NGHIEN CUU - TRAO B O I
KINH TE SANG TAO
• T h S . NGUYEN P H U C DIEN N G O C (*)
• C H . HUYNH T H I B I C H L I E U (**)
• CH, P H A M T H I N G O C M A I (***)
T O M T A T
Nen kinh ti sdng tgo da tra thdnh mdt luc lugng biin doi mgnh me trin thi giai ngdy nay. Tiem ndng phdt triin nen kinh te sdng tgo rit lan vd dang cha dgi ma duang. Theo uac tinh ciia Howkins, nen kinh ti sdng tgo ndy tri gid 2,2 ngdn ti Dd la My tren todn thi giai vdo nam 2000 vd phdt trien vai toe dp 5 phdn tram hdng nam flj. Vi the ma khoa tiem ndng ciia nin kinh te sdng tgo liin quan den viec thuc day su sdng tgo tdng the cua todn xd hpi, khdng dinh ban sac rieng biet ciia nhirng nai md no khdi sac, ndng cao chat lugng cuoc song nai no tdn tgi, ndng tdm hinh anh vd uy tin cua dia phucmg vd tdng cuang ngudn tuang tugng ve nhiing vien canh tuang lai mai day da dgng. Noi cdch khdc, nin kinh te sdng tgo la ngudn mach cua mdt "nin kinh te sdng tgo" day mai me, cd lai ich vugt han han ITnh vuc kinh ti noi riing.
Tit khoa: Nen kinh ti sdng tgo, tiim ndng phdt triin, ngudn luc tri tue vd sdng tgo, su sdng tgo tdng thi, bdn sdc, hinh dnh vd uy tin, viin cdnh tuang lai, da dgng, ngudn mach, Igi ich.
S U M M A R Y
The creative economy has become a powerful transformative force in the world today. Its potential for development is vast and waiting to be unlocked. According to estimates by Howkins, creative economy was worth U.S. $ 2.2 trillion worldwide in 2000 and grow at a rate of 5 percent annually. Unlocking the potential of the creative economy therefore involves promoting the overall creativity of societies, affirming the distinctive identity of the places where it flourishes, improving the quality of life where it exists, enhancing local image and prestige and strengthening the resources for imagining diverse new futures. In other words, the creative economy is the fount of a new "economy of creativity", whose benefits go far beyond the economic realm alone.
Key words: Creative economy: potential for development; intellectual and creative resources; overall creativity; image and prestige; futures; diverse; fount;
benefits.
1. G i d i thi^u chung
Bai bao cung cap tdng quan ve su phat t r i i n ciia ba thuat ngtr thudng d u g c su dung, cu t h i la, "nin kinh te sang tao", "nganh cdng nghiep van hda" va
"nganh cdng nghiep sang tao", d l thilt lap mgt su h i l u biet sau sac b a n ve nen kinh t l sang tao - bao gdm nhimg gi, hoEit dgng nhu t h i nao, va tiem nang eiia
nd ddi vdi su phat trien ben vung ciia nhan loai. Y dinh ciia chiing tdi khdng phai la de dat dugc mdt su ddng thuan cudi cung ve khai niem, nhung d l h i l u d u g c sac thai cua nen kinh t l sang tao d l ho trg su t i l n bg ciia nd nhu la mpt lua ebon kha thi de phat t r i i n d c i p dia phuang. Bai bao nay cung k i l m tra v l bdi canh va d i l n t i l n cua n i n kinh t l TAP CHI KINH TE - CONG NGHIEP
NGHIEN CUU-TRAO BOI
sang tao vi nd gin liln vdi su phat trien kinh te xa hdi d cap dia phuang.
Nin kinh tl sang tao la mdt trong nhiing ylu tl phat trien nhanh nhat ciia nin kinh tl thi gidi, khdng chi dl tang thu nhap ma cdn tao viec lam va doanh thu xuit khiu. Mdt ty le Idn ban nhilu eac ngudn luc tri tue va sang tao cua the gidi hien dang duge dau tu vao cac nganh dua tren ea sd van hda, ma phan Idn ket qua vd hinh la cd "thuc" va dang ke nhu nhung nganh khac. Siic sang tao va sir ddi mdi cua con ngudi la nhiing nhan to chinh cua cac nganh nay va da trd thanh nguyen khi eiia cae qudc gia trong the ky 21. Vi the md khda tiem nang ciia nen kinh te sang tao lien quan den viec thiic day su sang tao tdng the ciia toan xa hgi, khang dinh ban sac rieng bi^t eiia nhiing noi ma nd khdi sac, nang cao chat lugng cuoc sdng nai nd tdn tai, nang tam hinh anh va uy tin ciia dia phuang va tang cudng ngudn tudng tugng ve nhiing viln canh tuang lai mdi day da dang. Noi each khac mpt each in du, nen kinh te sang tao la ngudn mach cua mpt "nen kinh tl sang tao" diy mdi me, ed Igi ich vugt hon bin ITnh vuc kinh te ndi rieng. Dua tren sire sang tao cua ca nhan va nhdm, con ngudi dang d trung tam phat trien ben vung va phin diu cho mpt thi gidi cdng bing, hgp tinh hgp ly va toan dien, ciing nhu cam kit cung nhau lam viec dl thiic diy tang trudng kinh tl bin vung va toan dien, phat triin xa hpi va bao ve mdi trudng.
Tuy nhien nin kinh tl sang tao khdng phai la mpt sieu xa Id duy nhit ma cdn cd vd sd quy dao dia phuang khac nhau.
Ro rang la thi he kiln thiic dua tren su hieu biet tuang tac, dac trung va chinh sach d cac cip dia phuang, va lam thi nao nen kinh tl sang t^o cd thi thuc te duge thang hoa trong cdng ddng.
thanh phd va cac khu vuc khip thi gidi dang phat triin.
Thuat ngu "nin kinh tl sang tao" da dugc phd bien rgng rai vao nam 2001 bdi van sT ngudi Anh va cung la nha quan ly phuang tien truyin thdng John Howkins, ngudi da ap dung nd vao 15 nganh md rgng tii nghe thuat den khoa hgc va cdng nghe. Theo udc tinh eiia Howkins, nin kinh tl sang tao nay tri gia 2,2 ngan ti do la My tren toan the gidi vao nam 2000 va phat trien vdi tdc do 5 phan tram hang nam [1]. Khai niem nay vln cdn la mgt khai niem rat rgng vi nd bao triim khdng chi hang hda va dich vg van hda, ma ca dd choi va cac trd chai ciing nhu toan bo ITnh vuc "nghiSn ciiu va phat trien". Vi vay, trong khi edng nhan boat dgng va qua trinh van hda nhu la cot Idi cua nin kinh te mdi manh me, nd cung bilu hien sir sang tao trong cac linh vuc cd thi se khdng dugc hieu la "van hda".
2. Cac nganh cdng nghiep sang tao Thuat ngu: "cac nganh cdng nghi6p sang tao" dugc ap dung rgng hon nhilu, bao gdm ca hang hda va dich vu ciia cac nganh van hda ciing nhu phu thu6c vao su ddi mdi, trong dd cd nhilu hinh thirc nghien ciiu va phat triin phin mim. Cum tir nay bit diu budc vao hoach dinh chinh sach, chang ban nhu chinh sach van hda qudc gia ciia Uc vao diu nhftng nam 1990, tiep theo la qua trinh chuyen tiep cd anh hudng cua Bd Van hoa, Truyen thdng va ThI thao cua Vuang qudc Anh tu van hda den eac nganh cdng nghiep sang t^o vao eudi thap nien. Viec ling dung nay ciing xuit phat tii lien ket cua su sang tao dl phat triin kinh te do thi va quy ho^ch thanh phd. Chuyen gia tu vin ngudi Anh Charles Landry da cd mdt budc dot pha dang ke dau tien thuc hien mpt edng trinh quan trgng vl "thanh phd sang tao".
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO B 6 |
3. Sang tao vSn hda \k doi mdi van hda Cac nha phe binh chuang trinh nghi su cua cac nganh edng nghiep sang tao, tu duy kinh te sang tao, nhan thay rang cac thuat ngii cd xu hudng map md ranh gidi giiia "sang tgo" theo mdt khai niem rat chung chung va nhiing dac diem dac trung cho hang hda va dich vu van hda.
Hg cung nhan thay thuat ngii "sang tao"
dugc su dung qua rpng rai. Tit nhien su that la thuat ngu "sang tao" ban than nd da luon md ra cho nhieu dinh nghTa, va chua bao gid lai cd nhiSu nhu ngay hdm nay. Ngay ca trong ITnh vuc tam ly hgc, noi su sang tao ca nhan duge nghien cuu rgng rai nhit, cung khd thdng nhit dd la thudc tinh cua eon ngudi hay mdt qua trinh.
Trong mdt bi6n the gan day ciia tu duy kinh te sang tao, mdt sd ngudi cho rang cac nganh van hda va sang tao khdng chi thiic day tang trudng thdng qua viec tao ra cac gia tri, ma ciing da trd thanh yeu td chinh cua he thdng ddi mdi toan bd nen kinh te. Theo quan diem nay, y nghTa chinh bat ngudn khdng chi tir su ddng gdp cua cac nganh sang tao cho gia tri kinh te, ma cdn tir each chung kich thich nhiing y tudng mdi, cdng nghe va qua trinh bien ddi. Vi the, nen kinh te sang tao nen dugc xem "nhu la mdt he thdng phirc tap cd ngudn gde gia tri kinh tl ciia nd tao thuan Igi cho su phat trien kinh t l - mdt he thdng gay su chii y, tinh phuc tap va thich iing qua ngudn sang tao chinh."
Theo quan diem nay, cae nganh van hda va sang tao la tien phong, nudi duong khuynh hudng xa hgi kich thich su sang tao va ddi mdi eho Igi ich cua tat ca mgi ngudi. Tuy nhien cae nha phe binh chi ra ring cac ca ehl tao dilu kien cho sir sang tao nay khdng bao gid dugc xac dinh ro rang, mac du cd ve nhu hoan
toan hgp ly la nhiing bieu hien van hda cd the la ngudn gde cua nhiing y tudng, nhiing cau chuyen va hinh anh cd the dugc sao chep theo cac hinh thirc khac trong cac ITnh vuc kinh tl khac nhau.
Phan tich gan day cua bang dau vao-dau ra chi thay thilu bing chiing la cac cdng ty lien ket vdi chudi cung iing cho cac cdng ty trong cac nganh sang tao cd nhieu sang tao ddi mdi ban nhiing cdng ty khdng cd lien ket nhu vay, nhung khdng de cap den nhiing dien tien cam kit.
Cd th6 don gian la cd thSm cac doanh nghi?p sang tao mua them nhiSu dau vao nganh sang tao, ching ban nhu thiet ke, xay dung thuang hieu hoac quang cao.
Do dd rat khd de tranh luan tat ca cae khia canh ciia sang tao kinh te, xa hpi hay ehinh tri duge tao ra duy nhat hoac tham chi chu yeu bdi chinh qua trinh boat ddng ciia nganh van hda va sang tao. Vi ly do nay, thuat ngii "nen kinh te sang tao" se dugc sii dung trong bai viet nay cho cac boat dgng dac quyen lien quan den sang tao va (hoac) ddi mdi van hda. Vi the phan Idn cac nghien cuu trudng hgp va vi du dugc nit ra tir cac boat ddng ciing cd the dugc phan loai nhu cac nganh van hda de phat hipn eac mdi quan he cdng sinh ngay cang tang giua van hda, kinh te va dia diem. Tilm nang nay khong the tach rdi khdi cac ylu td lam nen tang cho su thanh cdng eiia cac nganh sang tao vl mat kinh tl thuin tiiy.
4. Phan loai cac nganh cong nghiep van hda va sang tao
Mdt sd md hinh khac nhau da dugc phat trien nhu mgt phuang tien cung cip su hieu biet cd he thdng vl dac dilm ciu tnic ciia cac nganh cdng nghiep van hda va sang tao. Viec su dung cac thuat ngii
"nganh cdng nghiep sang tao" va "nganh TAP CHI KINH Te - CONG NGHIEP
NGHIEN CU'U-TRAO BC
cdng nghiep van hda" cd the rat da dang tir bdi canh nay sang bdi canh khac.
Cac cdng ddng xa hgi thudng thach thiic va tim each dinh hinh lai md hinh hipn hanh cho phii hgp vdi thuc tS tinh hinh, van hda va thi trudng dia phuang cua hg. Do do, nhung thuat ngQ nay khdng ngirng phat trien nhu phat triSn nhftng tuong tac mdi, din den nhSng cau hdi nhu li?u cd thi va noi dl phan logi trinh dien thdi trang, le hgi va trd choi video trong eac md hinh cdng nghiep van hda va sdng tgo.
Mdt tdng quan ve cdc md hinh nay dugc trinh bay theo h? thdng phan logi khac nhau ddi vdi cac nganh cdng nghipp van hda va sang tgo.
4,L Mo hinh DCMS ^^^
Quang cdo KiSn tnic
Thi trudng ngh^ thuat va dd cd Thii cdng my nghe
Thilt kl Thdi trang Phim anh Am nhgc
Nghe thuat bilu diln Xuat ban Phan mem
Truyin hinh va phat thanh Trd choi video va vi tinh 4.2. Mo hinh chu di tugng trung Cdc ngdnh van hoa cdt loi Quang cao
Phim Internet Am nhgc Xuat ban
Truyin hinh va phat thanh Trd choi video va vi tinh Cdc nganh van hoa ngoai vi Ngh§ thuat sang tao Hang dien tii tieu dung Thdi trang
Phan mem ThI thao
4. 3. Md hinh vdng trdn ddng tam Ngh$ thtt&t sdng tgo cot Idi Van hgc
Am nhae
Nghe thugt bilu diln
Cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep vdn hoa cdt Idi khdc
Phim anh
Vi?n Bao tang va Thu vien Cdc ngdnh cdng nghifp vdn hod rpng han
Dich vy di san Xuat ban Thu am
Truyen hinh va dai phat thanh Trd chai video va may tinh Cdc ngdnh cd liin quan Quang eao
Thiet ke Kien tnic Thdi trang
4.4. Md hinh Bdn quyin WIPO '^^
Cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep bdn quyin cdt loi
Quang cao Phim anh Am nhac
Nghe thuat bilu diln Xuat ban
Phan mem
Truyin hinh va dai phat thanh Nghe thuat true quan va dd hga Kien tnic
Quin ao, giay dep Thilt kl Hang gia diing Dd chai tre em
Cdc ngdnh cong nghifp bdn quyen phtf thugc Idn nhau
vat lifu ghi am trdng Dd dien tir gia dung Nhac cu
Giay
May photocopy, thilt hi ehyp anh 4.5. Mo hinh Men Thdng ke UNESCO Cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep vi linh vffc vdn hda cot loi
Vien bao tang, phdng trung bay, Thu vien Ngh$ thuat bilu diln
Lien hoan
Nghe thugt tbj giac, hang thii cdng Thilt kl
Xuat ban
Phat thanh va truyin hinh Phim anh
Thugt nhiep anh
Phuong tien truyen thdng tuong tac Cdc ngdnh cong nghi^ trong cdc tinh v^n:
vdn hoa met rgng Thiet bi am thanh Kientnie (Juangcao Thiet bj in an PhinmSm Phan Cling nghe nhin
4.6. Md hinh Nghe thucit cua My Quang eao
Kientnie
Trudng hgc va cae djch vu nghe thuat Thilt kl
Phimanh Vien bao tang, sd thii Am nhac Nghe thuat bieu dien Xuit ban
Phat thanh va truyin hinh Nghe thuat true quan
5. B6i canh va diln tien nin kinh t l sang tao
Nhiing hudng irng chinh sach sua ddi la cin thilt trong loai hinh kinh tl sang tao vi nd khac vdi cac loai hinh kinh te khac. Hoach dinh ehinh sach trong ITnh vuc nay ed xu hudng theo khudn miu cac md hinh cdng nghiep chung, mac du thuc t l kinh tl sang tao thue bifn nhiing chiic nang khac nhau. HiSn vin cdn qua
Tdi li$tt tham khdo
nhilu each tilp can rap khudn trong ITnh v\rc nay khdng tdt cho dae tinh eiia khu vuc va dia phuang. Do dd, cd rat it khung chinh sach hifn hanh dugc bd tri tdt dl khuyin khieh each tilp can nhu vgy. Nen kinh tS sang tgo khac vdi cae ITnh vuc khac qua hinh thiic td chiic va cac rui ro thj trudng lien quan den san phim mdi. Doanh nghiep nhd ph6 bien trong ITnh vyc nay hon so vdi nhung hinh thirc khac, dac bi§t d cac nude dang phat trien. Tuy nhien, ed 3 tang phan Idp ro rang: nhiing nha san xuat nhd dgc lap;
cac cdng ty con ban doe lap ph\ic vu cae doanh nghiep Idn ban; va cac cdng ty rat Idn (thudng la cdng ty da qudc gia) trong cac ITnh vuc nhu lam phim va xuit ban.
6. Kit luan
Nin kinh tl sang tao duge ddng thdi liSn kit vdi toan the nhan loai cudn vao nhip dipu, cac phong trao, cac mdi quan he va trao ddi eac ngudn luc. Nhiing hien tugng nay la cd can cu va sdng ddng, va dugc hudng dan bdi cac chuan muc va nhumg sd thich van hda.
Cac nganh cdng nghiep van hda va sang tao dugc nghien ciiu trong bdi canh dia phuong da dang tren khap the gidi, quan dilm nay giiip cung cap nhirng khai niem tai dinh hinh duge khao sat trong bai tham luan nay.
Tdm lai, cac nganh cdng nghiep van hda va sang tgo tu nhign mang phong each rieng, dugc hudng Igi tir su nang ddng cua ddi thii canh tranh khdng hoan hao. Tuy nhien, trong bdi canh cua tit ca cac nude dang phat triSn, nhirng lien ket lich sir, cac mdi quan he va su phu thupc lin nhau tat ca deu la nhiing ylu td thanh cdng diy y nghTa.
[1]. Organization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France.
NGHIEN CUU-TRAO DC
10017, USA, and the United Nations Educational, [2]. Plaza, New York,
Scientific and Cultural.
[3]. United Nations (2013), Creative economy report-widening local development pathways. Special edition published by the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), One United Nations.
Chu thich
[1] John Anthony Howkins (2001), Nin kinh ti sdng tao. [la mot tac gia nguoi Anh n6i tiSng sinh ngay 03 thang 8 nam 1945, nguoi diu tien c6ng b6 y tuong cua minh vl su sang tao va d6i moi trong cu6n "NSn kinh te sang tao" ra doi nam 2001. Cuon sach gan day nhit cua ong la "Sinh thai sang tao: nai tu duy la mot viec lam thich dang". Ong da lam viec tai hon 30 qu6c gia. Mot trong nhung m6i quan tam chinh ciia ong la vi$c su dung luat so huu tri tue dl h6 trg nSn kinh ti sang tao. Ong 14 ngudi sang IJp va Giim d6c Hifp hpi Adelphi Charter v8 sang tao, d6i moi va so huu tri tu$].
[2] Mo hinh DCMS vi8t tat tu titog Anh "Department of Culture. Media and Sport"
fUK1 CO nghia la mo hinh nay cua Bp Vin hoa, TruySn thong va Thj thao (cua nude Anh).
[3] Mo hinh WIPO vi8t tjt tir tiSng Anh "World Intellectual Property Organization" co nghia la mo hinh nay cua To chuc So hihi Tri tue Th^ gioi.
Ngay nhan: 17/7/2014 Ngiy duylt dang: 15/8/2014
TAP CHi KINH 1
