QUAN tY KINH IE
Giai phap phat trien Icinh te trang trqi d Viet Nam
HOANG VU QUANG DANG THI PHUONG HOA
7ai vie't tiep can tit goc do qudn ly nhd niidc ve thitc trang phdt trien kinh te trang trai d Viet Nam, phdn tich boi cdnh vd dUa ra mot so gidi phdp chinh sdch, nhan manh den viec thay doi cdc tieu chi Id guy dinh cua Nhd niidc ve kinh te trang trai theo hiidng thi triidng vdphdt trien ben viJtng.
Tii k h o a : kinh te trang trai, phdt trien nong nghiep, chinh sdch nong nghiep, phdn tich chinh sdch nong nghiip.
1. K i n h t ^ t r a n g t r a i 1.1. Khdi niem
De hinh dung ve kinh t e t r a n g t r a i , cd t h e la'y can cfl tfl md t a cua Le-nin: "Ngfldi chu trang t r a i b a n r a t h i trfldng h d u het cac san phdm lam ra, cdn ngfldi tieu ndng t h i dung dai bd p h a n san p h d m san xua't dfldc, m u a b a n cang it cang td't". Mae d i l n dat rang, diem cd b a n cua t r a n g t r a i gia tfinh la san xua't h a n g hda, khac vdi kinh te tieu ndng la san xuS^t t u ca'p t u tuc, nhflng cd di§m gid'ng n h a u la la'y gia (finh lam ed sd ndng ed't (Ngd Xuan Toan va Do Thi T h a n h Vinh, 2014).
Tren the gidi, cae t r a n g t r a i da hinh t h a n h tfl thdi de quoc La Ma, trong dd, Itic lfldng san xua't chu ye'u la cac nd le. N a m 1802 b P h a p cd 5.672.000 t r a n g trai, nSm 1882 ct Tay Dflc ed 5.276.000 t r a n g t r a i , n a m 2990 b My ed 5.737.000 t r a n g t r ^ i . Thai L a n n a m 1963 cd 2.314.000 t r a n g trai. An Do cd hdn 44 trieu t r a n g trai... Cung vdi qua t r i n h p h a t trien cdng nghiep, so Ifldng cae t r a n g t r a i giam, nhflng quy md ve dien tich va doanh t h u tang len. Hien nay b My cd 2,2 tridu t r a n g trai, san xutft moi n a m 50% san lUdng dau tudng va ngd t r e n thd' gidi; b P h a p cd 980.000 t r a n g trai, san xua't mot lUdng ndng san ga'p 2,2 l4n n h u c^u trong nudc; 1.500 t r a n g t r a i cua H a Lan moi n a m san xua't 7 ty bdng hoa, 600 trieu chau hoa; lao dong trong eae t r a n g t r a i cua N h a t B a n khoang 4 trieu ngudi (chiem 3,7% dan so^ca nflde) nhflng bao
dam Ifldng thue, thfle p h a m cho hdn 100 trieu ngfldi. Quy md t r a n g t r a i cua Thai Lan la 4,5ha, An Dp 2ha, Dai Loan l,5ha... (Le Xuan Lam, 2012).
O Viet Nam, t r a n g t r a i da hinh t h a n h va p h a t trien dfldi thdi n h a Tran vdi ten goi chung la cac t h a i ap. Tuy nhien, trong thdi phong ki§'n, chi nhflng ngfldi ed nhieu rugng dat n h u dia ehu, q u a n lai mdi cd t h a i a'p, cdn ndng dan ngheo hoac la chi cd ruong da't dfl nudi sd'ng b a n t h a n dfldi hinh thfle kinh t e ndng hp nhd hoac di lam thue. Thdi P h a p thuoc, t r a n g t r a i dfldi ten gpi don dien cung chi cd trong tay n h a gi^u hoac quan lai ngfldi P h a p va ngfldi Viet vdi so' Ifldng khdng dang k^.
Kinh te t r a n g t r a i b Viet Nam dfldc dinh hinh ro net nha't tfl khi ho ndng dan dfldc cdng n h a n la mot ddn vi kinh te tfl chu, dfldc giao quyen sfl dung da't on dinh, lau dai eung vdi nhflng chti trUdng, chinh sach ho trd p h a t trien ndng nghiep va nong thdn khae qua cae thdi k^ (Tap ehi Cong san, 2010).
1.2. Tieu chi xdc dinh kinh te" trang trqi
Theo thdng t u lien tieh so' 69 lien bd ndng nghiep va p h a t trien ndng thdn, Td'ng cue Thd'ng kd va t h d n g tfl so 7 4 / 2 0 0 3 / T T - B N N Hoang Vu (^ang, TS., ViSn Chmh s£ch vk chifi'n lucre phat tri^n n6ng nghifip nfing thfin; Dang Thj Phuong Hoa, PGS.TS., Vi«n Kinh ttf Viftt Nam.
Nghiin aiu Kinh ti's611(486) - Thing 11/2018 43
Giai piiap pliit trien kinii te ...
(fieu chinh ve tieu chi xac dinh t r a n g t r a i thi kinh te t r a n g t r a i p h a i d a t cac tigu chi sau:
BANG 1: T i e u c h i x a c d i n h t r a n g t r a i t h e o T h o n g tur l i e n b o s o 69/2000/TTLB/BNN- T C T K
C^c tinh phia B^c va duyen hai mien T r u n g
C i c tinh phfa Nam v i T i y NguySn A. Quy mo ve gia tri san xuat
Gia tri san luong hang hoa vk dich vu binh
q u ^ m6t nam Tir 40 trieu ddng tr& Ifin Tit 50 Irieu ddng trcj len
B. Quy mo san xuat ||
1. Trang trai trdng c3y h ^ g nam 2. Trang trai tr6ng cSy Uu nam 3. Trang trai trong h6 tidu 4. Trang trai ISm nghifip
Tir 2 ha tr6 Ifin TCf 3 ha Ir6 len
Til 3 ha trd len J Til 5 ha tr6 len
T£t 3,5 ha trd l£n TilrlOhatrdlen
5. Trang trai chan nudi dai gia sue: trfiu, bo... 1 - Chan nu6i sinh san, lay sQa
- Chan nu6i lay thit
C6 thucmg xuyfin tit 1Q con tr& l6n 1 Co thuJmg xuyfen tit 50 con tr6 Ifin H
6. Chan nudi gia s)lc: Ion, de 1 - Chan nudi sinh sdn
- Chan nu6i lHy thit
7. Chan nu6i gia c ^ : g^, vit, ngan, ngdng
8. Trang trai nu6i, tr6ng thiiy san
9. Dd'i v6i c^c loai san phdm ndng, lim nghiep, nudi triSng thuy san c6 tfnh chSt dac thii, nhu- tr6ng hoa, cay canh, tr6ng nSm, nudi ong, gid'ng thuy san vk thuy dac san
Ddi vdi Ion cd til 20 con trb len Ddi vdi de, ciru c6 tir 100 con tr6 len
Ddi vdi Ion thit cd til 100 con tret ISn (khdng fc^ Ion sQa) Dd'i v ^ de thit CO til 200 con trd len
Cd thudng xuyen tut 2.000 con trd ISn (khdng tinh s6 6&a con
dudi 7 ngay tudi) U Dien ti'ch mat nudc cd til 2 ha trd Idn |
Nudi tdm thit Iheo ki^u cdng nghidp cd tit 1 ha trd Idn |
Tieu chi xac dinh trang trai 1^ san luong hang hda (tieu chi A)
NguSn: TTidng tu lien tich sd 69 lien Bd Ndng nghiep va phat tri^n ndng thdn, Tdng cue Th6ng ke va TTidng tu sd 74/2003/TT-BNN.
Ngay 13-4-2011, Bd Ndng nghiep va p h a t trien ndng thdn ra Thdng t u so" 27, trong dd CO miic xac dinh tieu chi cua kinh te trang t r a i len mtic do cao hdn so vdi cac van b a n trUde dd.
2. Q u a n l y n h a nxidc d o i v d i k i n h t e t r a n g t r a i
Sau Cach mang Thang Tam n a m 1945, don dien cua ngudi P h a p va Viet hi tich t h u va bien t h a n h cac ndng t r u d n g qud'c doanh.
So' ndng trudng ngay mdt t a n g ea v l lUdng va quy md ddn miic n a m 1960 phai thanh Up Bd Ndng trudng de q u a n ly. Vai trd, t^m quan trong ciia t r a n g t r a i trong phat trien ndng nghidp da dUdc k h ^ n g dinh trong nhilti Nghi quyet eua D a n g va Chinh phu. TU nam 1986, thue hien ed che coi ho ndng dan la ddn vi kinh t e t u chu, do'i mdi quan ly hdp tac xa ndng nghidp va ndng t r u d n g qud'c doanh tbi trang t r a i mdi dUde thiJfa n h a n va khuy^i
44 Nghien ciiu Kmh t^sd 11(486) - Jh^g 11/S31S
Giai phap phat trien Icinh te
khich p h a t trien. Chu trudng doi vdi k i n h te t r a n g t r a i dUdc n e u trong Nghi quye't hdi nghi l^n thii tU eua B a n cha'p h a n h Trung Udng Dang khda VEII t h a n g 12-1997. Nghi quyd't sd' 06 ngay 10-11-1998 ctia Bo Chfnh tri ve p h a t trien ndng nghiep va ndng thdn, tie'p tuc k h a n g dinh chu trUdng p h a t trien t r a n g t r a i va N h a nude ed chinh sach khuye'n khieh p h a t trien kinh t e t r a n g t r a i gia (hnh.
Nghi quyd't so 03/NQ-CP ngay 02-02-2000 ctia Chinh phu ve kinh te t r a n g t r a i khang dinh "Nha nudc cdng n h a n , coi trpng va khuyen khich phat trien kinh te trang trai nhu eac loai hinh san xua't kinh doarih khae trong nong nghiep, ndng thdn". Chinh sach khuyd'n khich phat trien kinh te trang t r a i tap trung vao: (i) tao dieu kien cho trang trai dUdc giao diCt, thue dat, cap giSiy chiing n h a n quyen sii dung da't de dn dinh lau dai san xua^t kinh doanh; (ii) dae biet khuye'n khich dau tU khai thac va sii dvmg cd hieu qua da't trd'ng, doi nui troc, cae loai da't cdn hoang hda d trung du, niem nui, bien gidi h a i dao...; (ui) Uu dai, ho trd tao dilu kien t h u a n ldi cho trang trai nhu hd trd ve voh, khoa hpc cdng nghe, che' bie'n, tieu t h u san pham, xay dUng ket ca'u ha tang, tiep can tin dting, dao tao nghe...
Nam 2008, Chinh p h u cho phep Ngan h a n g Chinh sach xa hdi Viet Nam danh khoang 4.000 ty dong de Hiep hdi Doanh nghiep va t r a n g t r a i Viet Nam tin cha'p cho eac ho viing II, III vay vdi lai sua't Uu dai de phat tri^n kinh te theo hudng t r a n g t r a i (moi hp dupe vay khdng q u a 100 trieu dong).
Nguon voh n a y moi n a m se dUde t a n g them, nen day la cd hdi de cac dia phUdng cd them nguon vd'n cho phat trien kinh te.
Vai trd va dinh hUdng p h a t trien kinh td' t r a n g t r a i tie'p tuc dUdc k h a n g dinh trong Nghi quyet t r u n g Udng 26 ve ndng nghiep ndng dan ndng thdn va trong nhieu v a n b a n chinh sach h e n q u a n nhU: trong trong eae Quyet dinh so 800/QD-TTg n a m 2010 va so' 1600/QD-TTg n a m 2016 ve xay dung ndng thdn mdi, Quye't dinh 899/QD-TTg n a m 2013 ve tai cd e£u n g a n h ndng nghiep theo hudng
nang eao gia t r i gia t a n g va p h a t trien ben vflng.
2.1. Chinh sdch dat dai
- Hd gia dinh t n i c tiep san xua't ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, nudi trong thuy san sd'ng tai dia phudng cd n h u e^u va k h a n a n g sut dung da't de md rdng san xua't t h i ngoai p h i n da't da dUdc giao trong h a n mtic cua dia phUdng cdn dUdc Uy b a n n h a n dan xa xet cho t h u e da't de p h a t trien t r a n g trai.
- Hp gia dinh, ca n h a n dUde n h a n chuyen nhUdng quyen sxi dung da't, t h u e lai quyen sti dung da't eua cac td' chulc, ho gia dinh, ea n h a n khac di p h a t trien t r a n g t r a i theo quy dinh cua phap luat ve da't dai va dUdc c^p gia'y chiing n h a n quyen s^ dung da't.
- Hd gia (finh, ca n h a n da dUdc giao hoac n h a n chuyen nhUdng, quyen sii dung da't VUdt qua h a n miic svl dung da!t trUdc ngay 01-01-1999 de p h a t trien t r a n g t r a i thi dUdc tie'p ttic sxi diing va chuyen sang p h a n dien tich da't VUdt h a n mflc, theo quy dinh cua phap luat ve da't dai va dUdc ca'p gia'y chflng n h a n quyen sxi dung da't.
2.2. Chinh sdch thue
- De khuyen khieh va tao dieu kien ho gia dinh, ca n h a n dau t u p h a t trien kinh te' t r a n g trai, nha't la d nhflng vung da't trong, doi mii trpe, bai boi, d i m p h a ven bien, thile hien mien t h u e t h u n h a p cho t r a n g t r a i vdi thdi gian td'i da theo Nghi quyet sd' 51/1999/NQ- CP, ngay 8-7-1999 cua Chinh phii vi viec Quy dirih chi tie't t h i h a n h L u a t Khuyen khieh d i u t u trong nude (siia ddi) so 03/1998/QHlO.
- Cac t r a n g t r a i dUdc mien giam tien t h u e da't theo quy dinh eua p h a p luat ve dat dai khi t h u e da't trcTng, doi nui trpe, dat hoang hoa de trong rflng san xua't, trdng cay lau n a m va khi t h u e dien tieh b cae vung nude ttl nhien chUa cd d i u tU eai tao vao muc dich san xua't ndng nghiep.
2.3. Chinh sdch ddu tti tin dung T r a n g t r a i p h a t tri^n san xua't, kinh doanh dUdc vay vd'n tin diing thUdng mai eua
Nghiin ciiu Kinh tgs611(486) - Thing 11/2018 4 5
Giai phdp phdt trien l{inh te ,
cac ngan hang thfldng mai qud'c doanh. Viec vay vd'n dUde thtic hidn theo quy dinh tai Quye't dinh so 67/1999/QDD-TTg ngay 3 0 - 3 - 1999 eua Thu tUdng Chinh p h u ve "Mot so' chinh sach tin dung ngan h a n g p h a t trien ndng nghiep va ndng thdn", chu t r a n g trai dfldc dung tai san hinh t h a n h tfl voh vay de bao dam t i i n vay theo quy dinh tai Nghi dinh so 178/1999/ND-CP ngay 29-11-1999 eua Chinh phu ve bao dam tien vay cua cae td chfle tin diing.
2.4. Chinh sdch lao dgng
Nha nude khuydh khieh va tao dieu kien ho trd de cac ehu t r a n g t r a i md rong quy md san xua't kinh doanh, tao dUde nhieu viec lam cho lao ddng ndng thdn, Uu tien sii dung lao dpng cua hp ndng dan khdng dat, thieu da't san xua't ndng nghiep, ho ngheo thieu viec lam. Chu trang t r a i dudc t h u e lao ddng khdng han che ve sd lUdng; t r a cdng lao dpng tren cd sd thoa t h u a n vdi ngfldi lao ddng theo quy dinh cua phap luat v l lao ddng. Chu trang trai phai trang bi dd dung bao hd lao ddng theo tflng loai nghe eho ngUdi lao ddng va cd trach nhidm vdi ngUdi lao ddng khi gap rui ro, om dau trong thdi gian lam viec theo hdp ddng lao ddng.
2.5. Chinh sdch khoa hpc, cong nghe, moi triidng
- Bd Ndng nghiep va p h a t trien ndng thdn cung vdi cac tinh, t h a n h phd' trUe thude trung Udng quy hoach d i u tfl p h a t trien cae vUdn Udm gidng cay ndng nghiep, lam nghiep va cac cd sb san xua't con gid'ng (chan nudi, thuy san) hoac ho trd mot so' t r a n g t r a i cd dieu kien san xua't giong de bao dam du giong tot, gidng ed eha't Ifldng cao cung ca'p eho cac trang trai va ho ndng dan trong vung.
- Khuyen khich chu t r a n g t r a i gdp vd'n vao quy ho trd phat trien khoa hpe, lien k i t vdi cd sd khoa hoc, dao tao, ehuyen giao tien bo khoa hoc, ky thuat ap dung vao t r a n g trai va lam dieh vu ky thuat eho ndng dan trong vflng.
2,6. Chinh sdch thi triidng - Bo ThUdng mai, Bd Nong nghiep va phat trien ndng thdn, Uy b a n N h a n dan cac tinh,
t h a n h phd' true thudc t r u n g fldng td ehflc tot viec cung ca'p thdng tin t h i trudng, khuyen cao khoa hpc ky t h u a t , giup t r a n g trai dinh hudng san xua't k i n h doanh p h u hdp vdi nhu c i u ciia thi trUdng trong va ngoai nflde.
- N h a nflde hd trd viec d i u t u nang ca'p, md rdng va xay dilng mdi cac cd sd cdng nghidp che bien b cac v u n g t a p trung, chuygn canh, hudng d i n vide ky ke't hdp ddng cung flng vat tfl va tieu t h u ndng san hang hoa cua t r a n g t r a i va ndng d a n t r e n dia ban.
- N h a nflde k h u y e n khich phat trien chd ndng thdn, cae t r u n g t a m giao dich mua ban ndng san va vat tfl ndng nghiep. Tao dieu kien cho cac chu t r a n g t r a i dfldc tie'p can va t h a m gia eac chfldng t i i n h dfl an hdp tac, hgi chd trien lam trong va ngoai nUdc.
- Day m a n h lien k e t gifla eac cd sb san xua't, ehe' bien, tieu t h u ndng san thudc cac t h a n h p h a n kinh te, dac biet la gifla cac doanh nghiep n h a nflde vdi hdp tac, chu t r a n g trai, hp ndng dan.
- N h a nflde t a o d i l u kien va khuyen khich chu t r a n g t r a i xua't k h ^ u trflc tiep san pham m u a gom eua t r a n g t r a i khac, ciia cac h6 ndng d a n va n h a p k h ^ u v a t tfl ndng nghidp.
2.7. Chinh sdch bdo hp tdi sdn dd ddu tu cua trang trqi
Tai san va voh d i u tU hdp p h a p cua trang t r a i khdng bi qudc hflu hoa, khdng bi tich thu bang bien p h a p h a n h chinh. Trong trflcing hdp vi ly do qud'c phdng, an ninh, vi ldi ich qudc gia, N h a nudc e i n t h u hdi da't dflde giao, dfldc t h u e cua t r a n g t r a i t h i ehu trang trai dUdc t h a n h toan hoac bdi thudng tai thdi diem cdng bo quyet (Jinh t h u hdi.
3. Thrfc t r a n g p h a t t r i e n k i n h te t r a n g t r a i
3.1. Visoliipng
Nam 2000 ca nUdc cd 57.069 trang trai, n a m 2010 da dat 145.880 t r a n g t r a i (toe dO t a n g t r u n g binh 4,2%/nam). Nam 2017 ca nflde ed g i n 150.000 t r a n g t r a i vdi dien tich da't sti diing k h o a n g 900.000ha. Trong dd, cac t r a n g t r a i ehuyen trdng cay ndng nghiep
46 Nghiin ciiu Kinh tSsSl1(486) • Thing 11/2018
Giai phdp phdt trien i(inh te
chiem 55,3%; chan nudi gia sue, gia c i m chiem 10,3%; lam nghidp chie'm 2,2%; nudi trdng t h u y san chiem 27,3% va san xua't kinh doanh tdng hdp chiem 4,9% (PhUdng Dung, 2017); trong dd dang c h u y la t r a n g t r a i chan nuoi t a n g m a n h trong giai doan tfl 2011. Sti t a n g m a n h sd Ifldng t r a n g t r a i chan nudi la viec t a n g quy md chan nudi khdng ddi hdi nhieu da't nhfl t r a n g t r a i trdng trot, nudi trdng thuy san va t a n g quy md chan nudi hidu qua eho vide flng dung cdng nghe hien dai, edng nghe eao. Ngoai ra, viec yeu c i u danh gia tae ddng mdi trudng cua cd sd chan nudi quy md Idn cung budc nhieu cd sd chan nuoi quy md Idn phai cd chflng n h a n t r a n g trai. Theo nghien cflu cua Phfldng Dung (2017), cac t m h mien Bac tuy cd sd lfldng t r a n g t r a i khdng nhieu, song da xua't hien nhflng md h i n h p h a t tri^n m a n g lai hieu qua kinh te cao. Tai cae t i n h Sdn La, Dien Bien, Bac Giang, Tuyen Quang, Hda Binh, H a Nam, Nam Dinh, H a Ndi, Hai Phdng, Quang Ninh... xua't hidn cac md hinh Idnh td' t r a n g t r a i cho t h u n h a p eao. H a Noi la mot trong nhflng dia phfldng d a n d a u ca nflde ve p h a t trien kinh te t r a n g t r a i vdi 1.230 t r a n g t r a i theo tieu chi mdi; trong dd cd 920 t r a n g trai chan nudi, 190 t r a n g t r a i t h u y san, 120 t r a n g t r a i tdng hdp va khoang 2.500 md h i n h san xuat quy md vfla va nhd vdi tong dien tich 15.000 h a . Cae t r a n g t r ^ i t a p t r u n g nhieu nha't b eac huyen Thach Tha't, Hoai Dflc, Sdc Sdn, Ddng Anh, Thfldng Tin, Gia Lam, T h a n h Tri... Tai Ddng Nai, sd Ifldng t r a n g t r a i cd xu hfldng t a n g n h a n h tfl n a m 2012 vdi khoang 1.700 t r a n g t r a i len tdi hdn 3.800 t r a n g t r a i n a m 2016, vdi gia t r i san Ifldng h a n g hda binh qu^n d a t 3,3 ty ddng/trang trai/nam.
3.2. Ve guy mo trang trqi
Dien tich binh quan cua 1 t r a n g t r a i t a n g tfl 4,02 h a n a m 2006 len 5,6 h a n a m 2016.
Dien tieh da't cua t r a n g t r a i Idn hdn 11 l i n so vdi dien tich da't t r u n g binh eua mdt ho nong nghiep n a m 2016 la 5804,5 m^ (Tdng cue Thd'ng kd, 2018). So' lUdng lao ddng t r u n g
binh sxi diing trong mdt t r a n g t r a i n a m 2016 la 4 ngudi, trong dd 56% la lao dong gia (finh cua chii t r a n g trai. NhU vay sd' lao dong t r u n g binh cua 1 t r a n g t r a i cd t a n g hdn so vdi n a m 2006 la 3,34 ngUdi, nhflng mflc t a n g khdng nhieu.
Dac biet gia tri t h u tfl ndng, lam, t h u y san cua t r a n g t r a i t a n g ra't m a n h . Neu n a m 2011 gia tri t h u cua mdt t r a n g t r a i tfl ndng, lam, thuy san chi la 1.951,8 trieu ddng, thi n a m 2016 da dat 2.780 tridu ddng, ga'p 1,42 l i n . Sti t a n g m a n h cua gia tri t h u t r u n g binh chu yeu tang tfl gia tri t h u eua t r a n g t r a i chan nudi. Nam 2016, t r u n g binh 1 t r a n g t r a i chan nudi ed gia tri t h u tfl nong, lam, thuy san dat 3.318,2 trieu ddng.
3.3. vi hiiu qud
Nhieu md h i n h t r a n g t r a i p h a t huy dflde ldi t h e cua vung, dia phfldng, mang lai hieu qua cao, doanh t h u tfl 1-3 ty ddng/nam, mot so md hinh cdn eho doanh t h u tfl 5-10 ty ddng/nam. Hieu sua't s\i dung di't va lao ddng cua t r a n g t r a i t a n g m a n h trong giai doan 2006-2016. Nam 2006, gia tri thu tfl ndng, lam, thuy san eua t r a n g t r a i t r e n mot lao ddng va tren 1 h a da^t sii dung l i n Ifldt la 38,5 trieu va 46,3 trieu ddng, thi den nam 2016 da dat l i n Ifldt la 496,4 va 695,0 trieu ddng.
Hieu sua't sfl dung da't cua t r a n g trai cao hdn r a t nhieu so vdi hd gia dinh quy mo nhd.
Theo sd lieu eua Tong ctic Thd'ng ke, gia tri san pha'm t h u dui3c t r e n 1 h a da't trdng trot va 1 ha da't nudi trdng t h u y san tinh chung cho ea nudc n a m 2016 l i n lUdt la 85,4 va 184,3 trieu ddng.
Mdt so nghien cflu ciing chi r a rSng t r a n g t r a i cd chi phi san xua't tha'p hdn so vdi hd gia dinh quy md nho. Theo nghien cflu cua Hoang Vu Quang va Ta Van Tfldng (2017), gia t h a n h san xusft 1 kg Idn hdi gifla n a m 2016 la 39.580 ddng t h i cua hd quy md nhd la 46.460 ddng.
4. D a n h g i a
4.1. Gia tdng vai tro, vi the cua kinh te trang trqi
Nghiin cOuKmh t^s611(486) • Thing 11/2018 47
Giai phdp phdt trien l{inh te ...
Mdt thdi gian dai, ndng nghidp Viet Nam hi h a n chd bdi tinh t r a n g m a n h miin ve quy md trong san xua't, ma nguyen n h a n chinh la ngUdi ddng, da't dai h a n ehe. Nhieu dia phudng b nhflng vung ddng bang Bac Bo, hinh quan n h a n k h i u chi cd chfla d i y 1 sao (360m^). Sil m a n h m u n dd dang can trd cac hd gia dinh ndng dan trong viec nang cao nang sua't lao dong, t a n g ty trpng hang hda... va do do tich luy san xua!t cham (Tap chi Cong san, 2010). Kinh te t r a n g t r a i la budc phat trien can b a n ctia kinh te ho. Khi kinh te hd vUdn len thuc hidn md hinh kinh td hd t r a n g trai, hp chuydn dUdc tfl san xua't ttl ca'p t u tuc sang san xua't h a n g hda (bach toan d i u vao - d i u ra, tiep can vdi phfldng thflc san xua't, kinh doanh theo cd ehd thi trfldng) vdi quy md Idn hdn, gan vdi nhu c i u thi trfldng.
Tfl sU phat tridn khdng ngflng ca ve sd lUdng va c h i t ludng, k i n h te t r a n g t r a i da cd n h i l u ddng gdp vao p h a t trien ndng nghiep, ndng thon. P h a t trien t r a n g t r a i khac phue tinh trang san xua't nhd le, m a n h mun, nhd le, tao d i l u kidn p h a t trien san xua't h a n g hda tap trung quy md Idn, hien dai. Trang t r a i tao t h u a n ldi cho flng dung tien bp ky thuat, cdng nghe cao va cd gidi hda, giup giam chi phi san xua't va nang cao sflc canh t r a n h cua san p h i m ndng nghiep ( L P Thi Mai Hfldng, 2015; Hoang Vu Quang va Ta v a n Tfldng, 2017). Kinh te t r a n g t r a i cung tao d i l u kien cho p h a t trien hdp tac xa nong nghiep kieu mdi. Trang t r a i cung tao d i l u kien thue d i y lien ket chudi gia tri. Nghien cflu cua Vien Chinh sach va chien hide p h a t trien ndng nghiep ndng thdn n a m 2016 cho tha'y nhieu doanh nghidp chi lien ke't san xua't vdi cac t r a n g t r a i chan nudi Idn quy md Idn tfl 500 Idn t h i t trd len va cd t r a n g thiet bi hidn dai (Hoang Vu Quang va cdng sfl, 2016). Viec p h a t trien kinh te t r a n g t r a i eung thuc day qua t r i n h tich t u tap t r u n g ruong da't, b a n ehe viec bd hoang da't ndng nghiep. Do sd Ifldng t r a n g t r a i t a n g m a n h giai doan 2011-2016 cung vdi so' Ifldng lao
ddng t r u n g b i n h trong 1 t r a n g t r ^ i tang, nen tdng sd' lao ddng lam vide trong t r a n g trai khdng ngflng t a n g , tfl 95 nghin n a m 2011 len 135 n g h i n lao ddng n a m 2016.
Tinh ehung, ddng gdp cua k h u vflc kinh te t r a n g t r a i vao tdng gia t r i san xua't ciia n g a n h ndng, lam, t h u y san ngay eang tang.
N a m 2011, gia t r i t h u tfl ndng, lam, thuy san cua ta't ca t r a n g t r a i la 39,1 nghin ty ddng (chiem 3,8% tdng gia tri san xuift ndng, lam, t h u y san) da t a n g Idn 92,3 ngan ty ddng n a m 2016 (chidm 7,5% tdng gia tri san xua't ndng, l a m , t h u y san).
Co t h i ndi, k i n h t d t r a n g t r a i la nhan t^
mdi b ndng thdn, la ddng lflc mdi, noi tiep va p h a t h u y dong Itle cua k i n h t d hd, gdp phin vao qua t r i n h chuyen dich, tich tti rudng da't, gan lien vdi q u a t r i n h p h a n cdng lao ddng ndng thdn. H i e u q u a k i n h te va ldi the canh t r a n h cua t r a n g t r a i la tac n h a n quan trpng de k h u y i n khich hd ndng dan tSng quy md san xua't Idn t r a n g t r a i va cac dia phudng cd n h i e u e h i n h sach Uu dai, ho trcf de p h a t t r i l n t r a n g t r a i . Ngoai ehinh sach chung cua T r u n g fldng, n h i e u t i n h ed chinli sach dac t h u r i e n g ho trd k i n h t e trang trai.
Cd t i n h da xay dflng r i e n g d l an phat trien kinh te t r a n g t r a i nhfl Ddng Nai. Nhieu dia phfldng da cd c h i n h sach hd trd lai sui't tin dung tfl 30% den 100% cho t r a n g trai (Ha Giang, Tuyen Q u a n g , Hai Phdng, Thai Binh, Dak L i k , H a Tinh, Q u a n g Nam), ho5c tao d i l u kien t h u a n ldi cho vide c i p gi^y chflng n h a n quyen svt dung da't, tao thuSn ldi eho t r a n g t r a i c h u y i n dd'i mtic dich sil dung da't; ho trd t r a n g t r a i xay dting nhan hieu, dang ky thfldng hidu, t h a m gia hdi chd trien lam (Ha Giang, T u y e n Quang, Vinh Long); ho trd di ddi ddi vdi t r a n g t r a i gay 5 nhiem mdi t r u d n g (Ha Ndi), hd trd cd sci ba t i n g ciia t r a n g t r a i nhfl cd sb h a t i n g v l xi ly cha't t h a i , giao t h d n g , dien, nude, chuong t r a i , kho t a n g , n h a xfldng va m u a thiet hi phue VTi san xua't. Mot so t i n h hd trd ho ndng d a n t i e n t h u e da't ndng nghiep eua bo khac de md rong quy md san xua't, phat
4 8 Nghiin aiu Kmh t4s611 (436) - Thing 11/201S
Giai phdp phdt trien l(inh te
trien k i n h t e t r a n g t r a i (Vinh Phuc, Q u a n g Ninh, T h a n h Hda).
4.2. Diem yeii
ThUc tien "giai eflu" ndng s a n n h i l u ddt trong n a m 2017, 2018 cho tha'y, t r a n g t r a i v i n cdn nhieu r u i ro ca trong san xua't va trong tieu t h u san p h i m . Cac t r a n g t r a i san xua't quy mo Idn, ddi hdi d i u tfl von r a t Idn nhflng ludn chiu r u i ro trong tidu t h u san p h a m khi ed dich b e n h hoae khi k h u n g hoang thi trudng. Ty le r i t tha'p t r a n g t r a i ap dung va cd chflng n h a n ap dung quy t r i n h thtic h a n h san xuat td't (GAP). Dieu t r a n a m 2018, d mot sd' tinh m i l n B i c cho tha'y ehi cd 8,3%
t r a n g t r a i ehan nudi Idn ap dung VietGAHP trong chan nudi; tfldng tfl, ehi cd 6,2% t r a n g t r a i chan nudi b n cd hdp ddng lien ket san xua't tieu t h u san p h i m vdi doanh nghiep.
Khi cd dich bdnh trong vflng, cae t r a n g t r a i chan nudi ap dung GAP va dUdc chflng n h a n cd sd chan nudi an toan v i n chiu rui ro trong tidu t h u san p h i m . Thieu cd che' giam thieu rui ro gay r a cho t r a n g t r a i thiet hai ra't Idn khi ed k h u n g hoang gia nhfl ddt k h u n g hoang gia Idn hdi n a m 2017 da lam nhieu cd sd ehan nudi quy md Idn phai ngiing hoat ddng.
Mdt diem ye'u • q u a n trpng la ty le ehii trang trai va lao ddng trong t r a n g t r a i dfldc dao tao, cd chflng ehi dao tao cdn t h i p . Ke't qua dieu t r a ndng, lam, t h u y san n a m 2016 eho t h i y 48,6% chu t r a n g t r a i chUa qua ldp dao tao chuyen mdn nao, 27,8% cd qua dao tao chuyen mdn nhflng chUa cd chflng chi, 4,5% chu t r a n g trai cd chflng chi n g h i , chi cd 19,2% chu t r a n g t r a i cd t r i n h dp tfl sd c i p nghe trd len; p h i n Idn chu lao ddng thieu ky nang quan tri t r a n g t r a i , k i l n thflc thi trfldng, thieu hieu biet ve quy dinh va chinh sach cua n h a nUdc doi vdi san xua't eua t r a n g t r a i (Hoang Vu Quang, 2018).
Nghien cflu ciia Phfldng Dung (2017) ehi r a rang, p h i n Idn chu t r a n g t r a i hien n a y edn thie'u thdng tin ve thi trfldng ndng san, khoa hpc ky t h u a t va quan 1^; t h i l u vd'n san xua't de p h a t trien lau dai. Thdng thfldng, ho eung lung tung va chiu t h u a thidt khi gia ndng san
xudng t h i p , tieu t h u san p h i m gap khd k h a n , hay phai lap lai diep khuc "dUde mfla ma't gia" va ddi khi p h a i nhd tdi Chinh p h u
"giai cflu". 50% doanh nghidp dUde dieu t r a cho rang: viee thie'u da't va m a t b i n g la can trd chinh yeii n h a t de hp d i u tU va p h a t trien san xua't kinh doanh b k h u vflc ndng nghidp ndng thdn; 67,7% doanh nghiep ndng nghiep d a n h gia chinh sach da't dai khdng t h u a n ldi, gay can trd hoat ddng san x u i t kinh doanh ciia hp. P h a n Idn da't de lam t r a n g trai la d i t thue, da't da'u t h i u n e n khdng du dieu kien dam bao vay ngan h a n g . Viec c i p g i i y ehflng n h a n kinh t e t r a n g t r a i hien nay khdng ed gia t r i ve kinh te, khdng t h e the c h i p vay vd'n ngan hang. Ben canh dd, t r i n h dp, nang Itlc ciia eae chu t r a n g tr^i cdn nhieu h a n che, nhieu ngfldi chfla q u a n t a m den viee d l nghi c i p gia'y chflng n h a n kinh te' t r a n g trai, do t a m giay nay chfla m a n g lai nhiing t h u a n ldi cho viec phat trien kinh te' t r a n g trai (P.A., 2017).
Ve mat chinh sach cho kinh te t r a n g t r a i , sau g i n 20 n a m , Nghi quyet 03/2000/NQ-CP van dang cd hieu lflc t h i h a n h , cho du n h i l u chinh saeh v l d i t dai, tin diing da thay ddi, nhieu chinh sach d a n h cho kinh te t r a n g t r a i trong v a n b a n n a y khdng cdn phu hdp.
Hoac nhfl trong chinh sach tin dung, mac du Nha nudc da b a n h a n h nhieu chinh sach hd trd eho kinh te t r a n g t r a i nhUng nhflng chinh sach dd lai n a m r a i rac b cac van b a n khac nhau. Viet Nam v i n chfla cd mot v a n b a n mang t i n h h e thdng tich hdp t i t ca nhflng chinh sach dd, t h a m chi cd nhieu quy dinh cdn chfla rd r a n g .
Tieu chi t r a n g t r a i hien h a n h khdng p h u hdp vdi thilc te. Cd t r a n g t r a i dap flng ve quy md dien tich nhflng lai khdng dap flng ve doanh t h u (vi du t r a n g t r a i trdng eay h a n g nam), cd t r a n g t r a i dap flng ve doanh t h u thi khdng dap flng ve tieu chi dien tich (vi du t r a n g t r a i hoa, t r a n g t r a i eong nghe eao, t r a n g t r a i san xua't san p h i m c h i t Ifldng cao,..). Tieu ehi ddi vdi t r a n g t r a i lam nghiep q u a cao n e n r i t it ho d a t t i e u ehi. Ngoai r a .
Nghiin aiu Kinh tSs611 (436) - Thing 11/2018 49
Giai phdp phdt trien Idnh te ,
hien tai trang trai dang dfldc dinh nghia la ho san x u i t quy md Idn ma chUa cd quy dinh trang trai la mdt hinh thfle td chfle san x u i t quy md Idn. Theo dd, t r a n g t r a i cd t h e do nhieu hd ddng lam chu. Trong thfle te', da ed trudng h(3p mdt so' hd ndng dan gdp dat de cung san x u i t theo md hinh canh ddng Idn.
Mot each tiep can mdi theo dd t r a n g t r a i la mot ddn vi san x u i t ed t h e do mdt hp hoac n h i l u hd ddng thdi lam chu hoac mdt hd cd the lam chii nhieu t r a n g t r a i se tao t h u a n ldi hdn cho sfl phat trien kinh t e trang trai, khuyen khich cac hd quy md nhd cung n h a u gdp t u lieu san x u i t d l to chfle san xuat quy md Idn. Tieu chi t r a n g t r a i hien h a n h mdi tap trung vao quy md s a n . x u i t cua t r a n g t r a i ma chua quan tam den va'n de quan tri trang trai d l dam bao hoat dong cua trang t r a i dUde minh bach va giam rui ro, qua do tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi cho t r a n g t r a i tiep can dich vu nhfl tin diing, bao hiem, lien ke't chudi...
5. K i t l u a n
Ben canh nhflng minh ehflng ndi t r e n va rut kinh nghiem tfl nhflng ddt "giai cflu" ndng san tren toan qud'c, d l kinh te' t r a n g trai phat t r i l n nhanh, b i n viing nhu dinh hudng trong De an cd c i u lai ndng nghiep theo hUdng nang cao gia tri gia tang va phat t r i l n ben vflng, c i n thd'ng n h i t mdt sd' quan diem ve vai trd va (tinh hudng phat trien trang trai. Kinh te trang trai phai dUde coi la ddn vi td ehflc san x u i t nen tang cua nen ndng nghidp hien dai, edng nghe cao de d i y n h a n h viec cd gidi hda, ling dung cdng ngh§ cao, edng nghe hien dai, giam gia t h a n h san x u i t , nang cao c h i t lfldng san pham, sflc canh t r a n h va tao t h u a n ldi cho hen k i t chuoi gia tri. Trang t r a i khdng chi la ddn vi san x u i t hang hda quy md Idn, ma phai la ddn vi san x u i t dUdc quan tri td't ve rui ro, v l lao dpng va tai chinh, gdp p h i n lam giam rui ro cua ca nen ndng nghiep.
Ve chinh saeh cu the, Chinh p h u c i n cd mdt nghi dinh rieng v l p h a t trien kinh te trang trai, t h i hidn ro quye't tam cila Chinh phu trong viee phat trien kinh te trang t r a i
va quy dinh cae chinh sach flu dai, ho trd, tao t h u a n ldi cho q u a n ly n h a nflde v l kinh t l t r a n g trai. Nghi dinh cua Chinh phu mdi dii can cfl cho vide c i p g i i y ehflng n h a n trang trai.
l i e n quan den viec xay dung tieu chi mdi ve kinh te t r a n g t r a i , t r a n g t r a i nen dfldc coi la mdt h i n h thflc td ehflc san x u i t nong nghiep. Trang t r a i ed t h e do mot hd ndng d^n hoac n h i l u hp ndng d a n ddng chii sd hiiu.
Tfldng tu, mdt hp ndng d a n ed t h e lam chii, t h a m gia ddng chii sd hflu n h i l u trang trai, Quy dinh nhfl vay tao t h u a n ldi cho nhilu ho ndng dan gdp dat, vd'n td chfle san x u i t quy md Idn de t h u hfldng ehinh sach ho trd kinh te t r a n g trai.
Tieu chi quy md san x u i t eua trang trai chi n e n ap dung hoac v l dien tich hoac vl doanh thu. Quy tiinh nhU vay p h u hdp vdi thflc te hien h a n h . Ngoai ra, trang trai phai dap flng cac quy dinh khac cua phap luat vl quy hoach vung san x u i t , quy hoach sti dung da't, quy (iinh v l mdi trfldng. Trang trai cin p h a i cd chflng n h a n ap d u n g cac quy trinh san x u i t td't hoac co chflng n h a n . Trong thdi gian hien nay, n e n cd tieu ehi khuyen khich t r a n g t r a i ap dung cac h e thd'ng quan tri rui ro, quan tri lao ddng, q u a n tri tai chinh, ap dung eac quy t r i n h san x u i t tdt (GAP). Viec ap dung cac tieu ehi khuye'n khich cd the nhi(
dieu kien t h u a n ldi hdn cho trang trai thu hudng chinh sach hd trd cua Nha nUdc va tie'p can dich vu.
Hdn nfla, eac chinh sach flu dai, hd trd cua Nha nude eho t r a n g t r a i c i n t a p trung vao tao t h u a n ldi tie'p can d i t , t h u e d i t , tiep can tin dung, hd trd lai sua't tin dting, ap dung cac quy t r i n h thfle h a n h san x u i t tdt (GAP), quan tri t r a n g t r a i td't, lidn k i t chudi gia tri, dao tao lao dpng t r a n g t r a i , xay dflng nhan hieu san p h i m , dang ky sxt dung thfldng hieu, quang ba san p h i m , bao hiem rui ro...
C i n hd trd chu t r a n g t r a i hpc n g h i ca ky t h u a t va quan t r i t r a n g trai. Chinh sach flu dai e i n flu tien cho cac t r a n g t r a i ap dung H thdng q u a n tri t r a n g trai./.
5 0 Nghien cAi Kinh tds611(486) • Thing 11/2018
Giai phdp phdt trien l(inh te ,
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. D6 T u y a Nhung (2016), giai phap phat tri^n kinh 1^ trang trai trfin dia hkn huydn Phii Xuyen, thflnh phd Ha Ndi, Luan vdn thac sy. Hoc vien ndng nghidp Viet Nara.
2. Hoang Vu Quang (2018), Hi^u bie't va ky nang ciia hd chan nudi Ion quy m d Idn 6 mdt sd tinh m i l n Bic, Bdo cdo kit qud nghien cihi cua Viin Chinh sdch vd chien luoc phdl trien ndng nghiep ndng thdn.
3. H o ^ g Vu Quang, Pham Duy KhSnh, Bui Quang Nguyen, Biii TuSh Anh, Nguyin Van Ba (2016), lien ket san xu^t, tieu thu san p h ^ chan nudi: thuc trang va chinh sach, Bdo cdo kit qud nghien cicu ciia Vien Chinh sach vd chien luoc phdt trien nong nghiip nong thon.
4. Hoang Vu Quang. Ta Van Tudng (2017). HiSu qua quy md trong chan nudi Ion thjt 6 Viet Nam, Tap chi Nong nghiep vd phdt tnen ndng thon, ky 11: 13-2
5. Le Tlii Mai Huong (2015). Hidu qua kmh t€ cua cac trang trai chan nudi heo 6 Ddng Nai, Tap chi Phdt Trien kinh te'dia phuong. sd 25(35), 99-104.
6. Tdng ciic TTidng ke (2018), Ket qud tdng dieu tra nong thdn, nong nghiep vd thuy sdn ndm 2016, Nxb thdng ke-2018.
7. Ngd Xuin TO3JI V^ D 6 Thj Thanh Vinh (2014), Ph^t tri^n md hinh kinh t^ trang trai tren dia hkn huyen
hung nguyen, tinh ngh6 an. Tap chi Khoa hoc Trudng dqi hoc Cdn Tho, 31 (2014): 97-106.
8. L e Xuan LSm (2012), http://www.vusia.vn /vi/news/Thong-tin-Su-kien-Thanh-tuu-KH-CN/Phat- trien-kinh-te-trang-trai-trong-thoi-ky-day-manh-Cong -nghiep-hoa-Hien-dai-hoa-nong-nghiep-nong-thon-o- nuoc-ta-42046.htnil, truy cSp 7-12-2018.
9. Hiuong Dung (2017), httpB://bnews.vn/iAat-trien- ben-vung-kinh-te-trang-trai-can-chinh-sach-moi-hieu- qua-hon/54804.hlral, truy cap 7-12-2018.
lO.P.A. (2017), https://bnews.vn/phat-trien-kinh-te- trang-trai-gap-kho-ve-von-va-dat-dai/66709.html, truy cap 7-11-2018.
I I . T a p chi Cdng san (2010), htip://www.tapchi congsan.org. vn/Home/Nghicncuu-Traodoi/2010/874/K inh-te-trang-trai-mot-lua-chon-theo-huong-phat-trien.a spx, truy cap 7-11-2018.
Ngay nhan bai: 20-8-2018 Ngay nhfln ban siia: 14-9-2018 Ngky duyet dang: 8-10-2018
Nghiin ciiu Kinh t4s611(436) • Thing 11/2018 51
