang nghe chu yeu sff dung van la gd nhap khau (73%) ttf Lao, Indonesia... Go nhap khau dffdc cac chii budn tap ke't ve cac kho bai (chd gd) d Ddng Ky, Phu Khe. Cac cd sd san xuat cd nhu cau de'n mua tnic tie'p tai kho bai. Mac du vay, hien nay gia gd kha cao va khan hiem, nhieu khi cd tien, nhffng khdng tim dffdc loai gd vffa y. Ben canh dd, viec sff dung ngudn nguyen lieu gd quy nhap khau ed rui ro cao ve mat phap ly, trong khi hieu biet va mdi quan tam ciia cac hd ve tinh phap ly ve gd nguyen lieu cua bd ban che. Dac biet, giao dich giffa cac bd kinb doanh gd nguyen lieu va hd san xuat che bie'n dd gd, giffa cac hd san xuat va ngffdi mua do gd sau che bie'n la cac giao dich mieng va hau nhff khdng cd bat cff bang chffng phap ly nao minh chtfng cho tinh hdp phap cua gd va san pham sau che bie'n.
Tinh hinh tieu thu sdn phdm
San pham do gd my nghe dffdc tieu thu qua 5 kenh, dffdc the hien qua Sd dd 2. Trong dd, kenh 1 la trifc tiep tff hd san xuat de'n thang ngffdi tieu dung. Hinh thffc tieu thu nay cd ffu diem la tien lay dtfdc ngay va gia ca cd the ban dtfdc cao hdn so vdi viec ban cho cac dai ly, hoac cac thanh phan trung gian. Ltfdng san pham tieu thu qua kenh nay chiem ty le it, khoang 10,8% tdng san pham ban trong ntfdc. San pham chu yeu la do khach hang trong vung hoac cac vung lan can, nhtf:
Bac Giang, Ha Ndi, Phu Thg de'n dat mua.
O kenh 2, hang hda tff hd san xuat qua ngffdi ban le la cac cffa hang dffdc dat d mot dia phffdng nao dd trong nffdc va sau dd den tay ngffdi tieu dung. San pham tieu thu qua kenh nay chii yeu la ban ghe phdng khach, tu thd, sap thd, ban thd...
va chiem khoang 26,9% tdng Iffdng hang ban trong nffdc. Phan ldn sd' tien mua hang dffdc ngffdi mua tra ngay, cd the tra bet hoac nd lai mot phan (ggi la nd gdi chuyen). Ban hang qua kenh 2 cd the md rdng dffdc thi trffdng tieu thu, chi phi van chuyen thap, Iffdng hang ban dffdc nhieu, nhffng lai lam tang gia ciia san pham do phai chiet khau lai cho cac cffa hang.
Sd DO 1: CAC KENH CUNG CAP NGUYEN LIEU CHINH HIEN NAY
Go kiiai thac theo ke hoach (5%)
Go thanh ly phat mai. go troi noi (17%)
G6 nhap khiu (73%)
Go thu mua tir cac ho trong mng (5%)
Cac chu buon
Cac CO so san xuat
Sd DO 2: KENH TIEU THU SAN PHAM DO G 6 MY NGHE
Trong nuoc
Co sd san xuat
Cong ty, dai 1^ Cua h^D% hin le
Cua hang ban le Nguoi tieu dung
Ngoai nuoc Doanh ngi?p
4 — CongtyXNK
HI}-
Xuat khiuNguon: Nghien cu'u ctja nhom t a c gia
Kenh 3 la tff hd san xuat de'n cac cdng ty hay dai ly, sau dd de'n ngffdi ban le va cudi cung la ngffdi tieu dung. Kenh nay cd ty le san pham dffdc tieu thu ldn nhat, chiem 62,3% Iffdng hang ban trong ntfdc. Hau bet cac san pham dtfdc ban qua kenh nay. Cac chu doanh nghiep rat nang ddng, cd mat d khap mgi ndi de xay dtfng cac md'i quan he lam an, cung nhtf md cffa hang de tieu thu san pham cho minh. Nhd dd, ma thffdng hieu dd gd my nghe cua lang nghe gd my nghe tai tbi xa Tff Sdn ndi tieng ca trong va ngoai ntfdc.
Vdi kenh 4, san pham tff hd san xuat qua thu mua ciia doanh nghiep va cac cdng ty xuat - nhap khau rdi tff dd xuat ra nffdc ngoai. Lffdng hang tieu thu qua kenh 4 chiem 34,7% Iffdng hang xuat khau. San pham chii yeu la ban ghe phdng khach, tii thd, sap thd, tu gdc, tu rffdu, giffdng... San pham xuat khau qua kenh nay dS dang hdn, thii tuc nhanh ggn va thdi gian tie't kiem hdn.
Mac du vay, xuat khau qua kenh nay se lam tang gia san pham, dieu dd gay bat ldi cho nang lilc canh tranh cua san pham.
Kenh 5 la kenh xuat khau trifc tie'p. Doanh nghiep thu mua san pham tff hd san xuat rdi tien hanh xuat khau khdng qua cac cdng ty khac, boat ddng nay chiem 65,3% Iffdng hang xuat khau. Viec xuat khau trilc tie'p giup lam giam thdi gian, chi phi, nha't la chi phi iiy thac. Tffdng ttf nhtf kenh 4, san pham tieu thu d kenh 5 chu yeu la ban ghe phdng khach, tii thd, sap thd, tii gdc, tii rtfdu, gitfdng...
Qua khao sat cua nhdm tac gia, 100% khach hang danh gia hai ldng va rat hai ldng vdi chat Itfdng chung
Economy and Forecast Review
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B A N G 3: KET QuA S A N XUAT, KINH DOANH CUA CAC H O DIEU TRA
N A M 2017 T§n san phS'm DVT So'Itfdng Thdnh phdm
Tu cac loai Gitfdng cac loai Ban ghe cac loai Tranh, tu'dng...
Bdn thdnh phdm
Cai Cai Bo Cai Kg
875 540 1.152 1.368 54.075 T6'ng
Gia tri (Trd) 108.380
24.500 16.200 40.320 27.360 30.001 138.381
Ccfcau(%) 78,32
21,68 100 Nguon: T6ng hdp so lieu diSu tra
Ciia san pham. Tuy nhien, Itfdng khach hang biet de'n lang nghe cdn it, kenh tieu thu chii yeu la khach hang biet de'n qua ngtfdi quen, ban be. Day cung la mot ban che anh htfdng tieu ciIc tdi qua trinh phat trien kinh te lang nghe gd my nghe tai Ttf Sdn.
Ket qud sdn xuat, kinh doanh
Theo nghien cffu ciia cac tac gia, san Iffdng cac san pham gd my nghe ciia lang nghe phat trien nhanh va tang deu qua cac nam. Hau bet cac hd dffdc dieu tra nhan dinh, san Iffdng va gia tri cac ddng san pham ve tranh, cau dd'i, ttfdng deu tang nhieu vdi nam trtfdc.
Ben canh dd, ban ghe cung la san pham dtfdc tieu thu nhieu trong nam 2017, vdi 1.152 bd ban ghe cac loai dtfdc san xuat, cd gia tri len de'n 40 ty ddng, ddng gdp phan ldn trong ke't qua san xuat cua lang nghe. Cac san pham khac, nhtf: gitfdng va tii cd mtfc san xuat khdng qua cao, nhtfng gia tri hang hda ttfdng dd'i ldn, la do cac mat hang nay cd gia ban cao, chat lieu gd td't va hau bet la do khach dat mau. Gia tri san xuat cua cac hd dtfdc the hien cu the qua Bang 3.
Ben canh viec san xuat va kinh doanh cac san pham thanh pham hoan chinh, cac hd cdn budn ban nhffng ban thanh pham tuy theo nhu cau ciia thi trffdng va dd'i tac. Ket qua san xuat va kinh doanh ban thanh pham chie^m 21,68% tdng gia tri san xuat, ddng gdp hdn 30 ty ddng vao gia tri san xuat ciia lang nghe. Ldi nhuan ciia hd thtfdng chiem khoang 10%-33% trong gia ban.
.GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN KINH TE LANG NGHE GO MY NGHE dTU" SON
Qua nghien ctfu ciia nhdm tac gia, cd the nhan tha'y stf phat trien ciia kinh te lang nghe gd my nghe
d Tff Sdn cd vai trd ra't quan trgng ddi vdi phat trien kinh te' xa hdi ciia dja phffdng. Tuy nhien, thffc trang phat trien lang nghe vin gap phai nhiing khd khan nhat dinh. De thiic day lang nghe phat trien manh me trong thdi gian tdi, nhdm tac gia kien nghi mot sd giai phap sau:
Ve nguon vdn: Tang cffdng bien phap hd trd giup cac hd san xuat tie'p can difcJc vdi nhieu kenh huy ddng vd'n, dac biet la cac he thd'ng ngan hang.
Ve nguon nhdn Ivtc: Md cac Idp htfdng din ky thuat, day nghe tai chd, vtfa nang cao tay nghe cho ngtfdi lao ddng, vtfa thu hut cac lao ddng thuan ndng tham gia.
Hien nay, d lang Dong Ky da cd trung tam day nghe, truyen nghe dat d giiia lang nham day va nang cao tay nghe cho ngtfdi lao ddng. Day la md hinh mdi can nhan rdng ra cac lang nghe gd my nghe tren dia ban Thi xa.
Dong thdi, md cac Idp bdi dtfdng kien thffc ve quan ly, kinb te cho dpi ngu quan ly va chu cac cd sd san xuat trong cac lang nghe. Viec bdi dffdng kien thffc phai xuat phat tff nhu cau thtfc te, can quan tam tdi cac kien thffc phap luat cd lien quan de'n td chffc san xuat, kinh doanh cua lang nghe, nhat la kien thu'c phap luat ve kinh te', lao ddng, bao ve mdi trffdng...
Ve khoa hoc, cdng nghe: Khuyen khich cac cd sd san xuat trong lang nghe truyen thd'ng dau tff chieu sau de ddi mdi thie't bi, hien dai boa cdng nghe truyen thd'ng, lam cho san pham dau ra dii siic canh tranh tren thi trffdng. Mat khac, nen khuye'n khich cac cd sd san xuat va ca nhan ngffdi lao ddng nang cao trinh do ky thuat, cdng nghe, cd khi boa d pham vi rdng hdn.
Ve thi trudng tieu thvi: Cac ho san xuat can chii ddng hdn trong tiep can thi trtfdng, tim kiem dau ra cho san pham, hinh thanh len lien ket ngang giffa nhffng ngffdi san xuat de lam chu thi trffdng.•
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. UBND thi xa Tff Sdn (2017). Bdo cdo Tinh hinh kinh te xd hdi ndm 2017 2. Cue Thd'ng ke tinh Bac Ninh (2017). Nien gidm Thd'ng ke 2016, Nxb Thd'ng ke
3. B^ch Thi Lan Anh (2010). Phdt triin bin vQng ldng nghi truyin thdng vung Kinh te'Trong diem Bdc 5o, Luan an tien sy kinh te, Trffdng Dai hgc Kinh te Qud'c dan
4. Bich Hdng (2017). Doc ddo nhikng khu cha gd bdn theo cdn tai ldng Dong Ky truy cap tff https://
www.vietnamplus.vn/doc-dao-nhung-khu-cho-go-ban-theo-can-tai-lang-dong-ky/432017.vnp
