KINH TE CHIA SE (SHARING ECONOMY):
T H 6 I CO VA THACH THLfC DOI \6l QUAN LY VI MO
• NGUYIN HOANG QUY
TOM TAT:
Bai viet phdn tieh ldm rd 6 thdch thffc cd bdn eua Vidt Nam ti-ong qudn ly vi md ddi vdi sff phdt tiien cua nln kinh ti chia sd nhffng nam gin day. Cu thi Id: (i) thie'u mdt mdi trffdng kinh doanh thuan Idi; (ii) tao ra dp Iffc canh tranh rd't Idn ddi vdi cdc cdng ty kinh doanh dich vu truyen thdng tai Viet Nam; (iii) khd khan trong qudn ly, kiem sodt cdc doanh nghiep; (iv)khd quan 1^ thue'; (v) thieu hut nguIn lao dpng cd tnnh dd va (vi) thie'u hut cd sd ha tang. Trdn cd sd kl^t qua nghidn cff nay, tac gid dl xud't mdt sd gidi phdp gdp phan thuc da'y boat dpng qua 1^ VI md ciia Nha nffde d l tdn dunged hoi nen kinh td'ehia se,thue day sff phdt triln eiia eac doanh nghiep Viet Nam ndi ridng va nen kinh te nffde nhd ndi chung. Dong thdi, bai vid't ciing gdi '^ eae bien phap ffng phd vdi nhffng khd khan, thach thffc dd'i vdi hoat ddng quan ly nen kinh tl^ chia se hien nay vd trong ttfdng lai.
Tuf khoa: Kinh te chia se, thdi cd va thdch thffc, quan ly vimd, Viet Nam.
1. Md dau
Hidn nay, md hinh kinh te' chia se tai Viet Nam dang trong da phdt triln manh me. N l n kinh td' nay cho phep cdc doanh nghiep tie't kiem ehi phi, tai nguyen va eae ngudn Iffc xa hpi. Md hinh kinh td' chia se cung trd thanh xu hffdng Iffa ehon khdi nghiep hien nay vdi hang loat cdc doanh nghidp tre ra ddi tai Viet Nam nhtf Foody.vn, Tima, F88 hay gan ddy nha't la Goviet. Tuy nhien, vdi nln kinh te'edn khd mdi ndy, hoat dpng quan ly vT md dd'i vdi cae doanh nghiep kinh doanh theo md hinh kinh te' chia se cua Vidt Nam edn tdn tai nhilu ba't cap. Cdc bd ludt ehinh nhtf Ludt Doanh nghidp, Luat Dau tff.
Ludt Giao dieh didn tff... cdn chffa d l cap tdi cdc quy dinh ve thud', k i l m soat boat ddng kinh doanh ridng cua nhdm cac doanh nghiep theo md hinh kinh te' chia se,... Mat khde, eac mo hinh san xud't kinh doanh tren nen tdng kinh te chia se tai Viet Nam dang ed xu hffdng xung d6t Idi ich vdi cae nganh nghe kinh doanh truyen thd'ng do sff dung sai Idch ngudn vd'n nhdn rSi huy ddng dtfdc. Ngoai ra, cdc quy dinh, ehinh sach hien tai cung ehtfa khac phuc dtfdc tinh trang khdng lanh manh giffa eac doanh nghidp kinh doanh tren n l n tang kinh td' chia se vdi cdc doanh nghiep truyen thd'ng. Chinh vi vay, doanh nghidp truyen thong trong nffde gap rd't nhilu
KINH TE
khd khdn do chffa cd didu kidn phat trien theo kip tie'n trinh phdt triln.
Vdi bd'i canh ff-dn, kinh te' chia se dat ra nhffng ed hdi vd thdch thffe dd'i vdi cac nha qudn ly vT md.
Ddi hdi Nha nffde can cd nhffng chinh sach va hanh dpng thid't thffe hdn nham giam thilu cdc han che' cua md hinh kinh te' chia se. Xua't phdt tff ly do trdn, tae gia Iffa chpn d l tdi: "Kinh td' chia se (sharing economy): thdi cd va thach thffc dd'i vdi quan ly vi md". Trdn ed sd nln tang ly thuyd't vd thffc td' v l kinh td'ehia se, nghien cffu tid'n hdnh de xua't mot sd giai phap eho phep Vidt Nam tan dung ed hdi vd dd'i diu vdi cdc thdch thffe dd'i vdi qudn ly vT md nen kinh te'chia se trong tffdng lai.
2. Cd sd ly luSn
2.1. Tdng quan ve kinh tS'chia se Y tffdng cung chia sd tai nguyen da xua't hidn trong mot thdi gian dai d cae ITnh vtfe khac nhau tff nam 1948 tai Zurich vd phi bie'n d Bac Au trong giai doan 1980. De'n nam 1995, khdi niem kinh te' chia se mdi bat diu xud't hidn tai My vdi md hinh ban diu ed tinh ehd't "chia sd ngang hdng" nhimg khong rd ret. Mo hinh kinh doanh nay chi thtfc stf phat trien manh me khi nen kinh te My rdi vao khung hodng nam 2008, khid'n ngtfdi dan bupc phai thay ddi each tieu diing d l thich tfng vdi bd'i cdnh khd khdn. Vide chia se nhffng tai nguydn ed sdn cung vdi stf ho tid cua ede ffng dung cdng nghe dd dem lai cho nha cung ffng dich vu Idn ngtfdi eho thud vd sff dung tdi nguydn nhieu Idi ich va khoan Idi nhuan Idn. Dieu nay khid'n md hinh kinh doanh nay nhanh chdng lan rpng ra toan thd' gidi (Buczynski, 2013). Tff giai doan 2013 - 2014, nln
kinh te chia se bat dau phat trien manh me va trd ndn pho bien khi eae nha eung cap tidn ich nhff Amazon, Uber, AirBnb,... ra ddi.
Theo Marcus Felson (1978), kinh td' chia se la
"nhffng sff kien trong do mdt hoac nhilu ngffdi tieu thu hang hda hoac dich vu kinh td' vdi mdt hoac nhieu ngffdi khac trong qud trinh tham gia vao eac boat ddng kinh te'chung"'. Theo Ganapati (2016), kinh td' chia se Id loai hinh hinh kinh te' thi trffdng hidn dai, tiong dd di cao vide chia se quyen truy cap vdo hdng hda va dieh vu (phd'i hdp thdng qua eac dieh vu trtfc tuyen dffa vao cpng dong).
Trong nln kinh td'ehia se,ed 2 ye'u to nen tdng cd ban, quan trpng nha't cho phep chia se cae ngudn Iffc, cac hang hda vd dich vu mdi cung nhff cac ngdnh mdi, bao gim: (i) nln tang Internet va thi trtfdng didn tff de lidn ke't va (ii) ttao ddi gid tri thdng qua chia se tdi san, thay vi sd hffu tai san (Sundararajan, 2016). Tuy nhidn hidn nay, nen kinh td' chia se da md rpng tidn nhieu cac linh vffc, bao gdm ca tinh di ddng (chia se phffdng tidn di chuyen, phffdng tidn lidn lac) hay khdng gian (thud nhd d ngan ban va van phdng thffdng mai). Chinh vi vay, cdc thiet bi di ddng vd cdc dich vu didn tff lam cho vide sff dung hang hda dtfdc chia se va eac dich vu thuan tidn hdn cung dffde coi la mdt trong edcye'utdcd'u true thdnh phan cua kinb td'ehia sd.
Hoat ddng vd tde ddng Idu ddi eua eae ndn tang dffde dinh hinh bdi dinh htfdng muc tidu (vl Idi nhuan va phi Idi nhuan (for-profit va non-profit));
va ed cd'u thi tiffdng (hdp tdc chia se giffa cd nhan vdi cd nhdn (peer-to-peer) vd giffa doanh nghiep vdi ca nhdn (Business to Peer)). VI du mdi loai dffde the hidn trong md hinh dtfdi day.
Hinh 1: VI du ve cac md hinh hoat d0ng trong nen Idnh techia se
Binh hudng nen tang
Phi Idi nhudn
Lgi nhudn
Loai nha cung cap Ca nhan vdi ca nhan
(Peer to Peer) Trao ddi thuc phdm Ngdn hang thdi gian Ngan hat gidng Uber, Relay Rides, Airbnb
Doanh nghidp vdi ca nhan (Business to Peer)
Phuc vu nhu cau cpng ddng
Zipcar
Ngudn: Juliet Schor (2014)
So 12-Thang 9/2018 123
2.1. Kinh te'chia se vd qudn ly vimo Kinh td' chia se da tac ddng d^n xa hpi hien dai theo nhieu cdch khac nhau. Stf phat trien eiia kinh te' chia se da tao ra cac thi trtfdng mdi, eho phep cac cd nhan, to chtfc tan dung cac ngudn Itfc khdng dtfde sff dung. Mat khac, kinh td' chia se cung cho phep ngtfdi diing sff dung hang hda vd dich vu vdi chi phi tha'p hdn. Kinh td chia se thay ddi each thtfc tidu thu hang hda ciia ngtfdi tidu dung trong xa hdi, ddng thdi thiic day tang trtfdng kinh te' thdng qua Internet (Stephany 2015). Dac bidt, md hinh kinh td' nay gdp phln tao ndn mot thi trtfdng canh tranh vdi nhilu loai hinh dich vu da dang, mang lai Idi Ich eho ngtfdi tieu diing, eiing nhtf tao thdm nhilu vide lam, tang thdm thu nhap cho ngtfdi lao ddng.
Tuy nhidn, ben canh cac Idi ich dem lai cho xa hpi, kinh td' chia se cOng mang dd'n nhffng thdi cd vd thach thtfc dd'i vdi hoat ddng quan ly vT md cua cac qud'c gia (Botsman and Rogers, 2010). Cu the nhtf sau:
Thd nhdt. ddi hdi can cd mdt mdi trtfdng kinh doanh thudn Idi Nham phat trien kmh td' chia se, ddi hdi cdc nha quan ly cblnh sach cua mdt qudc gia pbdi tao ra mdt mdi trtfdng kinh doanh hdi hda Idi Ich, vdi eac md hinh kinh doanh dieh vu truyen thd'ng.
Thd hai, md hinh kinh te' chia se tao ra dp Itfc eanh tranh rd't Idn dd'i vdi cdc cdng ty kinh doanh dich vu truyen thd'ng (cdc doanh nghidp kinh doanh dich vu di chuyin, khdeh san, nhd bang...).
Ngffdi tidu dung se chuyin sang sff dung cdc loai hinh dich vu, ffng dung mdi, tich hdp trdn cae thie't bi cam tay nhtf may tinh, di ddng. Dilu nay se anh htfdng tdi kha nang thu hut vd tie'p can khdeh hang eua eac doanh nghiep theo md hinh truyin thd'ng.
Thd ba, khd khan trong quan ly, kiem soat cdc doanh nghiep theo md hinh kinh te' chia se. Cae thdng tin, dff lieu dien tff eac cdng ty nam giff ra't khd d l kilm sodt va kiem dinh tinh chinh xac eua chung. Ngoai ra, nhilu edng ty tham gia kinh td' chia se hidn van duy tri danh nghia la edng ty tff nhan, khdng phai thtfc hidn mdt sd' boat ddng edng khai thdng tin nhtf bao cao sd' lieu vdi cd ddng.
ddng nghia vdi vide khdng bi kilm todn ddc lap va khdng bi gidm sdt tdi khodn.
Thd tu, khd khan trong quan ly thue'. Viec quan ly thud' dd'i vdi md hinh kinh td' chia se cung gap rd't nhilu thdch thffe. Stf phffc tap va tinh vi troog cdch thffc tie'n hdnh kinh doanh cua md hinh kinh td' chia se da tao ra stf Idng tung eho cd quan thue trong vide thu thud'.
Thd ndm, thid'u hut nguon lao ddng ed trinh dp, Md hinh kinh te' chia se ddi hoi ngudn ltfe cd trinh dp cao. Dilu ndy gdy khd khan eho cac qud'c gia dang phat trien, trinh dp dan tri cdn thd'p, ngtfdi lao ddng chtfa dtfdc ddo tao bdi ban, chuyen nghiep.
Thd sdu, thie'u hutcdsd ha tang. Tffdng ttf nhtl ngudn lao ddng, md hinh kinh td'ehia se cung doi hdi cdc qud'c gia phai cd nen tang cdng nghe thdng tin, cung nhtf ed sd ha ting ddp ffng eac boat ddng truyen, phat thdng tin qua intemet.
Dieu nay ddi hdi eae nhd quan ly can cd cdc ehinh sach phdt triln ddng bd he thd'ng cd sd ha ting vien thdng. Gdp phln tao dieu kien thudn Idi cho hoat ddng trao ddi, chia se didn ra nhanh chdng, thuan Idi.
3. PhUdng phap nghidn cihi
Nham muc dich tim hilu thifc trang kinh td' chia se tai Vidt Nam, d l tai dp dung hai phffdng phap nghien cffu chu ye'u. Sau khi thu thdp day du cac thdng tin, dff hdu tac gia tid'n hdnh tdng hdp, ltfa chpn phan tieh thdng tin dinh tinh bang phtfdng phap thff hai: phtfdng phap phong va'n.
Nham cung cd'p thdm ddnh gid nhan dinh cho nghien cffu, tac gia da tid'n hdnh phdng va'n cac chuydn gia qudn ly kinh td' vl kinh te' chia se, tac ddng eua nd dd'n nen kinh te', boat ddng quan ly vi md trong thdi gian qua. Bang hoi dffde xdy dffng dffa trdn ndi dung cd sd ly ludn va dinh htfdng nghien cffu eua tdc gia.
Kd't qua thu dtfdc qua eac sd Hdu thd'ng ke va phdng vd'n thffc td' sd la cd sd de tde gia dffa ra cac nhan dinh, danh gid v l thffe trang, thdi ed va thach thffc eua kinh td' chia se dd'i vdi qudn ly vT md tai Viet Nam hidn nay. Day eung la cH sd de tde gia dtfa ra cac giai phap khac phue cdc han ch^ ciia kinh td' chia se trong thdi gian tdi.
KINH TE
4 . Kd't qua n g h i d n ctiTu
4.1. Thtfc trang phdt trien kinh te chia se tai Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua
Tai Vidt Nam, md hinh kinh te' chia sd bdt dau xua't hien trong khoang 5 nam trd lai ddy khi hang loat cae doanh nghidp theo md hinh kinh td' chia se Idn tdi Viet Nam nhtf Uber, Grab,... Hang loat doanh nghidp khdi nghidp trong ntfdc nhtf Ahamove, jupviee.vn, foody .vn... hoat ddng trong nhilu linh vtfc cung ra ddi. Dien hinh nhtf dich vu chia se phdng d la loai hinh ttfdng dd'i mdi tai Viet Nam. Dich vu nay eho ngtfdi dat phdng vd ngtfdi cd phdng trdng ke't nd'i vdi nhau thdng qua ffng dung dat phdng tnic mye'n. Theo ffdc tinh, tinh dd'n thdng 6/2017, ed khoang 6.500 cd sd tham gia Airbnb d Viet Nam va cdn nhieu ed sd kinh doanh chia se phdng dang ky d cac ffng dung khac.
Ben eanh do, tai Vidt Nam, dich vu cho vay ngang hang hidn dai, khde bidt vdi md hinh vay truyen thd'ng eung da xud't hidn ttf ndm 2016. Cae dieh vu nay sff dung nln tang trtfc tuyd'n d l kd't ndi nha dau ttf vdi ea nhdn hay DN mud'n vay vd'n ma khdng eIn qua trung gian. Hidn nay ed trdn 10 edng ty diln hinh trong linh vtfe nhtf Tima, F88, SHA, Mobivi, vaymuon.vn. Ngoai ra, mdt sd' dieh vu theo md hinh kinh td'ehia se khac cung da xua't hidn nhtf mua ve may bay, tieh hdp dat phdng trtfc tuyd'n (atadi.vn, travoloka.vn,....) hay xay dffng tour Viet Nam cung ed'p eho khach du lieh khap ndi tren the' gidi (Triip.me), dieh vu nhff dieh vu sffa chffa didn tff, dien lanh, xdy dtfng (Rada); hinh thffc gpi vd'n cdng ddng (crowdfunding), dich vu chia sd va trao doi thdng tin trtfc tuyd'n (Zalo, Viber,...).
Tuy nhidn, phdt trien manh me nha't phai ke dd'n dich vu vdn tai titfc tuyd'n. Theo thdng ke cua Bd Giao thdng - Van tai, tinh dd'n nam 2017, Viet Nam da cd 866 ddn vi van tai vdi 36.809 phffdng tidn tiiam gia. Cu the, tai mdt so' thanh phd Idn nhff TP. HCM cd 506 ddn vi van tai, 3 nha cung cd'p phan mem, 21.600 xe tiiam gia tiii diem; Ha Ndi cd 354 ddn vi van tai, 7 nhd eung ca'p phln mIm, 15.046 xe... 2 doanh nghiep diln hinh trong nhdm nay ehinh la Uber vd Grap.
Theo nhan dinh eiia cac chuyen gia, so vdi cac qud'c gia trong khu vffc, mffc dp sdn sang vl ffng
dung thtfdng mai didn tff eua doanh nghidp va ngtfdi ddn Viet Nam d mffc trung binh kha. Ddy la dilu kien nen tang thuan Idi, cho phep Viet Nam trien khai nen kmh te' chia se. Ben canh dd, nhu elu sff dung hang hda, san pham eiia eae doanh nghidp theo md hinh kinh td'ehia se eua ngffdi ddn Vidt Nam cung cd xu hffdng gia tang. Theo bao cdo thffdng mai dien tff Viet Nam, gid tri mua hang trtfc tuye'n cua mdt ngffdi Viet Nam nam 2016 trung binh trong nam tfdc tinh dat khoang 170 USD. Doanh sdthu ttf thtfdng mai didn tff dat trdn 5 ty USD tang 20% so vdi nam 2015. Tin hidu nay eho tha'y, ngtfdi dan Viet Nam v l ed ban da san sang tham gia vao nen kinh td' chia se.
Tuy nhidn, tinh de'n thdi diem nay, kinh te'chia se tai Vidt Nam chtfa phdt triln ttfdng xffng vdi tiem nang. Stf phdt triln cua ede dich vu theo md hinh kinh td' chia se trong thdi gian qua tai Viet Nam edn mang tinh ttf phat, gay khd khan eho boat dpng quan ly.
4.2. ThUc trang qudn ly vi mo hog.t dpng sdn xitd't kinh doanh tren nen tdng kinh ti'chia se tai Viet Nam trong thdi gian qua
Thuc trang qudn ly vi md
Hidn nay, he thd'ng phdp luat ve boat ddng kinh doanh theo md binh kinh te'chia se eua ntfdc ta cdn thid'u vd yd'u. Cac bd ludt chinh nhtf Luat Doanh nghidp, Ludt Diu ttf, Ludt Giao dieh didn tff... edn ehtfa de edp tdi cdc quy djnh ve thud', kiem soat hoat ddng kinh doanh,... Ben canh dd.
van ehtfa ed sd' lidu thd'ng ke chinh thffe vl md hinh kinh doanh mdi ndy. Cdc md hinh san xud't kinh doanh trdn nln tdng kinh te' chia se tai Viet Nam dang ed xu htfdng pha vd, xung ddt Idi ich vdi cac ngdnh nghe kinh doanh truyin thd'ng, cdc ehinh sdch quan ly hidn tai chtfa cd quy dinh ridng quy dinh chat che nguon gd'c vd mffc dp sff dung cdc tdi nguyen nhdn ddi.
Mat khde, eac quy dinh, chinh sach hien tai chffa han che' dtfdc tinh trang khdng Idnh manh giffa eae doanh nghiep kinh doanh tren nen tang kinh te' chia se vdi eae doanh nghiep truyin thd'ng.
Do do, doanh nghiep truyen thd'ng trong ntfdc do chtfa cd dilu kien phat triln theo kjp cdc doanh nghiep theo md hinh kinh doanh chia se ntfde
So 12-Thang 9/2018 125
ngodi ndn gap ra't nhilu yd'u the' tren thi trtfdng.
Dieu ndy da gdp phln tao ndn bdi cdnh kinh doanh khdng cdng bang dd'i vdi cac doanh nghiep.
Thdch thdc gap phdi trong qudn ly vi md tgi Viet Nam
Thd nhdt, thid'u mdt mdi trtfdng kmh doanh thudn Idi. Theo danh gia cua cae chuydn gia, kinh td' chia se vdn tid'p tue tren da phat trien manh me, bd't cha'p td'c do tdng trtfdng kinh te' the gidi dang ed dd'u hidu chffng lai. Chinh vi vay, thdch thffc ddt ra cho cac nhd quan ly vi md Id phai xdy dtfng he thd'ng chinh sdch khac phuc dtfde nhffng han che, tae ddng tff nln kinh te' thd' gidi. Tinh trang nay khdng dtfdc khac phuc se keo theo nhilu he luy tieu cffc nhtf cac doanh nghiep theo md hinh kinh te' chia se gap khd khdn, hoac boat ddng kinb doanh trdn nen tdng kinh td' chia se sd bi bie'n ttfdng va ngay cdng khd quan ly.
Thd hai, md hinh kinh td' chia se tao ra dp Iffc canh tranh rd't Idn dd'i vdi cae cdng ty kinh doanh dich vu truyen thd'ng tai Vidt Nam. Nguy ed eanh tranh khdng lanh manh giffa doanh nghidp theo md hinh kinh te' chia se vdi vdi cdc DN truyen thd'ng hidn nay tai Viet Nam kha cao. Mat khac, do khdng theo kip xu htfdng phat trien, vi vay cdc doanh nghidp truyen thd'ng gap nhilu khd khan khi eanh tranh vdi eac loai hinh dich vu mdi. Dieu nay ddi hdi Nhd ntfde can gidi quyd't hdp ly nham vffa dam bao stf phat trien ciia kinh td' chia se, vffa dam bdo hoat ddng cho cdc doanh nghiep truyen thd'ng trong ntfdc.
Thd ba, khd khan trong quan ly, kiem sodt eac doanh nghidp theo md hinh kinh td' chia se. Thi trtfdng ngdy cang bie'n ddi khdng ngffng, vi vdy, boat ddng san xua't kinh doanh tren nen tang kinh te' chia se ciing ludn ludn van ddng nham dap ffng dffde xu htfdng. Tuy nhien. ehinh dieu nay da tao ra nhffng bie'n ttfdng trong boat ddng kinb doanh, Idm mat di bdn cha't chia sd tdi san nhdn rdi cua nen kmh te' chia se, gdy khd khan cho vide nhan dien vd quan ly vd'n de cua cae nha quan ly vi md, dien hinh nhff trffdng hdp cffa Uber.
Song song vdi dd, kinh t l chia se cung dat ra thdch thffc vdi nha quan ly khi xua't hidn cdc loai tien dien tff tiln do (Bitcoin, Ethereum,
Ripple,...). Ding tien nay ra't khd kilm sodt s^
Iffdng ciing nhff boat ddng dao dieh trdn thi trtfdng.
Ngodi ra, kinh td' chia se cffng lam nay sinh ede md'i quan he mdi tiem an nhieu rui ro tren thi trtfdng ml nha qudn ly can phai quan ly, nhdm dam bao Idi ich ehinh dang cua eac bdn tham gia sff dung va cung ed'p san pham, dich vu.
Thd tu, khd qudn ly thud'. Hidn nay boat dpng thu thud' eac doanh nghidp theo md hinh kinh tl chia se tai Viet Nam edn gap nhieu khd khan, nh&
quan ly edn gap lung tung trong vide dinh hinh ro hoat ddng thtfdng mai dien tff hay md hinh khk nhtf Zalo, Google, Grab,... Nguydn nhdn la do Nha ntfdc chtfa cd cd chd' nam bat va kiem soat hoal ddng tai chinh eua cdc doanh nghidp nay. Vd'n de thu thud' phat sinh tff boat ddng dieh vu, vd'n de do Iffdng vd tieh hdp trong tdi khodn kinh td'qud'e gia edn dang la thdch thffc Idn dd'i vdi nha quan ly tai Viet Nam hidn nay. Hidp hdi Taxi Ha Ndi cung tffng cho rdng Grab trd'n thud' tai Viet Nam khi Cdng ty TNHH Grab dat doanh thu 192 t^ dong, bao Id 443 ty dong nam 2016. Vi the'. Grab Vidt Nam khdng phai ndp thue' thu nhdp doanh nghiep.
Tong so' thue' cua Grab nam 2016 nop cho ngan sdch nha ntfdc la 5,8 ty ddng.
Thd ndm, thie'u hut ngudn lao ddng ed trinh do.
Hidn tai, quy md, chat Itfdng, so Itfdng va cdch sd dung lao ddng trinh dp cao ciia Vidt Nam con nhieu ban ehd', dilu nay da khie'n eho nang suat lao ddng xa hoi va stfc canh tranh ciia nln kinh td trd nen ye'u kem. Theo ddnh gia eua Ngan hang Thd' gidi (WB), cha't Itfdng ngudn nhdn Iffc ciia Viet Nam ehi xd'p thff 11 trong sd' 12 nffde chdu A vdi 3,79/10 diem. Chi so' canh tranh cua nguon nhan Iffe Vidt Nam cung chi dat 3,39/10 diem, xe'p thtf 73/133 qud'e gia dtfde xd'p hang. Mat khde, khd nang sff dung cdng nghe, Smartphone, Internet, thanh toan didn tff,... cua ddi ngu lao ddng ehtfa eao. Trong khi do, mdt trong dde diem chinh ciia nen kinh td' chia se dd chinh la sff dung nln tang internet. Nd'u tinh trang nay khdng dtfdc cdi thien, trong tffdng lai, ngudn nhan Iffe se khdng du dilu kidn d l ddp tfng stf phat trien eua kinh te chia se.
Thd sdu. thie'u but ed sd ha ting. Mdc dO cd ty tipng vd'n diu ttf vao ed sd ha tang d mffc rat cao
KINH TE
so vdi tiid' gidi, tuy nhien cd sd ha tang hidn tai cua Viet Nam vdn ehtfa dap ffng dffde ydu cau phat trien kinh td' vd xd hdi. Theo Ngan bdng Thd' gidi vd Ngdn hang phat trien ehdu A, Viet Nam can tang thdm dau tff khoang 11-12% GDP vdo phdt trien cd sd ha tang de ed the ddp ffng nhu cau phat trien trong tffdng lai. Dieu nay ddi hdi cae nhd quan ly vi md eIn tinh toan, xdy dtfng chie'n Itfdc, ke' hoach diu ttf phu hdp. Vffa tao dieu kien nen tang cho kinh te chia se phdt trien, vtfa khdng gdy dnh htfdng tdi can cdn kinh td' trong ntfdc.
5. Giai phap
Nham tan dung ed hdi vd dd'i dau vdi cae thach thtfc dd'i vdi quan ly vT md nen kinh td' chia se trong ttfdng lai, tdc gid de xua't mdt sd giai phdp nhtf sau:
Thdnhdt, Chinh phu can sdm dilu chinh va b l sung kip thdi cdc van ban phdp quy, cdc quy dinh, chinh sach quan ly boat ddng kinh doanh theo md hinh kinh td' chia se vd khai thdc td'i da tiem nang eiia md hinh nay. Trong dd, tap trung bd sung ede quy dinh v l quan ly thud', kiem sodt tinh hinh tai ehinh, cung nhtf cac ehinh sach tao dieu kidn eanh tranh cdng bang giffa doanh nghidp theo md hinh kinh te'chia se vd doanh nghidp truyen thd'ng. Can nghidn cffu cdc kinb nghiem qud'c td'vd dde thu tai Viet Nam nhdm dffa ra cdc gidi phdp qudn ly ngudn thud' hidu qua, ban che td'i da tinh trang, gian lan gdy thd't thoat ngudn thu ngan sdch nha ntfdc. He thd'ng phdp ludt td't cho phep cae nha quan ly vi md de dang quan ly, dilu ehinh mpi boat ddng kinh doanh trong nen kinh td' chia se, vtfa ddm bdo mdi trtfdng thuan Idi cho nd phdt trien, vtfa tao ra mdi trtfdng canh tranh binh ddng, thuan Idi.
Thd hai, nang cao chdt Itfdng nguon nhdn ltfe.
D l theo kip stf bid'n doi, phat trien khdng ngffng ciia nen kinh td'ehia se, can phai ed dpi ngu ngudn nhdn life chdt Iffdng eao. Trffdc he't trong chinh ede cd quan quan ly nha nffde. Ddy la he thd'ng cd quan dau nao, cd vai trd va trach nhiem quan trpng trong dinh hffdng phat trien nen kinh te'. Chinh vi vdy, ehd't Iffdng cdn bp cdng chffc can phdi ddt Idn hang diu. Nha nffde can thffdng xuydn td chffc cdc Idp bdi dtfdng, ddo tao, cff ea nhan dihpc tai cae qud'e gia ed nen kinh te' chia se phat tridn de hoc hoi
kinh nghidm. Ddc bidt, ngay tff khau tuyen dung, phai dam bao ki ctfdng, tuyen diing ngtfdi, dung vide vd dii trinh dp, ndng Itfc.
Thd ba. diu tff ed sd ba ting. Bd phdn quan trpng cua kinh te'chia se chinh la internet va cdng nghe. Chinh vi vdy, Nha ntfdc cin tap trung dau ttf phat tnen mang Itfdi internet, ndng cd'p dam bdo tinh bdo mat tdi khoan thanh todn trffc tuye'n, tao mdt nln tang td't cho sff phat trien va thanh cdng ciia kinh doanh chia se... Mat khac, Chinh phii eIn day nhanh xay dtfng Chinh phu didn tff (so) va cd sd ha tang thdng tin, dac bidt la xdy dtfng he thd'ng dff lieu thdng sud't trong todn qud'c, de phuc vu quan ly nhd ntfdc dd'i vdi md hinh kinh te'chia se.
Dilu ndy cho phep cdc nhd quan ly de dang nam bat nhffng ddi mdi cdng nghe trong nen kinh te' chia se.
Thd tu, tao dieu kidn eho eae doanh nghidp truyen thd'ng trong ntfde tid'p can va ffng dung CNTT. Day la giai phdp gd'c rd nham xda bd tmh trang eanh tranh khdng lanh manh giffa doanh nghidp theo md hinh kmh td' chia se va cae doanh nghidp truyin thdng. Theo dd, nha ntfdc eIn xdy dtfng eae ehinh sach khuyd'n khich doanh nghidp truyen thd'ng thay doi ttf duy eung ca'p sdn pham, dich vu. Dong thdi, cd cae chinh sach kdu gpi diu ttf phat trien cdng nghe vao ede doanh nghidp truyen thong hidn tai.
Thd ndm, thdt chat cdng tdc quan ly, kiem soat cae boat ddng san xud't kinh doanh tren nln tang kinh td' chia se tai Viet Nam. Nha ntfde eIn d^y manh hdn cdng tdc thanh tra, kiem tra dd'i vdi ede doanh nghidp kinh doanh theo md hinh kinh td' chia se. Xay dtfng ed chd'. Id trinh kiem tra hdp ly, dinh ki hang quy nham cap nhdt mdi nha't tinh hinh eua eac doanh nghidp.
6. Ke't luan
Tai Viet Nam, md hinh kinh td' chia se mdi ehi bdt dau xua't hien trong khoang vdi ndm trd lai ddy, danh dd'u bdi stf gia nhap vdo thi trtfdng Vidt Nam ciia hang loat eac doanh nghiep theo md hinh kinh te chia se Idn nhtf Uber, Grab, Airbnb. Ciing vdi dd Id stf ra ddi hang loat doanh nghiep khdi nghidp trong ntfdc nhtf Ahamove, jupviee.vn, foody.vn...
boat dpng trong nhieu linh vtfc. Mac dii dang trong
So 12-Thang 9/2018 127
da pbat tridn manh me tai Viet Nam, tuy nhien, hidn nay, hd thd'ng phdp ludt vl hoat ddng kinh doanh theo md hinh kinh te' chia se ciia ntfdc ta edn thie'u va yd'u. Cae quy dmh, chinh sach hien tai chtfa han che' dtfdc tinh trang khdng lanh manh giffa cae doanh nghiep kinh doanh tren nen tang kinh te'chia se vdi ede doanh nghidp truyen thd'ng.
Cu the, tdc gia da ehi ra mdt sd' thach thffc ed ban ciia nen kinh te' chia se hien nay ciia Viet Nam, nhtf thid'u mdt mdi trtfdng kinh doanh thuan Idi; tao ra dp ltfe eanh tranh ra't Idn dd'i vdi cae edng ty kinh
doanh dich vu truyen thd'ng tai Vidt Nam; khd khdn trong quan ly, kiem soat eac doanh nghiep;
khd quan ly thue'; thid'u hut ngudn lao ddng ed trinh do vd thid'u hut ed sd ha tang. Nham khac phuc cac nhtfdc diem trdn, tac gia tid'n hdnh dl xua^t mot so giai phdp tdi Chinh phii vd cdc nha quan ly vi mo.
Theo dd, Nha ntfde eIn thtfc hidn dong bd, tridt dl cac giai phdp gdp phln tan dung cd hpi va dd'i diu vdi eae thdch thffc dd'i vdi quan ly vi md nen kinh td' chia se dem lai trong ttfdng lai •
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN:
' Marcus Felson (1978) "Those events in which one or more persons consume economic g
process of engaging in joint activities with one or more others ". s or services in the
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
/. Anastasiia Zhuikova (2017), "Sharing Economy: Home Sharing in Modern Society Case company: Hostaway", Degree Programme In International Business.
2. Botsman. R., Rogers. R.. (2010), Whats Mine Is Yours How Collaborative Consumption Is Changing the Way We Live, Collins, London.
3. Buczynski, B. (2013), Sharing is good: How lo Save Money, Time and Resources Through Collaborative Consumption 1st ed, Gabriola, BC: New Society Publishers.
4. Frenken Koen. Schor Juliet (2017), "Putting the sharing economy into perspective ", Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, Volume 23. June 2017. Pages 3-10.
5. Ganapati, S. (2016), Using mobile apps in government, Washington, D. C.: The IBM Center for the Business of Government.
6. Gansky. L. (2010), The Mesh. Why the Future of Business Is Sharing 1st ed, New York, N. Y.: Portfolio Penguin.
pp. 1-65.
7. Juliet Schor (2014). Debating the Sharing Economy Great Transition Initiative.
8. Marcus Felson. Joe L. Spaeth (1978). "Community Structure and Collaborative Consumption: A Routine Activity Approach", American behavioral scientist, Vol21,No.4.
9. Stephany. A. (2015), The business of sharing: Making U in the new sharing economy. Springer
10. Sundararajan, A. (2016). The sharing economy: Theendof employment and the rise of crowdbased capitalism, Cambridge: MIT Press.
KINH TE
Ngay nhdn bai: 25/8/2018
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va sufa chffa: 5/9/2018 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 15/9/2018 Thdng tin tdc gid:
TS. NGUYEN HOANG QUY Hpc vidn Hanh chinh Qud'c gia
SHARING ECONOMY: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR THE MACROMANAGEMENT
• Ph.D. NGUYEN HOANG QUY National A c a d e m y of Public Administration
ABSTRACT:
This study is to analyze the six fundamental challenges, that Vietnam has faced, in macromanagement for the development of a sharing economy in recent years. These six core challenges are: (i) Lack of a favorable business environment, (ii) Creating an enormous competitive pressure on traditional companies in Viemam; (iii) Difficulties in managing and contirolling enterprises; (iv) Difficulties m taxation management; (v) Lack of skilled labor and (vi) Infrastructure shortage. Based on resutls, the study proposes a number of measures to promote the macroeconomic management of the State to take advantage of the opportunities of the shanng economy and encourage the development of enterprises in Viemam in general and the state-run enteprises in particular. The study also presents solution to cope with the difficulties and challenges of managmg the sharing economy in the coming time.
Keywords: Sharing economy, opportunities and challenges, macromanagement, Vietnam.
S6'12-Thang 9/2018 129
