Phat trien chuoi cung iJng dich vu du lich Viet Nam
• • • •
theo hu'dng ben vCfng
D 6 MINH PHtTdNG"
ChuSi cung tfng dich vu du lich Vidt Nam trong thtfi gian qua da gop p h i n vao thanh c6ng cua nganh du lich, dtfa ntftfc ta troT thanh mdt trong 10 quo'c gia co mtfc tang trtfdng du lich nhanh nhat the' gitfi. M^c du v§y, do chudi cung tfng dich vu cua ntfdc ta phat tri^n ttf phat, thie'u dinh htfdng cua Nha ntfdc, ndn chtfa CO dtftfc md hinh lien ke't co tinh hi^u qua. Nghien ctfu phat trien chudi cung tfng dich vu du lich cf Vi$t Nam theo htfdng ben vtfng, dam bao hai hoa cac Itfi ich kinh t§', van hoa - xa hdi va mdi trtftfng cua mdi dia phtfdng, ciing nhtf toan lanh tho n h i m phat trien du lich trd thanh nganh kinh td' miii nhon;
chid'm ty trong ngay cang cao trong cd ca'u GDP, tao ddng Itfc thiic day phat triin kinh te - xa hdi la het stfe cap thidt.
CHUOI piCH VU DU LICH THEO HL/CfNG BEN V I J N G
Cac nguyen tac phat trid'n chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich theo hifdng ben vflng
Nghign cuti dffa trgn khdi niem cua Luat Du lich Vigl Nam (2017)- "Phdt tnen du lich ben vdng Id sU phdt trien du lich ddp ling dong thdi cdc yeu cdu ve kinh te~ xa hdi vd mdi trudng, bdo ddm hdi hoa
lgi ich cUa cdc ehu the tham gia hogt dpng du hch, khdng ldm tdn hgi den khd ndng ddp ihig nhu cdu ve du hch trong tuang lai", deldm cdn ciixdc dinh nguyin tac phdt Irien chudi cung dng dich vu du lich Viet Nam theo hudng ben vdng. Theo dd, cac nguyen tac cd ban dffdc xac dinh nhff Hinh.
Tff cac nguygn lac phat trig'n chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich neu trgn, tde gia xdc dinb dffdc 3 nhom nguyen tac phdt trie'n chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich theo hifdng ben vffng, bao gom:
- Hieu dffdc nhu cau khdch hang ve san pham du
HIMH: C A C NGUYEM TAG C d B A N P H A T TRIEM C H t l O l CUISG CftSG DICH VU DG LICH T H E O HCfCiMG BEM V C I N G
Hleii difdc ban • ^ ^
• dang 6 diu W
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•flenhanhmpt nghien ctfu ctf ban ban daade xac dinh
d6 ben viing trong chufii cung ling hien
tai ciia minh
Xac dinh ban muon didau
Xay dtfng mpt chinh sach, tiin chuan, muc tieu va ke hoach hanh dong ben viing cho
chuoi cung ling
>'ang cao nhan thik, iay dimg nang hic va dira ra cac giai thirffngdegjiipcac nha cung cap dat duac
muc dich ben^TjJig
Nguon- Tac gia n
Giam sat, danh gia va cii tien hoat
dgng cita cacnhi cung cap trong viec dat duffc muc tieu
ben\Ting
n cu'u va he thong hoa
'Khoa Khach san Du lich, Trifdng Dai hoc Thifdng mai
65
MGHIEN CCfG - TRAO DOI
lich, san pham du lich can phat trien theo hu'dng ben vffng tren cO sd phan loai gia tri lai nguygn du lich mot each ben vffng, ro rdng theo cap do quo'c gia.
- Tao kg't ca'u ha tang thong tin chudi cung ffng, sff lien ke't, md'i quan he hop tac cac thanh vign trong chudi can ben vffng. Khi chuoi cung ffng dich vu van hdnh, cac thdnh phan trong chudi phai dffOc phd'i hop chat che vdi nhau dg' ddp ffng tot nha't cac ygu cau cua khdch hang. Vai tro phd'i hdp chudi cung ffng thuoc ve nha tich hdp dich vu du lich. Day dffOc xem la thanh phin co't loi ctia mot chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich.
- Phai nhdn dffdc sif ho trd, ung ho cua cpng dong dia phffong; phai dem lai ldi ich ben vffng cd ve kinh te', van hda, xa hpi va moi trffdng.
Dieu kien phat trig'n chuoi cung iJng dich vu du lich theo hffofng b^n vifng
Theo Ellinger vd cong sif (2000), cdc thdnh vien tham gia hop tac trong chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich can co: (1) Sff tin tffdng, sif chia se thdng tin, de cung dffa ra quyg't dinh; (2) Sff cam kg't vl cac quye't dinh chung; va (3) Van dung cong nghe thdng tin vd cung chia se loi ich cung nhff nhffng rui ro trong qua trinh hdp tac. Theo do, viec xac dinh dffdc ban chd't, nguygn tac va dilu kign hop tde giup cac ben tham gia xay dffng md'i quan he ben vffng, higu qua ciing nhif dam bao loi ich rieng cd cua cac thdnh vien.
Nicole Hausler (2016) cho rang, cd 4 nguyen tde chu yg'u trong phdt tnen san pha'm du lich, bao gom: (i) Phai phdn dnh dffdc cdc thuoc tinh ciia diem dg'n; (ii) Phai cd SI/ hd trd, ling hp ciia cdng ddng dia phifOng;
(iii) Khdng pha buy mdi trffdng Iff nhien vd van hda, xd hpi; va (iv) Phai tao dffdc sff khac biet dd'i vdi do'i thu canh tranh, tranh hien tffdng "dong phuc/sao chep".
Vien Nghien cifti phal_ trie'n du hch - ITDR (2017) cho rang, phat irie'n chuoi cung ffng dich vu du lich theo hffdng bgn vffng can phai dffa trgn sif kg't hdp cua cac yg'u td' sau: (1) Phat triin nguon nhdn life du hch cd cha't Iffdng; (2) Xay dffng kg't ca'u ha tang du hch phu hdp; (3) Cd chinh sdch phat trien du lich va phdt tnen san pham du lich phu hdp; va (4) Co che'kich cau du lich phdt trien.
Ke'thffa cdc nghign cu\i tru'dc, tac gia xdc dinh cac dieu kien de phat Irig'n chuoi cung ffng dich vu du lich theo hifdng ben vffng, bao gom: (1) Dieu kign ve lai nguygn du hch; (2) Dieu kien ve sff hop tde, hgn ke't giffa cdc thdnh vign trong chudi; (3) Dieu kien ve nguon nhan Iffc du lich chat lifting cao; (4) Dieu kien ve ke't ca'u ha lang vd cd sd vdt chd't ky thuat du Hch phii hop; (5) Dieu kign ve chinh sach phat trien chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich va (6) Dieu kign vi cau phat trien du lich.
c a sd XAY D U N G C H U 6 I C U N G L ^ G D I C H V U DU LjCH VIET NAM THEO HU'CKNG BEN VuSlG
Dieu kien ve tai nguyen du lich
Vigt Nam la quoc gia gidu cd ve lai nguyen du lich vdi cac di san thign nhien phong phu vd da dang da
tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho hoat d^ng eua chuoi cung ffng dich vu du lich phat tiign.
Tinh dg'n thdng 12/2019, Viet Nam cd 33 vifdn qud'c gia; 9 khu Ramsar; 9 khu dff^
trff sinh quyg'n thg' gidi; 2 khu di san thg' gidi; 10 khu vffdn di san ASEAN; 13 di san van hda phi vat the dffdc Uy ban tign chinh phu ve bao ton Di san phi vat the thudc To chffc Giao due, Khoa hpc vd Van hda cua Lien hdp qud'c (UNESCO) ghi danh; 8 di san vdt the va danh tiiang difpc cong nhan la Di san the'gidi; hang chuc nghin di tich lich sff van hda, danh lam thang cdnh, trong do cd 85 di tich dffdc xe'p hang di tich quo'c gia dac bigt, 3.329 di tich xe'p hang di tich qud'c gia va 9.857 di tich cd'p tinh.
Ben canh dd, Viet Nam cung cd nhieu liem ndng v l du lich bien dao khi sd hffu dffdng bd bien dai hdn 3.260km va hdn 3.000 hon dao, vdi nhffng bd cdt trdng, vinh big'n hoang so, nhu'ng hon dao nhiet ddi quanh nam tffdi td't..
Di^u kign v^ sif hdp tac, lign k§'t gifl'a cac thanh vidn trong chudi
O cac dia phifdng, sff phd'i hdp de day manh phat trie'n san phd'm du lich, phat huy lilm nang du lich, xdy dffng cac chu'dng trinh du lich theo cdc tuye'n lign vung, phoi hpp ddo tao, boi dffdng can bg du lich da trd thanh nhu cau iff nhien. Cac sd quan ly du lich da hffdng dan, chl dao, ddn do'c cac dOn vi thffc hien cac dff an xay dffng san pha'm du lich, lien doanh, lap dff dn dau tff nhdm ldng cffdng md'i lien ke'l vung, md rong pham vi cdc chffdng tiinh du lich lign vimg, da dang hda vd nang cap chd't lifpng san pham du lich. Sff lien ket nay tuy mdi chi dffpc bat d^u d mpi sd' viing, nhimg Id nigl giai phdp dung ddn cd Idc dung lam ldng gid tii cua san pha'm du lich theo cdch tig'p can chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich.
Ngoai Higp hpi Du Hch Viet Nam, trong ITnh vifc du hch con cd cac nhdm khong chinh ihffc khac nhau thupc khu vuc kinh te' tif nhdn, hoat dong theo cP chg iif nguyen va xa h6i hda', cung ddng gdp tich cifc cho su phat trig'n du lich.
Digu kien v§ ngu6n nhan Iffc du lich chat Iffdng cao
Hien nay, ca nffdc co khoang I 3 trieu lao ddng du Hch, chig'm khoang 2,5%
long lao dong cffa ca mfdc, trong do chi CO 42% difpc dao tao vl du Hch 38%
difdc ddo tao tff cac ngdnh khac chuyg'n sang va khoang 20% chu'a qua dao tao chinh quy.
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Theo tho'ng ke cua Td'ng cue Du lich Vigt Nam, mdi nam nganh du lich cin them gan 40,000 lao dpng, nhffng Iifdng sinh vien, hpc vien chuyen nganh ra irffdng chi khoang 15.000 ngffdi/ndm.
Trong dd, chi hdn 12% cd trinh dp tff cao ddng, dai hpc tid len.
Dieu kien ve cd sd v^t chS't ky thu$t dg' du lich phat trien
Viec chuyen hoa nhdn thffc v l tde ddng quan trpng cua phdt triin du lich doi vdi phat Irien kinh te' - xa hpi thanh hanh dpng cu tiie' durpc thg' hign ro net nha't Irong chinh sach dau tif phat trien ke't cau ha lang va cd sd vat chd't - ky thuat du lich. Trong thdi gian qua, todn ngdnh va cac dia phffdng, dac biet la d cac dia ban trpng die'm du lich da phat huy ndi life, huy ddng von iff nhieu nguon de phat inen kg't ca'u ha tang va cO sd vat - cha't ky thuat du lich. Kg't qua dau tff nay la tign dg quan trpng de' cdi thign chat Iffdng va kha nang canh tianh cua chuoi cung iing djch vu du lich Viet Nam.
Theo thd'ng ke cua Td'ng cue Du dich, nam20l9,ca nffdc cd them llScostMifu tru Irong phan khuc tff 4-5 sao, trong dd CO 50 khdch san 5 sao va 68 khdch san 4 sao, difa long so'khach san 5 sao len con so 171 vd so'khach san 4 sao la 295. Vdi so khdch san 4-5 sao nay, ca nffdc hien CO 97.098 phong khdch san 4-5 sao. So lifflng Cd sd Iffu irii ndi chung Id 30.000, vdi hen 650.000 phong (tdng hdn 2.000 Cd s6 l^ffu tru so vdi ndm 2018).
Dieu kien ve chinh sach phat trien chu6i cung iJug dich vu du lich
Nhffng ndm qua, dd cd nhieu chinh sach va cd che' de thffc d^y du lich phat
Vinh Hi) Long - mot nong nhu'ng diem du lich CO chuoi cung ii'ng dich vu toi ciiy Viet Nam
trie'n vdi vai trd kinh te'mui nhpn, cd the' ke' de'n: Ngay 08/12/2014, Chinh phu da ban hanh Nghi quyg't so'92/
NQ-CP ve mdt so' giai phap dd'y manh phat trie'n du lich trong thdi k j mdi; Nghi quyg't so' 08-NQ/TW, ngay 16/01/2017 cua Bp Chinh tri da xac dinh, da't nffdc ta CO nhieu tilm ndng vd dff dia d l phdt trig'n du hch trd thanh nganh kinh te' mui nhpn. Can ddy nhd't, ngdy 22/01/2020, Thu tifdng Chinh phu da ban hanh Quye't dinh so' 147/QD-TTg ve viec phe duyet Chig'n lifpc phdt trien du lich Viet Nam dg'n nam 2030. Theo dd, muc tigu de'n nam 2025, Viet Nam tid thdnh die'm de'n hd'p ddn, phd'n da'u thudc nhom ba qud'c gia ddn dau ve phdt trien du lich trong khu vffc Dong Nam A va 50 quo'c gia cd ndng Iffc canh tranh du Hch hdng dau the' gidi. Tong thu Iff khach du lich dat 1.700-1.800 nghin ty dong (tffdng dffdng 77-80 ty USD), ldng trffdng binh qudn 13-14%/nam; ddng gdp irifc lie'p vdo GDP dat 12- 14%. D6ng tiidi, du lich tao ra khoang 5,5-6 trigu vigc lam, trong dd cd khoang 2 trieu viec lam trffc tie'p, tdng trffdng binh qudn 12-14%/ndm. Ddc biet, v l khach du hch pha'n da'u don dffdc it nha't 35 trieu lifOt khdch quo'c te' va 120 irieu Iffdl khach ndi dia, duy tri td'c dp tang trffdng binh quan ve khach qud'c tg' tff 12-14%/nam va khach noi dia Iff 6-7%/nam. Nhffng chu trffdng do da va dang dffdc thifc hien vdi nhffng hanh d^ng cu the', do la lien d l quan trpng dg' xay dffng chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich Viel Nam theo hu'dng ben vffng trong thdi gian tdi.
MOT SO GIAI PHAP
Dg' Ihffc hien muc tigu Chig'n Iffdc phdt trien du Hch Viet Nam de'n ndm 2030, va du'a du lich Viel Nam thffc sff tid thdnh nganh kinh tg' mui nhon, tao ddng life thuc diy sff phat trie'n cac ngdnh va ITnh vffc khac, gop phan quan trpng hinh thanh cd cd'u kinh te' hien dai, chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich phai phdt huy hieu qua lien ke't hd trd phat iriln san pha'm du lich. Theo do, can thffc hien tot mdt so giai phap sau:
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NGHIEN ecru - TRAO DOI
Thd nhdt, cdn phdt huy, khai thdc vd sii dung tai nguyin du lich Viet Nam, trong do ldy du lich di sdn Id hudng trgng tdm cd tinh chdt chia khoa hudng tdi muc liiu phdt triin du lieh trd thdnh ngdnh kinh temUi nhgn.
Dg' Ihffc Men dffdc muc tieu nay, can phai difa ra cac giai phap hffu higu ve bao tin vd phdt tri^n ben vffng dl san van hda trong phdt trien chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich.
Tint hai, ndng cao vai Iro eua caquan qudn ly nhd nudc. Cd quan quan ly nha nffdc can day manh xa hpi hda, huy dpng mpi thdnh phan kinh tg', nguon Iffc dau tff cho cd sd vat chat ky - thuat du lich; quy hoach sdp xe'p va xay dffng cac cd sd dich vu nhu:
nha nghi, y te", an ud'ng, vui ehdi giai tri.,,; Quan ly chat che cdc loai dich vu, phi dich vu phuc vu du khach; Nang cao y thffc phuc vu trong kinh doanh, trdnh ldm md't gid tri vdn hda truyen ihd'ng cua ngffdi Viet.
Cin ffu tien cho cdng tac quy hoach; Ho trp dau Iff xay dffng ke't ca'u ha tang dd thi du lich, khu du lich, diem du lich; Ho trO cong tac tuygn truyen, quang ba du lich, bao vg, ton tao tdi nguyen vd moi trffdng du Hch, nghien cffu, ffng dung khoa hpc va cdng nghe, phat trie'n nguon nban Iffc du Hch.
Can xem xet mpt cdch minh bach, ddn gian hda thu luc quye't dinh cd'p ngdn sdch va ca'p ngan sach dii, dung, nhanh theo Ip irinh.
Thii ba. ndng cao vai tro cdc hiep hpi du lich. Cdc doanb nghigp trong mfdc thdng qua cdc hiep hpi dg' CO Ihong tin vd kha ndng tie'p can vdi thi trffdng nudc ngoai, con cdc doanh nghiep nffdc ngoai thong qua cdc higp hpi d l de'n vdi cdc doanh nghigp trong nffdc.
Thd tu, ndng cao nhdn thiic cua cdng dong ddn cu dia phuong, xdy dung mdi trudng du lich nhdn van, ben vdng. Md nhffng khda tdp hua'n nham muc
dich nang cao nhdn thffc ye du lich cd trach nhiem cho cong dong, cac hpc vien du'dc truyen dai nhffng kie'n thffc ve du lich cd trdch nhigm; hdnh dpng cua cpng dong dd'i vdi du lich cd trach nhigm; cac nguyen tac ffng xff trong du lich; phat trig'n, xay dffng cac san phd'm du lich cd trdch nhiem, cd hieu qua kinh tg'trong du Hch .
Thd ndm, tdng cUdng lien kit, hgp tde giUa cdc thdnh viin trong chuoi cung dng dich vu du lich. Phdt trien du Hch ndi chung va phat tri€n chudi cung ffng dich vu du Hch ndi rieng phai gan vdi hpi nhap va lien ke't cdc vung kinh te, cdc hdnh lang kinh tg', cac khu, diem du lich trong nffdc. Dac biet, viec phat trie'n chudi cung ffng dich vu du lich tai quo'c gia se lao moi trffdng vi mo thudn ldi cho ngdnh du lich phdt trien, khai thac dffdc tiem nang va the'manh cua dd't nffdc ve du lich trong hdi nhdp va phat trien.
Thii sdu, ndng cao chdt lugng nguon nhdn luc du lich. Can huy dpng va sff dung higu qua mpi nguin Iffc, tang dau tff phdt tiien de bao dam du lich phdi huy vai tro la ngdnh kinh te' mui nhpn. Uu tign, ho trp phai tnen cac loai hinh du lich bie'n dao, du lich nghi difdng, du lich sinh thai, du lich van hda, du lich MICE (Meeting, Incentives, Conventions, va Exhibitions/event); ffu tien cac dif dn phai trign du Hch gan lien v6i bao ve mdi tnfdng va da dang sinh hpc, nhd't Id 6 cac vung sdu, vung xa, bien gidi, hai dao.O
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO _
1. Bp Chinh tn (2017). Nghi quyet sd 08-NQ/TW, ngdy 16/01/2017 ve phdt trien du lich trd thdnh ngdnh kinh temdi nhgn
2. Chinh phu (2014). Nghi quye't sd92/NQ-CP, ngdy 08/12/2014 vi mdt sdgiai phdp day manh phdt trien du lich trong thdi ky mdi
3.^ Thu tifdng Chinh phu (2020). Quye't^ dinh sd 147/QB-TTg, ngdy 22/01/2020 vi viec phe duyet Chiin luge phdt tnen du lich Viet Nam di'n ndm 2030
4. Tdng cue Du lich (2019). Bdo cdo tdng kit cdng idc nam 2019 vd pliuang hudng boat ddng ndm 2020
5. Vien Nghign cffu phdt trig'n du lich - ITDR (2017). Di dn plidi triin sdn plidm du lieh ddc tim viing Bdng bdng song Hdng
6. Chdu Anh (2017). Khdi niem phdt triin sdn phdm du lich, truy cap iff http://www vtr ore vn/
khai-niem-phal-trien-san-pham-du-lich.html ' ' ^' 1. Mai Anh (2019).Ndm 2019, du lich Viet dgt "ky tich" idng trudng, truy cap Iff https://moilruon2 net.vn/nam-2019-du-lich-viet-dat-ky-tich-tang-truong/ ' ^'
8. EHinger, A.E., Daugherty, P.J. and KeHer, S.B. (2000). The relationship between marketins/
logistics interdepartmental integration and performance in US manufacturing firms' i • • i study. Journal of Business Logistics, 21(1), 01-22 ' empirical
9. Frauke Kraas, Nicole Hausler (2016). Tourismusentwicklung in Myanmar
Rundschau, 68(9), 52-57 • '^-'so'.^raphische
