VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VTET NAM
TANG TRUONG KINH TE VA
G I A MNGHEO
6 HUYEN VI XUYEN, HA GIANG:
V A NDE VA GlAl
P H A P Bui Phuong Thuy'SUMMARY
Economic growth and poverty elimination in vixuyen distric, hagiang province:
status and solutions
In the article the author deales wiih assessing local natural and socio-economic resowses. economic growth and poverty elimination of Vi Xuyen distric. Ha Gians.
province in the years of 2005 - 2010. In die author's opinion, in condition of Vi Xuven distric. Ha Giang province, four breaking solutions should be paid much attentions that are as following : (i) bordegale economic development: (ii) step up economic - national defence development in frontier zone: (Hi) spacio - territorial organisation of development lines and areas with the aimes of activating difficult communes: (iv) environment protection.''.
Nam a vj tri gan nhu trung tam tinh Tia Giang, tilp giap vdi Trung Qudc, huyen Vj Xu\en la noi chuyen tiep gifra viing cao mii da phia bic va vimg mii dit phia lay, cho phep bu>d-i nay trd thanh dau moi giao luu kinh tl - xa hdi quan trgng Irong loan tmh va vdi 'Trung Qudc. Trong thdi ky dii mdi, Vi Xuyen da dat dugc nhilu thanh liru quan trgng vc tang truong kinh tl va giam ngheo, tung budc khlc phuc nhung kho khan, budc dau dn djnh va phat triln kinh tl - xa bdi. Tuy nhien, huyen Vj Xuyen vln la mdt hii>cn khd khan; ngheo ddi van cdn phd biln va la mdt vln dl dly birc xiic, doi hdi huyen phai cd nhung giai phap hfru hieu, ddng bd nhlm dat dugc tang trudng kinh te, xoa ddi giam ngbco \'a phat triln bin vfrng.
1. TANG TRUONG KINH TE
Mdt trong nhfrng thanh tuu ndi bat cua kinh tl Vj Xuyen nhfrng nam qua la tic do tang truong kinh te kha cao va dn djnh. Thdi ky 1996 - 2000 tdc do tang trirdn" kinh tl dat 1 1.0 %, thdi ky 2000 - 2005 dat 11.5 %, nam 2008 dat 14,3%. "Tdc do tren cao hon muc tang truong chung ciia ca tinh va nhilu huyen khac. Cac nganh kinh tl cong nghiep - xay dung cd toe do tang trudng manh nhit dat 26.0%; dich vu 17 0%' nganh nong - kim nghiep tang trudng 5,0 % (2008). Cimg vdi tang trudng kinh tl. co clu kinh te chuyen d|cb tich cue, giam dan ti trgng nganh ndng nghiep, tang li trong nganh cdng nghiep - xa.v dung va djch vu. Theo lanh thd, kinh t l ndng thdn vln chilm ty trong cao nhung CO xu hudng giam dan, d khu vuc thanh thj cd xu hudng ta.ig din; trong 24 xa, th! tran tin cac boat ddng kinh te diln ra soi ddng hon d hai thj trln Vi Xuyen, Viet Lam
\a cac xa ven du'dng quoc Id 2.
Hoc viC-n CH Dia li KI6 Khoa Dia li. Trudng DHSP Thai NPin guycn 640
Hgi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi. 2010
Trong bdi canh hdi nhap kinh te qudc te ngay cang sau rgng, huyen Vj Xuven cd nhieu dieu kien thuan Igi dc phat trien kinh tc "md", trao ddi cac mat hang ndng san, cong nghiep khai thac, du Ijch sang Trung Qudc, sir phat trien ciia nen san xuit hudng ra xuat khau dang thiic day khdng chi boat ddng ngoai thuang, du Ijch ma cdn thiic dly ca qua trinh tang trudng va phat trien kinh tc.
2. NHUNG TIEN BO TRONG
G I A MNGHEO
Thanh qua ve tang trudng va phat trien kinh te da gdp phan giam nhanh ti le ngheo ddi. Tir nam 2005 den nay trung binh mdi nam giam tir 6,0 den 7,0 % hg ngbco.
Ca ban khdng cdn tinh trang ddi kinh nien. Cac cbinh sach va du an ho trg cho ngudi ngheo thudc chuong trinh xda ddi giam ngheo dugc Idng ghep vdi chuong trinh giai quyet vice lam va cac chuong trinh phat trien kinh te - xa hdi da dugc trien khai va thuc hien cd hieu qua. Nhd lam tdt cdng tac xa hdi hda trong xoa ddi giam ngheo ma ngi luc dugc khai thac, sire dan dugc huy ddng tdi da. Sd hd thoat ngheo da tang len trung binh mdi nam co gan 800 bd thoat ngheo, nam 2008 cd 1762 hd da thoat ngheo, sd hg kha, giau ngay cang tang (nam 2008 dat 27,28 %); ddi sdng nhan dan ngay mgt dn djnh va nang cao ban. Kinh te tang trudng nhanh va cd lgi cho ngudi ngheo chinh la diem man chot trong thanh tich giai quyet mdi quan he gifra tang trudng kinh te va giam ngheo d huyen Vj Xuyen thdi gian qua. Sau 20 nam ddi mdi, thu nhap va mire sdng ciia da sd ngudi dan da dugc cai thien, do vay dac diem ngbco cung cd su thay ddi. Trudc day ngbco la do thieu luong thirc, thirc pham thi nay ca ban da dugc giai quyet.
Co nhieu nguyen nhan dan den ngheo d huyen Vj Xuyen : do nguon lire dau tu han che, thieu hoac khdng ddng bd ve chinh sach dau tu xay dung co' sd ha lang cho cac khu vuc khd khan, chinh sach khuyen khich san xuat, vdn tin dung, hudng dan each lam an, chinh sach trong giao due, y te, djnh canh djnh cir... Trong dd ndi bat len la cac nguyen nhan thieu vdn, thieu dat san xuat, thieu lao ddng, thieu kinh nghiem lam an va ddng ngudi. Dieu nay phan nao cho thay cac chinh sach phat trien kinh te con thieu sdt, chua dii manh cho phan bd va luan chuyen cac ngudn lire san xuat, kinh doanh. Co' hdi lam an, tim kiem thu nhap do su phat trien kinh te tao ra cho ngudi ngheo con ban che.
- Phdt trien kinh te gan vdi xdy dimg an ninh qudc phdng: Theo yeu cau phat trien kinh te ket hgp vdi dam bao an ninh qudc phdng Doan kinh te quoc phdng 313 (Doan KTQP 313) dugc thanh lap tir 2002, cd nhiem vu to chirc thuc hien dir an KTQP tren dja ban phia bac huyen Vj Xuyen gdm 4 xa bien gidi: Thanh Thiiy, "Thanh Dire, Lao Chai, Xin Chai, vdi 18 thdn ban, trong dd cd 8 thdn ban giap vdi bien gidi Viet - Trung cd chieu dai bien gidi hon 28,7 km. Toan viing cd dien tich 148,53 km", dan sd 5265 ngudi, cd 9 dan tdc sinh sdng trong dd chii yen la dan tdc Dao va Mdng. Day la 4 xa DBKK, xa bien gidi va thudc dien diu tu ciia Chuong trinh 135 giai doan IT Tinh den nay, tren dja ban cac xa vimg du an KTQP, Doan da trien khai xay dung 10 cdng trinh thiiy lgi nhd, phuc vu tudi nude cho hon 300 ba rugng va nude sinh boat cho 350 hd gia dinh, dam bao cho khai hoang, phuc hda va gieo trdng 2 vu; xay dung mgt cdng trinh ha the phuc vu dien sinh hoat cho 65 hd vdi tren 300 nhan khau, mgt cdng trinh nude sinh boat cho 14 hd/140 khlu; 2 Idp bgc thdn ban; ho trg trdng 30 ha ngo lai. 132 con trau bd, 358 ha thao qua. Dac biet tir viec trong thao qua cd hieu qua kinh tc. phii hgp vdi khi bau thd nhudng nen trong nhfrng nam qua, nhan dan 4 xa da trdng them
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010 ®^^
VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
dugc tren 1 nghin ha. nhd dd ma rirng dugc bao ve tdt ban. ba con cd thu nhap dn djnh hon.
3. NTIUKG V A N D E DAT RA DOI VOl T4NG TRUONG KINTI TE v A G I A M NGHEO Tang trudng kinh tl d mirc cao, dn djnh trong thdi gian dai va ca cau cac nganh CO su chuyin djch theo hudng tich cue da lam thay ddi bd mat ndng thdn va cai thien ddi sdng nhan dan. nhimg do dilm xuit phat dilm ciia nen kinh te thap nen quy md va co clu ciia nIn kinh te chua dap iing dugc yeu clu ciia sir nghiep cdng nghiep boa, bien dai boa. Co clu kinh tl da budc diu chuyin djch tich cue theo hudng tang dan ty trgng cac nganh cdng nghiep - xay dung va dich vu, nhung qua co clu kinh te van cho thay nen kinh te cua huyen van dua vao ndng ngliiep la chii yeu, cdn kem nang ddng d kliu vuc djch vu.
Su chenh lech ve thu nhap va phan boa giau ngheo cd xu hudng gia tang, khoang each chenh lech gifra nhdm giau va nhom ngheo la 3,5 lan, gifra vimg niii thap va viing niii cao la 1.05 lln, gifra dan tdc Kinh va dan tdc thieu sd la 3,4 lan. giua thanh thj va ndng thdn la 12,6 lln, so hd ngheo mdi phat sinh hang nam cdn cao. Nam 2008 so hg ngheo mdi phat sinh la 499 hd. Co hdi tiep can va birdng thu cac thanh qua ciia sir phat trien cung cd sir khac biet dang ke giua nhdm giau va nhdm ngheo.
Mac dii tang trudng kinh te da lam cho ti le ngheo ddi giam dang ke trong thdi gian qua nhung tinh trang ngheo ndi chung cdn rat da dang : tinh trang thieu an hang nam tu mdt den ba thang chii yeu d ddng bao dan tdc thieu sd d cac vimg sau, xa. Nhieu hg ngbco cdn phai d nha tam, chua cd dien sinh boat, thieu dieu kien de phat trien san xuat, chua tiep can dugc thj trudng, trinh do chuyen mdn kT thuat ban che,...
Huyen Vj Xuyen thugc dien huyen mien nui va vimg dan tdc thieu sd cd trinh do phat trien thap, dieu kien phat trien khd khan. Tren dja ban huyen chi cd 2 thj tran Vj Xuyen va Viet Lam thudc khu vuc I, 22 xa thudc khu vuc II va III, trong cd 4 xa thudc khu vuc bien gidi cd dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi dac biet khd khan (DBKK). Trong huyen bien cdn 10 xa thudc dien dau tu ciia Chuong trinh 135 giai doan II {Lao Chdi, Xin Chdi, Thanh Dire, Thanh Thiiy, Thuan Hda, Minh Tdn, Cao Bo, Nggc Linh, Bach Nggc, Nggc .Minh); 9 xa thudc dien DBKK, xa bien gidi (Lao Chdi, Xin Chdi, Thanh Dire, Thanh Thiiy, Thuan Hda, Minh Tdn, Cao Bo, Nggc Minh, Qudng Ngdn, Thugng Son);
11 thdn ban DBKK. Cac xa tren deu co ti le hd ngheo cao, trong dd cd xa Thanh Dire cd ty le hd ngheo cao nhit 54,61 %, Nggc Minh 49,42 %, Minh Tan 48,68 % (2008).
Theo khdng gian co the nhan thay trinh do phat triln cua huyen Vj Xuyen phan hda ro rang thanh hai giai: Giai bien gidi Viet - Trung gdm cac xa Lao Chai, Xin Chai, Thanh Dire. Thanh Thiiy, Minh Tan; cac xa can thj xa Ha Giang va ven true Quoc Id 2, TT Vj Xuyen, TT Viet Lam cd dieu kien tuang ddi thuan lgi d l phat triln theo hudng kinh te ndng thdn - dd thi mien nui.
4. GlAl P H A P T A N G T R U O N G K I N H T E V A G I A M N G H E O BEN \\fNG Muc tieu eiia tang trudng kinh tl va giam ngheo bin vfrng ndi chung la phai khai thac bgp li, sir dung tiet kiem va cd hieu qua cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve moi trudng song, bao ve sir da dang sinh hgc, khlc phuc suy thoai va cai thien moi trudng. De thuc hijn dugc muc tieu tang trudng kinh t l va giam ngheo bin vfrng Vi Xu\en can phai nd lire hon nfra trong cdng tac trdng va bao vc rirng, cai thicn chit
642 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Toan qud'c la'n th&S-Hd Ngi, 2010
VIEN DIA LY - VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI D j A LY VIET NAM
hrgng mdi trudng sdng d ca khu vuc ndng thdn va dd thj, sir dung hgp li cac tai nguyen thien nhien, tuyen truyen, giao due cho ddng bao cac dan tdc ve bao ve moi trudng va phat trien bt-n vfrng. Do dd, dc tang trudng kinh tc va giam ngheo nhanh, bin vfrng ben canh viec thuc bicn cac chinh sach, Chuong trinh ciia Dang va Nha nude (Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia xoa ddi giam ngheo, giai quyet viec lam, Chuong trinh 134, 135...), huyen Vj Xuyen phai thuc hien ddng thdi cac giai phap sau :
- Tiep tiic ddy mgnh phdt trien khoa hgc - cdng nghe, day hi cdng cu chii >lu de nang cao nang suat, chat hrgng va hieu qua ciia mgi boat ddng kinh te xa hdi. Vi vay cin day nhanh vice irng dung cac tien bd k T thuat va ddi mdi cdng nghe trong mgi ITnh vuc tir san xuat, djch vu den quan li.
- Tdng cudng cdc bien phap huy ddng vdn de thiic day tang trudng kinh te nhanh va on djnh. Vdi phuang tbirc huy ddng tdi da mgi ngudn vdn trong nhan dan vao viec phat trien kinh tc nen huyen Vj Xuyen phai tranh thii mgi co' bdi nham thu hiit vdn nude ngoai, trudc mat khuyen khich nude ngoai dau tu vao cdng nghiep die bien nong - lam san, dau tu khai thac mdt sd khoang san (sat, man gan, chi- kem). Vdn vay ODA nen tap trung dau tu vao cac cdng trinh ve co' sd ha tang giao thdng, vi en thong, thuy lgi, dien...
- Phdt trien thi trirdng hudng vao viec thiic day gan ket vdi thj trudng trong tinh, vdi cac tinh trong ca nude va vdi nude ngoai tren co' sd phat trien kinh te hang hda nham dap irng nhu can lieu dimg ciia nhan dan. Tap trung vao cac mat hang ma huyen cd the manh, cac mat hang truyen thdng, quan tam den thj trudng viing sau, xa, viing dong bao dan tdc thieu sd va DBKK,
- Phdt triin todn dien ngudn nhdn lire vd phdt trien con nguai : Trudc bet la dau tu phat trien giao due dao tao, day dugc coi la giai phap ca ban cte phat trien con ngudi, do dd can phai lirng budc nang cao bieu qua va tinh thiet thuc ciia giao due, thuc hien hd trg va cdng bang ban trong giao due ddi vdi ngudi ngheo. Nang cao chat lugng ngudn lao ddng va giai quyet viec lam bang each day manh cdng tac day nghe, hd trg day nghe gan vdi giai quyet viec lam, cho vay vdn tao viec lam, tang cudng thuc hien cdng tac xuat khau lao ddng.
- Phdt trien loan dien cdc nganh kinh le: phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng thon bang each xay dung ndng nghiep theo hudng hien dai boa, than thien vdi mdi trudng, phat trien manh cong nghiep va djch vu d ndng thdn; nang cao ddi sdng ngudi dan d ndng thdn, nhat la cac viing khd khan. Trong cdng nghiep dau tu phat trien manh cac nganh cdng nghiep phuc vu phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng thdn; md rdng cac moi lien ket gifra cdng nghiep va tieu thii cdng nghiep, phat trien cdng nghiep khai thac, che bien khoang san vdi cdng nghe tien tien va quy md hgp ly, dam bao cd hieu qua kinh te va bao ve moi trudng, xiic tien xay dung va hoan thien khu cdng nghiep Binh Vang; khuyen khich phat trien cac loai binh djch vu, du Ijch; phat trien kinh te cira khau dac biet la khu kinh te cira khau Thanh Thuy.
- Hodn thien vd thuc hien cd hieu qua cdc chinh sdch xod ddi gidm ngheo vd cdc chinh sdch an sinh xd hdi. Trudc bit, la cac cbinh sach tao dieu kien cho ngudi ngheo phat trien san xuit, tang thu nhiip thdng qua cac boat ddng: bd trg tin dung, ho trg dat san xuat cho hd ngheo; hd trg diu tu ca sd ha ting thiet yeu cho cac xa ngheo. xa dac biet khd khan, xa bien gidi. Thir bai, la tao dilu kien cho ngudi ngheo tiep can cac djch
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010 643
VIEN DIA LY • VIEN KH&CN VIET NAM HOI DIA LY VIET NAM
VU xa hdi ca ban binh ding thong qua cac boat ddng: hd trg ngudi ngheo tiep can cac dich \'u \ tl. chain sdc sire khoe. giao due; hd trg ngudi ngheo ve dat d, nha d, nude sinh boat. Thir ba, nang cao nhan thirc. nang luc ciia cac cap, cac nganh, cac td chirc va ngudi dan \ e xoa ddi giam ngheo.
- Phdt irien kinh ti gdn vai xdy dung an ninh qudc phdng: Doan kinh te qudc phdng da tra nen gin gui doi vdi nhilu ngudi dan d mgt sd xa huyen Vj Xuyen. Tii' khi cd Doan kinh le khdng nhfrng tinh hinh an ninh chinh trj, trat tu an toan xa hdi tren dja ban dugc giii' vfrng, ma nhilu hd da thoat ngheo. Cimg vdi dia phuong thuc hien tdt cugc van ddng xay dirng gia dinh
\'an hda, lang, ban van hda,.. Thuc hien phat triln kinh te - xa hdi gifr vung qudc phong an ninh la \eu clu tit ylu klmch quan, cd tinh quy luat Ijch sir va la mgt quan diem cd y nghia cbiln luge vd cimg quan trgng. Hai nhiem nay phai dugc thdng nhat vdi nhau nham thuc hien cac muc tieu phat trien da de ra.
- Phdt trien kinh ti cira khdu : trong boi canh hdi nhap kinh te qudc te, cira khau quoc gia Thanh Thuy la ciia ngd ndi lanh thd Vj Xuyen va thj xa Ha Giang vdi huyen Chau Van Son tinh Van Nam (Trung Qudc). Cimg vdi khu kinh te cira khau Thanh Thiiy vira dugc Thu tudng Cbinh plui quylt djnh thanh lap ngay 15/1/2010 se tao the "md" cho phat trien kinh te - xa hdi. gdp phan thiic day boat ddng ngoai thuong, tang ngudn thu ngan sach cho huyen. Tuy nhien, de thuc hien cd hieu qua giai phap tren huyen can cd su ddi mdi ve ca che quan li cac the che kinh te phii hgp vdi nen kinli te thj trudng trong bdi canh hdi nhap kinh te qudc te.
- Td chirc cdc khdng gian phdt trien .' (1) Td chiic cac tuyen phat trien : dd la tuyen phat trien dgc qudc Id 2 chay tii' cira khau quoc gia Thanh Thiiy qua thj xa Ha Giang - thj Iran Vj Xii)'en - thj Iran Viet Lam, day khdng chi la tuyen giao thdng buyet mach ciia huyen ma con la tuven qudc Ig quan Irgng ciia ca tinh va ca nude. Viec binh thanh tuyen kinh te dgc qudc 16 2 se thiic day kinh te cac dja phuong nhanh chdng phat trien, md rdng giao luu van hda - xa hdi. (2) Td chirc cac vimg phat trien : qui hoach vimg ddng luc phat trien la viing dgc quoc 16 2 bao gdm hai thj Iran Vj Xuyen, thj tran Viet Lam, cac xa Dao Dire, Linh Hd Viet Lam, Thanh Thiiy, can tien hanh xay dung cac bang muc theo quy hoach, tiep tue keu ggi dau tu phat trien thuong mai - djch vu theo hudng dd thj hda cac trung tam cum xa lam ddng lire thiic da}' phat trien kinh te, van hda - xa hdi ciia khu vuc va toan huyen; cac vimg can hd trg phat trien la cac xa DBKK va cac xa KV 111. Ddng thdi xay dung md binh 4 xa (Trung Thanh, thj Iran Vj Xuyen, Thugng Son, Lao Chai) phat trien toan dien, dai dien ciia 3 tilu vimg kinh te ciia huyen.
- Gdn phdt trien kinh le vdi sir dung hgp ly ngudn tdi ngu)'en, bdo ve mdi trudng. Tang cudng cdng tac quan ly nha nude ve tai nguyen, mdi trudng; tuyen truyin van ddng nhan dan bao ve tai nguyen dat, ngudn nude, rirng phdng bd, khoang san; xay dung quy hoach vl sir dung dat; cai thien dilu kien ve sinh, mdi trirdng. thu gom rac thai, nude thai d cac khu dan cu tap trung. dua chudng trai chan nudi gia siic ra xa nha, lam cac cdng trinh bgp ve sinh d cac gia dinh hd gia dinh ndng thon.
4. KET LUAN
Tdc do tang trudng kinh te va giam ngheo dat mirc cao trong nhu'iig nam qua da mang lai nhung hieu qua tich cue lam cho cugc song ciia ngudi dan huyen Vi Xuyen dugc cai thien ro ret. Tuy nhien, bicn nay cdn nhieu vln dl dat ra doi vdi tang trudng kinh tl va giam ngheo d Vj Xuyen : tdc do tang truong kinh tc cao nhirng chua bin vung, chat lugng tang trudng thap; tv' le
644 Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Toan qud'c lan th&S - Ha Ndi, 2010
iii-hco con cao, giam ngheo chua vfrng chac, nguy ca tai ngheo cdn Idn; khoang each giau ivglico va chenh lech ve thu nhap gifra cac nhdm dim cir va gifra cac vimg cd xu hudng gia tang.
Tap trung viio viec nang cao tdc do tang trudng kinh tc ddng thdi phai day manh .xoa ddi ngheo ding ihdi vdi cac giai phap bao ve tai ngii>en va mdi trudng sinh thai ./.
TAI LIEU THAM KH.YO
1. Bdo cdo chinh tri cua Ban chap hanh Dang bd huyen Vi Xuyen Idn ihu .\XII nhiem ky 2010- 2015, (Du thao).
2. Chuong trinh XDGN - GQVL huyen Vi Xuyen, IIa Giang ndm 2008.
3. Niin gidm thdng ke huyen Vi Xuyen, tmh lid Giang cac nam 2000, 2005, 2006, 2007,2008.
4. Ngheo. Bao cao Phat trien Vict Nam 2004. Bao cao chung ciia cac nha lai trg Ilgi nghj Tu van cac nha tai trg Vict Nam. Lia Ndi 2-3 / 12/ 2003.
5. Vu Thj Vinh, Tdng truong kinh te vdi giam ngheo trong qua trinh ddi nidi a Viet Nam. Tdm tat luan an Tien sT kinh te, Vien Kinh te - Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, Ha Ndi, 2009.
Hdi nghi Klioa hgc Dia ly Todn qud'c la'n th&S- Hd Ndi, 2010 645
