KHOA HOC CbNG N G H |
HIEU QUA CUA P H A I \ I HUU CQ VI 5IMH DOI VOI RAU AIV LA TROIXlIi TREIM DAT PHU 5 A [VOIVG TRUOIVG
sdivG H A U , THAIXIH PHO CAIXI THO
Cao Ng^c Di^SQudch Qu6c ' n l ^ ^ Phan Vin Up^
T6MTAT
Ba thi nghiem ngoEli dong dugc thye hi^n nham dAnh gii hi§u qua cua phan huu co vi sinh [HCVSI d^n nang su^t v^ ch^t lu^ng rau mu6ng, m6ng tai va cai xanh tr6ng trftn dfit phii sa N6ng tru6ng Song H§u (huy^n Or Do, th^nh phd Cin Thof). Thi nghiem duoc h6 tri theo kh^i hoAn toin ngSu nhidn g6m 4 nghiem thuc voi 4 cong thiic b6n phSn vA 3 Idn l$p lai la: NTl Ikhfing b6n phSn], NT2 [100 N - 80 P^Oj - 40 K^O kg/hal. NTS [1000 kg/ha phan HCVS], NT4 [1000 kg/ha phan HCVS + 50 N - 40 P^Os - 20 K^O kg/ha].
Ket qua cho th^y b6n 1000 kg/ha phSn HCVS + 50 N - 40 PjOj - 20 K^O kg/ha cho rau mu6ng, mong toi va cai xanh co nang su^t tuong duong voi b6n 100 N - 80 PjO; - 40 KoO kg/ha nhung ham lugng nitrat th^p, da gop ph4n ti^t ki^m tir 50% phan h6a hgc bon cho rau an la. H^ch toAn kinh te- cho th^y b6n phan HCVS k^t htJT) vol 50% lu<7ng phan hoa hpc cho rau mudng, mdng toi vk cai xanh (dgt 1) c6 hi^u qua nhat. Nhu vay, bdn phSn HCVS cho rau mudng, mdng toi va cai xanh khdng nhung tidt ki^m 50% lu(?ng phan hda hpc ma con dam bao ch^t luong san ph£m.
Tir khda: Cai xanh, mdng toi, nang suit, nitrat trong rau, phdn hiiu ca-vi sinh, rau mudng.
I.BijTVANBE
Trong xa hpi hiSn dai, qua trinh san xuJLt rau ling dung nhi^u ky thuat ti^n bd nhu: sir dung nhieu phan bon, chat kich thich sinh trudng, thuoc bao ve thuc vat khong nhung gay 6 nhilm moi truong canh tac ma con lam rau bj nhilm ban, anh huong nghiem trpng d^'n sue khoe nguoi sir dung (Phan Thi Thu H^ng, 2008). Do do, hi^n nay van d^ dupc chii y va quan tam nhieu la v& sinh an toan thirc pham, trong dd CO rau xanh. Voi xu huong nay, n^n ndng nghidp Viet Nam dua ra giai phap la san suat rau theo huong an toan de cai thien moi truong dat, nuoc va chat luong rau. Co th^ hi^u qua trinh san xu^t rau deu ling dung nhung gi c6 ngu6n g6'c huu ca sinh hpc than thien voi moi trudng ma cu the la sir dung phan huu CO vi sinh.
Phan huu ca vi smh duoc san xu^t tuong doi don gian, tan diing nguydn lieu la nhung phi^ pham cua nong nghidp, gop p h ^ lam giam 6 nhilm moi truong. Gan day, phSn him co vi sinh dugc ling dyng va dat nhimg thanh t^u dang k^ tr6n cay b^p lai
' Vi?n NC&PT Cdng ngh? Sinh hpc, Dai hpc Cin Tho,
^ Hpc vien Cao hpc nginh Sinh thai hpc, Khoa Khoa hpc T\r nhi6n, Djii hpc C ^ Tho
(Chabot etal., 1996), dau nanh (Molla etal., 2001), dau Ha Lan (Kumar etal., 2001), liia mach (Belimov etal., 1995), cai an la (Antoun etal., 1998) cho nSng suat cao khong kem phan hoa hpc, giam ham luong nitrat (NO3') trong rau,... vi^c xac dinh hieu qua cua phan hijru co vi sinh ddi voi rau an la (rau muong, mong toi, cai xanh) trong tr6n dat phii sa Ndng truong Song Hau (huy^n Cd Do thanh pho Can Tho) dupc thirc hi^n de danh gia tac dong cua phan hiru ca vi sinh den nSng suat va chat luong rau theo hudng vira cho nang su& cao vira dam bao chat lupng rau thong qua ham lupng nitrat trong rau de cung cap cho ngudi su dung vdi loai rau an toan.
I . VAT L P VA PHUONG PHAP l.V§tli$u
- Dat thi nghidm thupc bieu loai dat phii sa ven sdng vdi nhimg dac tinh nhu diit chua OiH=4,14), giau kali trao doi (0,632 meq/100 g dat), lan d l tieu kha (13,4 mg P2O5/IOO g dat) nhung ngheo d^im (0,16% N tong so) va chat hiiu ca (3,03%).
- Hat gi6ng rau muong, rau mdng toi va cai xanh dupc mua tai ciia hang vat tu ndng nghiep tai quan C Mdn [ciia Cdng ty Trang Ndng].
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2012 23
KHOA HQC C 6 N G HOHt
- Phan hiiu ca vi sinh dii(?c sSn xu^t tir bun dciy ao ca tra cung ram ra. lye binh bang cdch ii niia kin nOa hA v6i ti If 0.4 t i l bun diy ao c4 tra + 0,6 tin rom ra + lijc binh (khdi lining tiroi/khdi linTng tuoi). c h i t h i i h timg 16p d^y 20 cm. b6 sung cdc l o i n i n Trichodemia IKhoa N6ng nghifp & SHUD, Dai hpc C i i Tho] ti if 20 g / m ' ddng ii. sau 3 t u i i ddng ii dupc x^o d^u tir du6i len tr^n. sau d6 ii them 2 tudn.
bd sung vi k h u i i c6 ich nhu vi k h u i i cd dmh dam. vi k h u i i hda tan ISn. vi k h u i i phin g i i k i i (Vlfn NC&PT C6ng nghf Sinh hpc, Dai hpc C i i Tha), d$y kin va ii thSm 10 ngiy. p h i i hlhl ca-vi sinh h o i i thjlnh v4 c6 th^ dua v4o sir dijng ( D ^ g Ngpc T r i n , LuSn van Thgc si Khoa hpc ngdnh Sinh thai hpc nam 2011 vdi de t i "SAn xuS't phSn hUu ca vi sinh ttr btin diyao ci tra nudi cOngnghi^f vdi thinh p h i i dinh duong nhu sau: OC 6,93%. N tdng sd - 0.82% . P d5 tieu - 392.1 mg PjOs/lOO g d i . K trap ddi - 6.621 meq/100 g d i va ti 16 C/N - 23:1).
2. Phtrong phdp
- Thi nghiem qua 2 vii llSn tidp, tren 3 Ipji rau:
rau mudng. mdng toi va c i xanh.
- Thi nghiem dupc bd tri theo khdi h o i i tojin ngau nhien gdm 4 nghiem thiic ling vdi 4 cdng thuc bdn phan va cd 3 l i i lap lai. Difn tich mdi nghiem thiic la 1 m X 3 m = 3 m^; c6 4 nghiem thuc nhu sau:
Nghiem thuc 1 (NTl): ddi chiing (khdng bdn phan): ddi chiing am.
Nghiem thiic 2 (NT2): 100 N - 80 P2O5 - 40 KzO kg/ha (ddi chlhig duong).
Nghiem thiic 3 (NT3): 1000 kg/ha phSn HCVS.
Nghiem thiic 4 (NT4): 1000 kg/ha p h i i HCVS + 50 N - 4 0 P A - 2 0 K2O kg/ha.
Mdi nghiem thiic trong 1 Mp rOng 1 m. cao 20 cm. ranh lidp rpng 30 cm, bdn Idt tro \xi\i, phan supe lan Long Thinh 16% PjOs) va kaU [d?ng KCl 60%
K2O) (tiiy thep nghijm thiic cd sti dung ndng dd phan khpiig). phan urd (46% N) chia deu lam 3 l i i (rau mudng) hay 5 l i i bdn (rau mdng toi va c i xanh). trudc khi thu hpach 5 ngay thi ngung bdn phan dam hda hpc.
C h u i i bi hilt gidng: Hat gidng mua vd ngi trpng nudc i n (khoang 30°C) trong 3 gid- sau dd V(
ra. k h o i i g 2 gid sau dem gieo (NguySn Manh Chin
& Ph?m Anh Cudng, 2007).
Phirong phap gieo sa: hat dupc s^i lan vdi matd Sii ddi vdi rau mudng la 11 -12 kg/1000 m^ mdng tc 14 6 - 7 kg/1000 m^ c i xanh 300 - 500 g/1000 ra' gieo hat xong phii mdt Idp tro tr^u rdi tudi i n d^u Tudi nudc 2 l i i / n g a y vio budi sing va budi chi^u Phdng trir sSu bfnh theo hudng d i i ciia Tran Khuydn n6ng huy?n Cd Dd, thanh phd C i i TTio.
Rau mudng thu hoach Itic 25 ngay, mdng toi vi c i xanh thu ho^ich liic 35 ngay b i i g each nhd d cay. Sau dd do chidu cao, can khdi lupng tuoi.
+ Khdi lupng cay: can khdi lupng rau trong 3 khung chi tieu (kich thudc 40 cm x 40 cm) d 3 vj tri khac nhau tren mdi Up. sau dd chia lai cho sd (dy d^m dupc trong moi khung dd du^c khdi lupng tning binh cay.
+ Nang s u i tdng: can toan bp rau tren timg lip ciia mdi nghidm thiic. tinh nang s u i rau tren lip (3 m ^ . sau dd qui ra nang suat ( t i i / h a ) .
Chi tieu c h i lupng: chpn ngSu nhien moi nghiem thiic vii cay rau (200 g). nia lai b i i g nuoc sach sau dd phSn tich du lupng nitrat trong than va la.
Dinh gia hidu qua kinh td sti dung phan hiiu ca vi sinh: tdng thu - tdng chi.
P h i l tich sd lifu bang p h i i mdm Microsot Excel dd phan tich phuong sai ANOVA, Wdm dinh LSD dd kidm tra si; khac bif t trung binh giiia ci nghidm thiic.
•.KfrquivltTiUauMN
Nhin ehung thi nghifm p h i i hiiu co vi sinh (HCVS) trdn rau i i la dupc thye hifn tr6n dat clina cd canh tac l o i cay trdng nio trudc dd ndn tinh hinh sinh trudng ehung ciia 3 loai rau (rau mudng. m6ng toi. cii xanh) thd hidn miic dO k h i ; bift giua oc nghidm thiic qua m i u s ^ la. hinh dang c$
rau....(Hinh 1).
24 NONG NGHlfiP VA PHAT T R I I N NONG T H 6 N - KY 1 - THANG 6/20*2
KHOA HOC CdNG NCHi
Hinh 1. Hifu qua cua phin hda hpc vi phin HCVS tren ba loji rau i n li 1. Hifu qua phan HCVS trdn rau mudng
Tir kdt qua dupc trinh bay trong bang 1 cho thiy khdi lupng tmng binh cua cay rau mudng d bdn nghiem thiic trong dot 1 dao dpng tir 10.74 g/cay a NTl [khong bdn phan] den 10.94 g/cay or NT3[1000 kg/ha phan hiiu ca - vi sinh [HCVSI ddn 14.67 g/cay d NT4 [bdn 1000 kg/ha p h i i HCVS + 50 N - 40 PjOs - 20 KjO kg/ha] ddn 17.53 g/cay a NT2 (chi bdn phin hda hpc vdi heu luong 100 N - 80 PjOj - 40 K2O kg/ha].
Bang 1. Hieu q u i phan hda hpc vi phan HCVS tren khdi lupng rau. ning suit chit xanh, h i m lupng nitrat trong rau mudng (thuc h i ^ tir 01 thing 8 ddn
05 thing 10 nam 2011) Nghiem
thiic
D p t l NTl NT2 NT3 NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(%) Dpt2
NTl NT2 NT3 NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(*) Khdi lupng 1 ciy rau (g/ciy) 10.74 17.53 10.91 14.67 2.92
7.8 8.57 17.22 11.97 16.27 2.15 5.2
Nang suit chat
xanh ( t i l / h a )
6.87 21.20 12,50 17,98 4,38 9,80 9,21 24,41 13,21 18,01 5,57 11,36
Him lupng nitrat (mg/kg rau
xanh) 31,26 140,82 48,22 82,95 10,17 4,43 22,96 122,74 57,90 63,70 1.54
0.76
* Ghi chu: NT1= doi chiing (khong bdn phin), NT2 = WON - 8OP2O5 - 4OK2O kg/ha (ddi chiing duong)
NT3 - 1000 kg/ha phin HCVS. NT4 = 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS + SON- 40p2O, - 20 K,0kg/ha
Qua ki^m dinh thong ke cho thay rau muong dupc bdn theo nghiem thirc NT4 cd khoi lupng trung binh cay khic bi§t cd y nghia thong ke so vdi doi ehung, Idn hon nghiem thiic doi ehung nhung khac bidt khdng y nghia thong k& so vdi nghiem thirc su- dung 100% phan hda hpc [NT2]. Rau mudng duoc bdn phan hda hpc [NT2] co khoi lugng trung binh cSy Idn nh^t, dat 17,53 g/cay. Nghiem thuc su dung 100% phan HCVS khac biet khong y nghia thdng ke so vdi ddi chimg, nhung khac biet co y nghia thong ke so vdi rau mudng duoc bdn phan hda hpc [NT2].
Tuy nhien bon 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS va bdn them 50% phan hda hpc cho rau mudng khdng khac biet cd y nghia thdng ke so vdi nghiem thirc bdn 100% phan hda hoc [NT2]. Ket qua thu duoc tuong tu vdi k^t qua thi nghiem ciia Phan Van Lap (2009) su dung phan hiiu ca vi sinh (10 tan/ha) + 50% phan hda hpc theo khuyen cao ciia Td Nhu Ai va Le Phii Duy (2007) sir dung phan hiru ca vi sinh (15 tan/ha) + 50% phan hda hoc theo khuyen cao.
Nang suiit tdng [nang su^t ch^t xanh] cua rau mudng trong hai nghiem thiic NT4 va NTS khac biet cd y nghia thdng ke so vdi NTl nhung nang suat ciia NT4 khac biet khong cd y nghia so vdi nang suat tdng ciia rau mudng bdn 100% phan hda hpc [NT2]
trong khi dd nghidm thiic chi sii dung phan HCVS [NT3] cd nang su^t tong thIp hon nghiem thiic sii dung 100% phan hoa hpc [NT2] la 8,7 t ^ / h a . Hal nghiem thiic 2 va 4 cd nSng su^t tdng tuong duang nhau; k^t qua trong dpt 2 cung tuong tu nhu dot 1 ( B ^ g 1). Nhu vay Vide bdn phan HCVS (1000 kg/ha) cd kha nang thay th^ 50% lupng phan hda hpc ma khdng Icim giam nSng suat tdng. K^t qua nay tuong tu vdi k^t qua Cao Ngpc Diep va ctv (2011) sir dung 30 tan phan HCVS + 50 N - 40 PjOs - 20 K2O kg/ha tren rau mudng flii nSng suat tdng khdng khac bi^t so vdi nghiem thiic bdn hoan toan phan hda hpc. Dieu nay cho thay viec sii dung phan HCVS trdn rau mudng lam tang nSng suat tdng trong dot 2.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG T H 6 N • K^ 2 - THANG 6/2012 25
KHOA H9C C 6 N 0 N6Ht
Kdt qua thu dupc niy tuong tu nhu kdt qui thi nghiem cua Phan Van Lip (2009) vi Nguydn Thj Thanh Tuydn (2010). Bdn nhidu phin d?m hda hpc lim cho him lupng nitrat trong rau mudng cao n h i trong ca 2 dpt thi nghidm. tuy nhidn bdn 1000 kg phan HCVS/ha + 50% phin hda hpc cho him lupng nitrat trong rau mudng thflp nhung ning s u i c h i xanh khdng thua kdm rau mudng chi bdn hoin toil phan hda hpc. Mac dii ci bdn nghidm tlnic ddu cd du
lupng nitrat nhung ddu thap hon ngudng an toin cho phdp (600 mg/kg) theo Trii KhSc Thi & Trii Nggc Hung (2005). Bdn phin HCVS cii thidn pH. N tdng sd. d5c bidt c h i him ca so vdi dit khdng bdn phSn (NTl); bdn phii hda hpc giup cho ham lupng N vi ham lupng K trao ddi tang r6 rdt. tuy nhidn bdn phSn HCVS vi bd sung 50% phin hda hpc giiip thanh phjn dinh dueng trong d i dn dinh hon sau khi thu hoach 2 dpt rau (Bing 2).
Nghiem thuc Ban diu
Sau thi nghiem NTl NT2 NTS NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(%)
pH 4.14 D p t l
3,99 4.20 4.26 4.44 0.30 2.32
Dpt 2 4.12 4,42 4,76 4,70 1,10 8,09
Ntdngsd
(%)
0,16 D p t l
0,16 0.19 0.18 0.21 0,05 9,53
Dpt 2 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.05 8,28
Pddtieu (rag/lOOgdi)
13,4 D p t l 12,50 15,53 15,63 16,23 4.22 9.31
Dpt 2 13.10 15.70 14.03 15,87 2,91 6,56
K trao ddi (meq/lOOg dit)
0.632 D p t l 0.512 0,910 0,574 0.575 0.041 2.084
Dpt 2 0.498 0,873 0,512 0,786 0,159 7,889
ChithOuco
(%)
3.03 D p t l
3.16 4.93 4.06 4,75 0,80 6.27
Dpt 2 3,58 4,95 4,20 4.83 0.66 4,96
* Ghi chii: NT1= doi chiing (khdng bdn phin), NT2 • lOON - SOPfis - NTS -1000 kg/ha phan HCVS, NT4 = 1000 kg/ha phin HCVS + 50N-
40K/) kg/ha (ddi chiing duong) 40Pfts- 20Kflkg/ha 2. Hidu qua phan HCVS tren rau mdng toi
Ket qua tir bang 3 cho thay khdi lupng trung binh cay ciia mdng toi d bdn nghidm thiic trong dpt 1 dao ddng tir 6,04 g/cay b NTl [khdng bdn phan] ddn 16,77 g/ciy 6 NT3 [(1000 kg/ha) phin HCVS] ddn 21,56 g/cay dt NT2 [100 N - 80 P^Os - 40 KjO kg/hal den 23.67 g/cay d NT4 [1000 kg/ha phin HCVS + 50 N - 40 P A - 20 KjO kg/ha].
Bdn phin HCVS cd bd sung 50% phin hda hpc hay kheng cd phin hda hpc cho rau mdng toi (NT3 vi NT4] cho th^y khdi lupng trung binh ciy rau mdng toi khic bift cd y nghia thdng kd so vdi ddi chiing [NTl]. khac biet khong y nghia thdng kd so vdi nghidm thiic sii dung hoin toin phan hda hpc [NT2] (bang 3). Nhu viy. cay mdng toi dmjc bdn 1000 kg/ha phii HCVS bd sung 50 N - 40 P2O5 - 20 K2O kg/ha cd khdi lupng trung binh cay rau mdng toi Idn nhi. khac biet khdng y nghia thdng kd so vdi nghiem thirc bdn hoan toan phin hda hpc.
Nang s u i rau mdng toi a NT3 (1000 kg/ha phin HCVS] khdng khac biet y nghia sp vdi ddi ehung. Idn
hon so vdi ddi chiing li 1.25 tii/ha nhung khac bi^
cd y nghia thdng ke so vdi NT2: bdn phin HCVS (1000 kg/ha) bd sung 50 N - 40 P2O5 - 20 KjO kg/ha cho rau mdng toi cho ning suat tdng Idn nh^t dat 12.38 til/ha. khac bi^t cd y nghia thdng kd so vdi ddi chiing, Idn hon ddi chiing 7.7 tii/ha va lon hon nang suat rau mdng toi 6 NT2[100 N - 80 P2O5 - 40 KzO kg/ha] 2.67 tii/ha trong dpt 1. Tuy nhien trong dpt 2. bdn 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS khdng bd sung phan hda hpc (NT3) cho nang s u i c h i xanh ciia rau mdng toi khdng khic bidt so voi ddi chiing. trong khi dd ning s u i c h i xanh cua NT2 (bdn 100% phan hda hpc) khdng khic bif t vdi nang s u i chat xanh ciia rau mdng toi dupc bdn 1000 kg/ha phii HCVS va 50% phan hda hpc; didu nay cho thay viec bdn phan HCVS cd khi nang thay thd 5(»S lupng phin hda hoc mi khdng lim giim ning s u i tdng. Kdt qua thu dirpc tir thi nghidm phii hpp vdi ke't qui ciia Quach Qudc Tuii (2008) va Cao Ngpc Di^p va ctv (2011).
Didu dac bidt la ham lupng nitrat trong rau radngHj ciia ca bdn nghidm thiic ddu rit thap dii bdn phSn hdahpclimchp lupng nitrat tang cao (Bing 3).
26 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRI^N NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 6/20§
KHOAHQC CdNG NGH$
Bang 3. Hidu qui p h i i hda hpc v i phin HCVS trdn Bdn phin HCVS c i thi$n pH, N tdng sd. dac khdi lupng rau. ning suit chit xanh. h i m lupng bi^t c h i hou ca so vdi d i khdng bdn phin (NTl);
nitrat trong rau mudng toi (thuc hidn hi 01 thing 8 bdn phin hda hpc giiip cho him lupng N vi ham ddn 15 thing 10 n i m 2011) lupng K trap ddi tang rp r^t. tuy nhien bdn phin HCVS va bd sung 50% p h i i hda hpc giiip thanh phan dinh duPng trong dit dn djnh hon sau khi thu hoach 2 dpt rau (Bing 4).
3. Hidu qui phan HCVS trdn c i xanh Tir kdt qui trinh bay trong bing 5 cho thay khdi lupng trung binh ciy cua cii xanh d bdn nghiem thiic trong dpt 1 cd su khic bidt qua phin tich thdng ke. tir 4.37 g/cay d NTl[kh6ng bdn phan] ddn 5.29 g/cay NT3 [phan HCVS (1000 kg/ha)] ddn 7.54 g/ciy NT2[100 N - 80 PjOj - 40 KjG kg/ha] ddn 8.54 g/ciy d NT4 [ (1000 kg/ha) phin HCVS + 50 N - 40P2O5-20K2Okg/ha].
Phan tich thdng ke cho thiy khdi lupng trung binh ciy mdng toi d NT3[1000 kg/ha phin HCVS] vi NT4[1000 kg/ha phin HCVS + SON - 4OP2O5 - 20 K2O kg/ha] khic biet cd y nghia thdng ke so voi ddi chiing [NTl]. nhung khic biet khSng y nghia thdng kd so voi nghiem thiic sii diing hoin toin phin hda ' Ghi chu: NTl- ddi chiing (khdng bon phin), hpc [NT2]. Nhu vay. cay mdng toi a NT4 [(1000 NT2 - lOON - SOPfis - 4OK2O kg/ha (ddi chiing kg/ha) phan HCVS cd bd sung 50 N - 40 P2O5 - 20 duang) K2O kg/ha] cd khdi lupng trung binh lon nhit. khac
NTS - 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS, NT4 = 1000 •>'*' ^'''^^ * ^^^ * * " 8 ^^ ^° " " nghiem thiic bdn kg/ha phM HCVS + SON-40Pfis- 20Kftkg/ha hoan tpin p h i i hda hpc (biigS).
Bang 4. Hieu qua phin HCVS v i phin hda hpc tren thinh p h i i 1^ hda tinh dit trdng rau mdng toi Nghidm
thiic
D p t l NTl NT2 NT3 NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(%) Dpt 2
NTl NT2 NT3 NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(%) Khdi lupng 1 ciy rau (g/ciy) 6.04 21,56 16,77 23,67 4,95 9,62 4,57 16,44 6,31 16,86 2.11 6.32
Nang suit chit
xanh (tin/ha)
4,68 9,71 5,93 12.38 1.99
8.05 3,81 23,73 6.88 20.44 4.94 11,9
H i n lupng nitrat (mg/kg rau
xanh) 7,77 28,02 5,89 11,98 3,13 7,72 0,08 20,59 0,16 1,50 1,03 6,09
Nghidm thiic Ban diu
Sau thi nghiem NTl NT2 NTS NT4 LSD 0,01
CV(%)
pH 4.19 D p t l
4.29 4.30 4.32 4.40 0.39 2.99
Dpt 2 4.33 4.47 4.81 4,61 0,45 3.29
N t d n g s d
(%)
0.11 D p t l
0.15 0.24 0.16 0.19 0.02 3.70
Dot 2 0.16 0.18 0.17 0,19 0,04 7,26
Pddtieu (mg/lOOg dat)
13 D p t l 12,40 15,00 13,17 15,87 3,53 8.26
02 Dpt 2 12.77 14,47 13,57 15,43 4,61 10,82
K trao ddi (meq/lOOgdit)
0,612 D p t l 0,662 0,710 0,626 0,649 0,141 7,029
Dpt 2 0,441 0.556 0.476 0.502 0.149 9.983
Chit hiiu ca
(%)
3.33 D p t l
3.16 4,75 4,06 4,40 0,50 4,02
Dpt 2 3,16 5,19 4,40 4,58 0,76 5.77
• Ghi chii: NT1= doi chiing (khdng bdn phan), NT2 - lOON - SOPfis - 40Kft kg/ha (ddi chiing duang) NTS. 1000 kg/ha phin HCVS, NT4.1000 kg/ha phan HCVS+SON-40Pfis- 20KjOkg/ha Trpng dpt 2. khdi lupng trung binh cay c i xanh khdi lupng trung binh khac bi^t khdng y nghia so vdi d NT4 cao nhit v i khac biet cd ^ nghia so voi ddi nghidm thiic ddi chiing. nhung khac biet cd y nghia chiing d 1% nhung khdng khic bidt y nghia thdng kd thdng kd so vdi NT2. Nhu viy. viec sii dung p h i i so vdi NT2. Hai nghidm thirc (2 va 4) cd khdi luong HCVS bdn cho cai xanh cd kha nang thay thd 50%
trung binh ciy tuong duong nhau. C i xanh a NTS cd lupng phin hda hpc. Trong c i 2 dpt. khdi lupng
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NdNG THON - KV' 2 - THANG 6/2012 27
KHOA HOC CdNO NGHl
trung binh cay d nghiem thiic sir dung [phin HCVS (1000 kg/ha) + 50 N - 40 P2O5 - 20 K2O kg/ha] Idn nhit. khic biet d muc y nghia 1% so voi ddi ehung.
khac bidt khong y nghia thdng kd so vdi nghidm tliuc sir dung 100% phan hda hpc. Nhu vfiy bdn phin HCVS gdp phin tang khdi lupng trung binh ciia cai xanh.
Bing 5. Hidu q u i p h i i hda hpc v i phin HCVS khdi lupng rau. ning suit chit xanh. h i m lupng nitrat iTong c i xanh (thi^ hidn tii 01 thing 8 ddn 15 thing
10 nim 2011) Nghidm
thiic
D p t l NTl NT2 NTS NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(%) Dpt 2
NTl NT2 NTS NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(%) Khdi lupng 1 c i y c i (g/ciy) 4.37 7.54 5.29 8,54 1,56 8,01 3.69 7,08 5,28 8,42 1,64 8,86
Ning suit chit
xanh (tin/ha)
4.32 19,60 11,27 24,55 2.94 6.51 2,69 12,42 5,65 16,43
6,09 1.71
Him lupng nitrat (mg/kg rau
xanh) 27.31 56,94 22,50 17,94 1,35 1.7S 301.97 1174.86 315.96 400,32 143,27 8,63
* Ghi chii: NT1= ddi chiing (khong bdn phan), NT2 - lOON - SOPfls - *OKfi kg/ha (ddi chimg duong)
NTS . 1000 kg/ha phin HCVS, NT4 - 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS + SON- 40Pfis - 20Kfi kg/ha
Bdn 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS + 50 N - 40 PiOj- 20 K2O kg/ha cho c i xanh [NT4] che ning suit tdng cao nhit, dat 24.55 t i n / h a . khic bi^t cd y nghia thdng ke so vdi ddi chiing. Idn hon c i xanh d NT2 [100 N - 80 P2O5 - 40 K2O kg/ha] 4,95 tin/ha. Ning s u i tdng cua c i xanh ft NTS [1000 kg/ha phSn HCVS] khic bidt cd y nghia thdng kd so vdi doi chiing. Nang suit tdng trung binh [3 lin lap lai] cua cii xanh ft cic nghidm thiic 2, 3 v i 4 trong dpt 2 ih khac bi^t cd y nghia thdng ke so vdi ddi chiing ft miic y nghia 1% (Bing 5).
Qua kdt q u i 2 dpt trdng c i xanh ning suit tdng ft nghidm thiic bdn phin HCVS (1000 kg/ha) hj sung 50 N - 40 PiOj - 20 K2O kg/ha ddu dat nSng suit cao n h i . Kdt q u i niy phii hpp vdi kdt qua thi nghidm cua Nguydn Thanh Binh (2000) tren cai nggt trdng t^i C i i Tha, nghien ciiu cua Ponnamperuma (1984) bdn phin hiitu c a kdt hpp vfti phan hda hpc giiip ciy trdng dgt ning suit cao n h i t Nhu viy vi^
sir dling phin HCVS bdn cho c i xanh cd kha nang thay thd 50% phin hda hpc. Didu nay cd nghia li 1000 kg/ha phin HCVS tuang duong vdi 50 N - 40 PjOs- 20 KzO kg/ha. Didu dac bidt l i h i m lupng nitrat trong c i xanh trong dpt 1 thap hon so vdi nguong cho phdp tidu dimg ciia Bp Y td Viet Nam; nhung 6 dpt 2, h i m lupng nitrat trong c i xanh ting rat cao, nhit la trong cac nghidm thiic cd bdn phin dam h6a hpc (NT2). du lupng nitrat cao hon 1000 mg/kg. miic nay da qua nguftng cho phdp ciia Bp Y te Viet Nam hay cua FAO/WHO; kdt qua nay cung phCi hpp liet q u i ciia thi nghidm phin HCVS tren c i xanh trdng tren dat phii sa tinh Long An cua Cao Ngpc Diep va ddng tic gia (2011) (Bang 5).
Bang 6. Hi$u q u i phin HCVS v i phin hda hpc trdn thinh phin ly hda tinh dit trdng c i xanh Nghi$m
thiic Ban diu
Sau thi nghiem NTl NT2 NTS NT4 LSD 0.01
CV(%)
pH 4.09 D p t l
4.40 4,43 4,51 4,60 0,38 2,78
Dpt 2 4,35 4,60 4,88 4,96 0,61 4,29
Ntdngsd
(%)
0,15 D p t l
0,16 0,18 0,17 0,18 0,05 9,07
Dpt 2 0,17 0,22 0,21 0.22 0.06 9.81
Pddtieu (mg/lOOg d i )
12 82 D p t l 13.10 17,57 14,77 18.00 1.91 3.99
Dpt 2 12.00 18.03 15.60 18,60 3,10 6,37
K trao ddi (meq/lOOgdit)
0.602 D p t l 0,612 0,891 0.639 0.789 0.169 7.615
Dpt 2 0.618 0.789 0,670 0,756 0.068 3.182
C h i h t i u c a
(%)
3.13 D p t l
3,44 4.75 4.13 4.50 0.37 2.89
Dpt 2 4.06 4,95 4,30 4.82 0.49
Ji^
'Ghi chii: NTl-ddi chiing (khdng bon phin), NT2-100N- SOPfls-^OKfi kg/ha (ddi chiing daapA NTS. 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS, NT4.1000 kg/ha phin HCVS* SON-40Pfls- 20Kflkg/ha '%
28 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT T R I I N NONG T H 6 N - K V 1 - THANG 6/2011
KHOA HOC CdNG N C H |
Dat trong cai xanh cd bon phan HCVS da cai hidn pH dat va ham luong chat hiiu co dat trdng pang 6).
4. Hi^u qua kinh t^ cua phan hOu ca vi sinh trdn )a lo^i rau an la
Til bang 7, 8 va 9 cho thay gia hgt gi6ng va cdng ao dpng cao da anh huong den gia thanh san xu^t, rong dd ddi vdi NTUdd'i chiing - khdng bdn phan],
^JT3[(1000 kg/ha) phan HCVS] cua 2 loai rau (rau nu6ng, mong toi) d^u bi 16, nSng suat khdng thu iupc bao nhidu. Nghiem thiic sii dung hoan toan 3han hda hoc [NT2] va nghiem tlnic bdn k^t hpp Bang 7. Higu qud kinh t^ cua md
giua phan hda hoc va phan HCVS [NT41 cho nang suat va loi nhuan cao, dac biet nghiem Unic bdn 1000 kg/ha phan HCVS + 50 N - 40 PaOs - 20 Kfi kg/ha dat hi^u qua kinh t^ cao nhat. Tuy nhien, hach toan cua trong cai xanh (bang 9) khdng dupc cao do cai thudng bi sSu an la va do chi phi thuc'ic bao vd thuc vat va cdng lao ddng nhi^u, n^n hach to^n kinh t^
cua NTl, NT2 ( d ^ 2), NT3 dc^u bj \6. Ndng dan thu hoach cai xanh a nghiijm thiic sii dung phan HCVS (1000 kg/ha) bo sung 50% phan hda hoc [50 N - 40 P2O5 - 20 K2O kg/ha] dat Ipi nhuan cao nhat.
hinh tr6ng rau mu6ng (xl.OOO ddng) TT
1 2 3 4 5
Hangmiic Gidng Phan bdn Cong lao dong Chi phi tuoi tieu
Tdng chi Ning suit CT/ha)
Tdngthu Loi nhuin
D p t l NTl
15500 0 19794
700 S5994
6.87 6870 -29124
NT2 15500 11586 21885 700 4%71 21.20 74200 24529
NTS 15500 9569 20573 700 46342 12.50 25000 -21342
NT4 15500 5793 22786 700 44779
17.98 80910 S6131
Dpt 2 NTl
15500 0 19794
700 S5994
9,21 9210 -26784
NT2 15500 11586 21885 700 49671 24,41 85435 35764
NTS 15500 9569 20573
700 46342
13,21 26420 -19922
NT4 15500
5793 22786 700 44779
18,00 81000 36221
TT 1 2 3 4 5
Bang 8. Hieu qui Hang muc
Gidng Phin bdn Cong lao dong Chi phi tudi tieu
Tdng chi Nang suit CT/ha)
Tdngthu Loi nhuan
kinh td ciia m6 hinh trdng rau mdng D p t l
NTl 7500 0 18694
700 26894
4,68 4680 -22214
NT2 7500 12786 20895 700 41881
9,71 43695
1814 NTS 7500 9569 20793 700 38562
5,93 11860 -26702
NT4 7500 6S9S 21095 700 35688
12,38 68090 32402
toi (xl.OOO ddng) Dpt 2 NTl
7500 0 18694
700 26894
3,80 3800 -23094
NT2 NTS 7500 7500 12786 9569 20895 20793 700 700 41881 38562 23.73 6.88 106785 13760
64904 -24802 NT4 7500 6393 21095 700 35688
4.94 42717
7029 Bang 9. Hi^u quk kinh t^ cua md hinh trdng cai xanh (xl.OOO dong)
1 2 3 4 5
Hangmiic Gidng Phin bdn Thudc BVTV
Cong lao ddng Chi phi tuoi
lieu Tdng chi
D p t l NTl
100 0 1060 10891 700 12751
NT2 100 12786
1060 11564
700 26210
NTS 100 9569 1060 11012 700 22441
NT4 100 6393 1060 12890 700 21143
Dpt 2 NTl
100 0 1350 10891
700 13041
NT2 100 12786
1350 11564
700 26500
NTS 100 9569 1350 11012 700 22731
NT4 100 6393 1350 12890 700 21433 JONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 6/2012 29
KHOA M9C CONO NGHE
6 Ning suit (T/ha) Tdngthu L p i n h u i i
4,37 4370 -8381
7,54 26390
180 5,29 15870 -6571
8,54 38430 17287
3,69 3690 -9351
7,08 24780 -1720
5,28 15840 -6891
8,42 378S0 164S7 Hach toan kinh t^ * 3 loai rau an la cho thfiy
nghiem thiic bon phan hda hpc [NT21 cho nang suk cao nhung ham lupng nitrat cao, di^u nay lam cho rau tra thanh rau khdng an toan. NghiOni thuc sii dung phan HCVS ket hpp 50% phan hda hpc c6 ham lupng nitrat lliap dem lai hi^u qua kinh t^ cao, khdng thua kdm rau chi sit dung hoan toan phSn hda hpc:
dd la NT4 [1000 kg/ha phan HCVS + 50 N - 40 PjOs - 20 K2O kg/ha.
IV. KET LUAN VJiDE NGHI
- Sti dung phan HCVS gdp p h ^ tict ki^m 50%
phan bdn hda hpc doi vdi rau muong, mdng toi, cai xanh va dem lai nang suat ca ba loai rau ddu tuong duong vdi nghiem thiic bdn 100% phan hda hpc va cd du luong nitrat trong rau thap hon nhidu so vdi nghiem thiic chi bdn hoan toan phan hda hpc.
- Hidu qua ciia phan HCVS tren rau an la (rau mudng, mdng toi, dii xanh) trong tren dat phii sa Ndng trudng Sdng Hau (huydn Cd Dd, thanh pho Can Tho) cho thay phan bdn HCVS gdp phan tang nang suat (rau mudng, mdng toi, cai xanh) va dem lai hieu qua kinh te cao.
- Tiep tue thi nghiem hieu qua ciia phan HCVS len cac loai rau khac nhau tren dien tich rpng, didu kiSn sinh thai khac nhau de tir dd de xuat cdng thiic bdn phan hop li cho timg ddi tupng.
- Cdng thiic bdn phan thich hpp cho cac loai rau (rau mudng, mdng toi, cai xanh) sau 2 dpt trdng tren dat phu sa Ndng truong Sdng Hau (huyen Cd Dd, thanh phd Can Tho) nhu sau:
Phan HCVS 1000 kg/ha + 50 N - 40 PjOj - 20 K^O kg/ha.
TAI UPI THAM KHAO
1. Antoun, H., Beauchamp C. J., Goussard R., Chabot R., and Lalande R., 1998. Potential of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on nonlegumes:
Effect on radishes (Raphanus sativus L.). Plant and 5b//204,57-67.
2. Belimov, A A., Kojemiakov A. P., and Chuvarliyeva C. V., 1995. Interaction between barley
and mixed cultures of nitrogen fbcing and phosphate- solubilizing bacteria./y^/anrf50/7173,29-37.
3. Cao Ngpc Di^p, Tran Thi Giang, Nguy^
Thanh Tiing va Nguyen Van Anh, 2011. Hidu qua ciia phan huu CO vi sinh tren nang suat va chat lupng rau xanh trdng tren dat phii sa t^i tinh Long An. Tap chi KhoahQC Trm'mg Dili liQC Can Tha. 18b. ^
4. Chabot, R., Antoun H., and Cesas M. P., 1996.
Growth promotion of maize and lettuce by phosphate-solubilizing Rhizobium leguminosanmi biovar phaseoli. Plant and Soil 184,311-321.
5. Kumar, B. S. D., Berggren L , and Martensson A. M., 2001. Potential for improving pea production by co-inoculation with fluorescent Pseudomonas and Rhizobium. PlantandSoil 229.2S34.
6. Molla, A. H., Shamsuddin Z. H., Halimi M. S., Morziah M., and Putch A. B., 2001. Potential for enhancement of root growth and nodulation of soybean co-inoculated with Azospuillum and Bradyrhizobium in laboratory systems. 50/7 Biol Biochem. 33: 457-463.
7. Nguydn Manh Chinh va Pham Anh Cirong, 2007. Trdng - cham sdc va phdng irii sau benh ran an la - Quydn 31. NXB Nong nghiep thanh phd Ho ChiMinh.
8. Nguydn Thanh Binh, 2000. Anh hudng cua phan d^m vd co va huu ca den nang suat va su tich luy nitrat trdn c ^ ngpt Brassica Integrifolia tai Can Tha vu xuan hd. Lu$n vin tdt nghidp k^su trong ti^
• Khoa Ndng nghidp vi Sinh hoc l/ng Di^ng - Tnioitg Dai hpc Can Tha.
9. Nguydn Thj Thanh Tuydn, 2010. Ung dung phan vi sinh trong canh tac rau xanh (rau an la) ti-dng tai huydn Binh Minh, tinh Vinh Long. Dian vSa th^c si khoa hpc nganh Sinh thai hpc - Khoa Khoi hpc Tu nhidn - Trudng Dai hpc Cin Tha
10. Phan Thi Thu Hang, 2008. Nghidn ciiu ham lupng nitrat va kim loai nSng trong dat, nudc, rau va mpt sd bidn ph^p nham han chd su tich luy ciia chiing trong rau tai Thai Nguydn. Dai hpc V0 Nguydn.
30 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRI^N NONG THON - K V 1 - THANG 6/2^2
KHOA HOC CdNG N G H |
11. Phan Van I4p. 2009. TJn dung ngudn bun Sinh hpc - Vidn NgUin cihi va Phat trien Cdng nghe lay ao nudi ca" tra tiiim canh va xac b i thuc vat dd Sinh hoc- TnidngD^hQC Cdn Tha.
iin xuat phin htiu ca vi sinh v i dinh gii chat lutmg 14 j g i ^ j , cuc. 2005. Giao uHnh ki thuat trdng :iia phan huu cavi sinh l^n canh tac cay rau tai Cin ^g^ NXB Ha Ndi
Vho. Luan v^ thac si khoa hoc nganh Sinh thdi hoc- ,^ „ , .^., ,, . „ . r.^ • r> onn/^ U-A ,^ ,^ u T. u- -r • r> <• ^' Tl. 15 Td Nhu Al v i To Phu Duy, 2006. Hidu qua Khoa Khoa hoc Tu nhien-Truong Bai hoc Can Tha. , , , . . , ,, . .. ^ . « --. •
phan huu ca vi sinh I6n sinh truong. ning suat va 12. Ponnamperuma. F. N., 1984. Chemical p i , j ^ ji,<(t ^au mudng Upomoea aijuatica Forssk) tai kinetics of wetland rice soils raletive to soil fertility. i,uy^„ ?\imi Hifp, Hiu Giang. Luin vin tot nghiep Wetland soils: characterization, classiTicaUon and ky su trong trat - Khoa Ndng nghiep vi Sinh hoc Ung utilization. IBSl. [)^„g. Trudng Bai h(ic Cin Tha.
13. Quich Qudc Tuan. 2008. Tin dung chit thii ig -j-rin Khic Thi va Nguydn Cong Hoan, 2005 ao nuoi c i tra v i xac ba thuc vat dd san xuat phin ]^y ^ y j j trdng rau sach - rau an toin va che bien huu CO vi sinh cho canh tie rau an toan tinh Vinh rau xuat IdiSu. AKB 77ianA/fta, Thanh Hda Long. Luin van thac si khoa hoc nganh Cong nghi^
EFFECT OF MICROBIAL COMPOST ON LEAF-EATING VEGETABLE CULTIVATED ON ALLUVIAL SOIL ON SONG HAU FARM, CAN THO CITY
Cao Ngoc Diep, Quach Quoc Tuan, Phan Van Lap Summary
Three field experiments were conducted to evaluate effect of microbial compost (MC) on yield and quality of three kinds of leaf-eating vegetable (spinach, basella-alba and lettuce) grown on alluvial soil of Song Hau farm (Co Do district - Can Tho city). Three experiments were randomized complete block design with four Ueaments and three replications. The treament 1 too morganic fertilizer and microbial compostl, treatment 2 1100 N - 80 PjOs - 40 KjO kg/hal. treatment 3 [1(XX1 kg/ha microbial compostl and treatment 4 11000 microbial-compost plus 50 N - 40 PjOj - 20 K,0 kg/ha]. The results showed that fresh yield of ti-eatment 3 (1(X)0 microbial-compost plus 50 N - 40 P A - 20 K,0 kg/ha) in spinach, basella-alba and lettuce did not differ with fresh yield of tfeattnent 2 (100 N - 80 P A - 40 li^O kg/ha) but niU3te content in leaves of three kinds of vegetable was low, therefore application of 1000 kg MC/ha saved up 50% amount of chemical fertilizer. Analysis of economical benefit showed that applying MC together with half quantity of inorgamc fertilizer in spinach, basella-alba and lettuce cultivation (the first cropping- season) were flie highest income. Application of MC in spinach, basella.alba and lettuce cultivation not only saved half amount of chemical fertizer for vegatiible cultivation but also kept quality product Oow nitrate content in leaves).
Keywords: Basella-alba, 6-esh yield, lettuce, microbial compost, niuatein vegetable, spinach.
Ngudi phin bidn: TS. Bin Huy Hidn Ngiy nhin bii: 21/2/2012 Ngiy thOng qua phin bi$n: 22/3/2012 Ngiy duyM ding: 30/3/2012
N 6 N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N 6 N G TH6N - KY 2 - THANG 6/2012 31
