Huyen Ddng Van thdi Nguyin Id

TO

^

C H C C XA HOI C U A NCirOI MONO

d DONG VAN (HA GIANG) TRl/dC CACH MANG THANG TAM 1945

DAMTHIUYfeN*

PHUNG THI SINH*

H

uyen Ddng Van thdi Nguyin Id tdng Ddng Quang, chdu Binh Nguyen, phu TUdng Yen, tinh Tuyen Quang sau dd thudc ve Chdu Bao Lac do mot thd quan ho Ndng d Bao Lac cai quan.

Khi thiic dan Phap xam lUdc, khu vUc vung cao cua tinh Tuyen Quang dUdc tdch ra de thdnh Idp tinh Ha Giang vdo ndm 1891, chau Ddng Van dUdc tach ra khdi Bao Lac (1).

Theo Ngd Vi Liin trong Ten lang xd vd dia dii cdc tinh Bdc Ky, thi Ddng Van la mot trong hai dai ly cua tinh Ha Giang gdm hai tdng: Tdng Quang Mdu vd tdng Ddng Minh vd 19 xa: Ddng Van, Bach Dich, Sa Phin, Lung Phin, Dudng ThUdng, Lung Chinh, Mdu Due, Meo Vac, Niem Sdn, Na Khe, Ngam La, Phu Lung, Sung Mdng, Sdn Vi, Phd Cdo, Sung La, Sung Thao, Vdn Chai, Yen Minh (2).

Cudi nSm 1975, hai tinh Ha Giang - Tuyen Quang dUdc sap nhdp thdnh tinh Ha Tuyen vd tdi thang 10 nam 1991 lai dUdc tach thdnh Tuyen Quang va Ha Giang. Ddng Van la mot trong 7 huyen viing cao cua tinh Ha Giang. Theo Nghi quyet cua Chinh phu sd'

211/CP ngdy 15-12-1962 tdch Ddng Vdn ldm 3 huyen: Ddng Vdn, Yen Minh, Mdo Vac.

Huyen Ddng Vdn ngdy nay bao gdm 2 thi trd'n va 18 xa: Thi trd'n Phd Bang, Thi tra'n Ddng Van va cac xa: Ta Lilng, Thang Md, Sang Tung, Sinh Lung, Lung Tao, Phd' La, Sung Mang, Phu Lung, Lung Cu, Sa Phin, Sung Thai, Ma Ld, Sung La, Lung Thdu, Thai Phin Tung, P h d Cao, Vdn Chai, Tu Phin.

Theo cdc ngudn tai Ueu thi ngUdi Mdng d Viet Nam cd ngudn gdc tfl Trung Qudc. Liic ddu ho sdng d khu vUc gifla hd Dong Dinh va Bdnh Lai vd ve sau cung vdi qua trinh lich sfl ho da thien di md rdng dia bdn cU t n i tdi Tfl Xuyen, Quy Chau, Van Nam, Quang Ddng, Quang Tay (Trung Qudc) va thien di vao Viet Nam (3).

Ngdn ngfl cua dan tdc Mdng thudc nhdm ngdn ngfl Mdng - Dao. Trfldc day ngfldi Han goi ngfldi Mong la Mieu Tfl hay Mieu Toe. Cac cong ddng d phia Bdc Viet Nam goi la ngfldi Meo. Ten goi Mdng la tdc danh tfl goi cua ngfldi Mdng d Viet Nam. Le Quy Ddn cd nhdc de'n dan tdc Mdng vdi ten goi la "Sdn Mieu", ho d ndi "dai sdn lam cdy ca'y

* PGS.TS. Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen '* Dai hpc Su pham Thai Nguyen

26 RghiSn curu Lich sJr. s6 6.2010 thi dot nUdng, dao hd', bd thdc, cho d nay

day mai dd khdng nha't dinh"(4). Sach Dong Khdnh dii dia chi cung cho biet:

"NgUdi Meo d dinh niii, do qudn ddn gian, khdng trang sflc hoa vdn... ngfldi Meo, Man thi tim chd hdi bdng p h i n g tren dinh nui, sfldn niii p h a t cay trdng khoai, lua mach, rai rac cung trdng dfldc liia nUdng (lua deo)" (5).

Hien nay, ngUdi Mdng la dan tdc ddng nha't d Hd Giang vd cung Id ddn tdc ddng nha't d Ddng Vdn, chiem tren 87% dan sd' todn huyen. NgUdi Mdng d ddy chu ye'u thudc hai nhdm: Mdng Dd (Mdng Trdng) va Mdng Sua (Mdng Hoa) (6). Dudi che do qudn chu Viet Nam do ngudi Mdng sinh sdng tren nhflng vi tri chien Ifldc quan trong cua dfldng bien gidi qud'c gia vi vdy cac chinh quyen qudn chu trung fldng rd't chu y tdi viing bien ai ndy. Tfl thdi Ly - Trdn-hdu Le tdi thdi Quang Trung va trieu Nguyen deu cfl cdc dodn len thanh tra thi sdt vung bien. Thdi Tran, Tran Nhdt Dudt da tdi Hd Giang de dep loan. Quang Trung dd tflng tdi Dong Long (Lung Cu) (7).

1. To chiic b o m a y q u a n ly t r u y e n t h o n g c u a ngifdri M o n g t r i i d c C a c h m a n g t h a n g T a m 1945

- Quang, thdty

0 cdc vung bien gidi phia Bdc, ndi cd vi tri chien lUdc xung yeu, anh hudng cua cdc tu trudng, thd t u cdn rd't ldn trong n h a n dan, che do thd ty kha phd bien. Che do Thd ty la ket qua cua viec thiic hien chinh sach cua trieu dinh qudn chu Viet Nam ddi vdi cdc vung bien gidi trong viec bao ve nen ddc Idp tu chil cila ddn tdc. Trieu dinh phong chflc tfldc cho cac thd tu dia phfldng va ho cd trdch nhiem quan ly lanh thd va cfl dan cac vung bien viin. Trfldc Cdch mang thdng Tam, cdc dan tdc thieu sd' d Hd

Giang ndi chung, che do Qudng d vung ngudi Tdy - Nung la kha phd bien. Che' do Mdn Muc, Quan Chieu phd bidn d vung ngUdi Dao. NhUng d dan tdc Mdng lai khdc, ngUdi Mdng d Ha Giang khdng cd td chflc hdnh chinh rieng ma phu thuoc vdo che do Qudng cua ngfldi Tdy. Thdi Le, trieu (finh da phong hdu cho 7 ddng ho ldm Qudng (tha't tdc phien thdn) trong dd d Ddng Vdn (vdn la tdng D6ng Quan cila chdu Bao Lac) do ho Nguyen Doan cai quan (8).

Cac Qudng ngfldi Tay thfldng trao quyin quan ly cho cac Ma phai, Seo phdi. Vi ngfldi Mdng cfl t r u theo ban Idng nhflng kh6ng lien vdi nhau t h a n h mot dai ma thfldng bi ngan cdch, xen ke bdi nhieu khu viic cfl t n i cua cac dan tdc khdc, ddc biet la do tdp qudn san xud't du canh, du cfl nen td chflc bd mdy hdnh chinh d ddy thfldng thieii tinh dn dinh, lau ddi. Ho khdng cd tin ngfldng, tdn giao rieng ma thfldng phai "vay mfldn"

cua cac dan tdc ldn hdn (9).

De'n ddu the' ky XX, d vung ngfldi Mdng che' do Thd ty mdi thflc sfl ldn manh, theo dd sfl p h a n hda xd hdi d i i n r a manh me.

Thd ty Id ngfldi sd hflu td'i cao, ndm todn bo ruong dd't vd t n i c tiep sfl dung sd' ruong dd't td't. De canh tac sd' ruong dd't nay vd lam nhflng cdng viec phuc dich khdc trong nhd, Thd ty bdt n h a n dan trong vung den ldm khdng cdng hodc giao cho cac chflc dich trong ban cd trach nhiem huy ddng sflc lao ddng cila n h a n dan vd bat ho ldm tfl luc cdy cd'y den khi thu hoach. Giup viec cho Thd ty cd cac Ma phdi, Seo phdi.

Vai trd cua Ma phdi, Seo phdi ra't ldn vd quan trong.

- Md phdi la ngfldi quan ly ca'p gidp, cd'p tren cila Idng ban. Moi gidp cd nhieu ban, cd tfl bd'n dd'n ndm Ma phdi trong mot giap.

Ma phdi theo tieng Mdng goi Id "Mo phia".

T^ chijrc xa h^i ciia ngugri mOng... ²⁷ Ma phai cd the do cd'p tren (Qudng) cd

xud'ng hoac do dan ban bdu ra. Ho la nhflng ngudi cd tiem liic kinh te, cd uy tin vdi ddn.

Trong sudt qud trinh quan ly, ne'u ldm td't cd the dUdc ldm Ma phdi sud't ddi, ne'u de md't uy tin vdi dan ban thi bi thay the, nhUng trong thflc te chflc vu Ma phai da trao cho ai thi rd't it khi cd sfl thay the nhd't Id che do thi^c ddn Phap. Cd t h i ddn mot vi du nhu trudng hdp dng Sung Xi Cha d Sd Phin (Ddng Van), mot ngUdi giau cd, sd hflu nhieu ruong bdc thang, nudi nhieu ngfldi d, ngfldi ldm thue vd rd't cd uy tin vdi dan nen da dd gifl chflc vu Ma phdi sud't 20 nam (10).

Md phdi dfldc phdp sfl dung tap dich, goi la "ty sung". Ma phdi cd linh bao ve goi Id

"thuc dung". Mdi Ma phdi cd khoang tfl 5 de'n 10 ngudi thay phien nhau canh gdc, bao vd.

Ma phai cd vai trd quan trong trong td chflc quan ly, dieu hdnh moi boat ddng cua cU dan trong ban nhU quan ly ddn so', dd't dai, thu thue, dam bao trdt tii tri an trong ban. Ma phdi cd dd'u trien rieng, td't ca moi cdng viec nhU ma chay, cUdi xin, cung te...

deu phai mdi Ma phai de'n chflng kien va lam chu.

Dfldi thdi Phap thudc. Ma phai dfldc td chflc liic Ifldng qudn doi d ca'p trung ddi tfl 20 den 40 ngfldi. Tdt ca nam thanh nien tfl 18 tudi trd len deu phai tham gia liic lUdng qudn ddi ben canh cdng viec chinh Id lao ddng san xua't. Ngodi r a trong quan doi cdn cd "xy tra", Id ngUdi ldm cdng tdc tU tudng cho dan, qudn vd phan dnh tinh hinh, y kie'n cua ddn, quan len Bang td. NgUdi Phap thUc thi che do "quan sii quan che" d Ddng Van thi moi cdng viec Ma phai deu phai bao len Bang td. Vai trd cua Md phai tfl ngfldi tnic tie'p quan ly lang ban trd

thdnh mdt chflc dich, mdt cdng cu cai tri cua thflc dan Phap.

Cung vdi Thd ty, cdc Ma phai Id nhflng chu ruong da't, nui non, sdng ngdi mac du tren nguyen tdc ta't ca deu do cac Thd ty ndm gifl.

Ruong da't dfldc p h a n chia nhU sau:

Phdn ruong nUdng td't nhd't d cac ban ddu do Thd ty. Ma phdi tnic tie'p sd hflu. Ruong cd'p cho cac chflc dich, cho binh linh. Ruong do nhan ddn cdy cd'y.

Khac vdi ngfldi Tdy, cac Qudng ddng vai trd duy nhd't trong viec thd cung, tflc Id thdu tdm thdn quyen. Thdn quyen kdt hdp vdi chinh quyen trd thdnh the' liic ap che ddc liic. Cdn Ma phai d ngfldi Mdng khdng gifl ddc quyen trong thd cung -vi nhflng ngfldi dan cung cd the lam thdy cung. Thdy Cling Id mot n h a n vat cd vi tri quan trong trong xa hdi vd trong quan niem tin ngfldng cua ngfldi Mdng. Thdy cung dfldc coi la nhdn vdt trung gian gifla ngfldi vdi thdn linh. Mot thdy cung gidi rd't dfldc n h a n dan coi trong. Cho nen, ddi khi cdn giai quye't cdng viec cho cd hieu qua, Md phdi cung it nhieu sfl dung ldi phdn xil hay each giai quye't cua thdy cung, nhd't Id khi dp dung nhflng quy dinh phat va dd'i vdi ngudi mdc tdi.

Thd ty. Ma phai, chflc dich vd nhiing ngfldi gidu cd anh hfldng ldn dd'i vdi nhdn ddn. Day Id tdng Idp tnic tiep phan phdi ruong dd't, rflng niii, ngudn nfldc cd quyen chiem nhflng ruong bdc thang td't nhd't.

Nhd cfla cua ho dfldc ldm khang trang, nhd to, rong, cot gd ke tren da tang deo hinh den Idng hodc qua cdu mai, Idp ngdi hoac lat van. Tieu bieu cho dang kie'n tnic nay la nhflng ngdi nhd dfldc xdy dflng tfl hdi the' ki thfl XV nay dfldc goi Id khu phd cd thudc Thi trd'n Ddng Vdn. Khi quan sdt cd the

28 Rghifin curu Ljeh sJr. sg 6.2010

hinh dung ddc sfl cdng phu cdu ky khi xay dflng, nd khac b a n vdi nha cua dan nghdo lam bang cot ngoan, vach nfla hay vdn bd, mdi Idp tranh. Dien hinh nhd't Id khu nhd ho Vfldng dfldc xay dflng vao ddu the ky XX, la mot cdng trinh the hien sfl giau cd va quyen liic cua gia tdc ho Vfldng. Day vfla Id ndi d cila ca gia dinh vfla Id t r u sd ldm viec va cung vfla la mot phao dai cila Bang ta Vfldng Chinh Dflc (11).

Vai trd cila Ma phai kha quan trong, khdng chi la ngfldi quan ly tnic tie'p ve kinh te md cdn ndm gifl quyen quan ly ve con ngfldi va td chflc phan cdng lao ddng xa hoi. Tren cd sd nam dfldc so' ddn trong ban.

Ma phdi cd trach nhidm dilu hdnh liic Ifldng t h a n h nien trong ban tham gia liic Ifldng an ninh, lao ddng san xudt cho ban lang ngoai cdng viec chinh la lam ruong nfldng cho gia dinh minh. Khdng chi cd nhiem vu quan ly h a n h chinh, kinh te, qudn ddi ma Ma phai cdn dai dien cho lang ban thflc thi luat phdp dfla tren he thd'ng nhiing nguyen tac nghiem ngat. Nhflng ngfldi mac tdi trong ban tuy mflc do nang nhe ma dp dung cac hinh phat khac nhau.

Vi du, tdi an trdm cd the phat va bang tien (bac tring), bdng trau, bd, bdng sflc lao ddng (di phu) hodc hi tra ta'n, phat tu tfl 1-2 nam. Tdi chd'ng lai Ma phai va quan tren ma hi Ma phai ke't tdi va da trinh len Bang td hay quan Phap thi la trong tdi, khdng the giam va phai di d ca ddi khong dfldc tU do (12).

Ma phai va cac chflc dich la nhflng ngfldi dfldc hfldng nhieu dac quyen dac ldi nha't.

Trong nha Ma phai cd ngfldi lam thue, ngfldi d lam cac cdng viec nhfl chan ngiia, dun nfldc (nhiing ngfldi ndy thfldng dfldc miin di phu). Ma phdi di dau deu cd it nhd't 2-3 linh dong bao ve. Ngodi ra, cac Ma phdi, chflc dich cdn bat dan den phuc dich.

cay cd'y, gat hai khdng cdng, bdt dan hang nam phai nop du so' thud'c phien, thdc, ngd theo yeu cdu. Ngfldi dan mdc tdi phai mang bac trang, ga, ldn, thudc phien den cdu cflu Ma phdi. Neu mudn khai pha nfldng rSy, hoac cd viec kien cao hay ddn gian Id sdn d- fldc mudng t h u trong dia phdn cila Ma phdi quan ly thi dan phai den bao cao vd bieu xdn cho Ma phdi.

Trong ddi sd'ng hdng ngay, moi sinh boat cila Thd ty. Ma phai, nhflng ngfldi giau deu tac ddng de'n cfl dan trong ban lang va cd khi trong pham vi ca mot vung. Ddm ma cila ngfldi cd the' liic va giau cd dUdc thdi ken danh trdng, md nhieu bd, ldn, de, sau mot tudn mdi chdn cd't, td't ca cdc gia dinh trong ban deu phai cfl ngfldi den giup dd (13). Dam ma cua ngudi nghdo chi td chflc ddn gian, md mot con bd, neii cd nhieu ban be, ho hang thi td chflc dam ma trong 3 ngay, ne'u it thi chi trong 2 ngdy.

- Seo phdi (So phia) la ngfldi giup viec cho Ma phai. Mot Ma phai cd hai de'n ba Seo phai giup viec.

Cac Seo phai cd nhiem vu lien lac, thdng bdo, phd bien cdc chu trfldng cua giap xudng cho dan ban, trieu tdp dan ban khi cd cdng viec ldn. Cung gid'ng nhfl Ma phdi, cdc Seo phdi mot mdt tnic tiep tham gia san xud't nhflng m a t khdc cung trd thdnh ngudi quan ly vd dUdc hudng nhieu quyen ldi ve cua cai.

2. Sii t h a y doi to chiirc hknh chinh diidi thdi P h a p t h u o c

Tfl khi chie'm ddng Ha Giang (1887) (14), thflc ddn Phap ndm Idy cac thd ty, dia chu de Idp bd may thd'ng tri tfl tinh den cac chdu, tdng vd xd. Chung thi h a n h che do

"quan sfl quan che", lap r a cac dao quan binh de kiem soat moi cdng viec hanh chinh d dia phfldng. Thflc hidn chinh sach

Td churc xa hpi ciia ngugri HTOng... 29

"chia de tri", thflc dan Phap chia vung cao nguyen Ddng Van r a thanh 4 khu viic, dflng ddu moi khu vUc Id mot ddng ho thd ty cai quan:

- Vung phia Bdc (Huyen Mdo Vac ngdy nay) do trum Thd ty DUdng Trung Nhan cai quan.

- Vung gifla cao nguyen Ddng VSn (chil ye'u la xa Ddng Van) do Thd ty Nguyin Chanh Quay cai quan.

- Vung Phd Bang - Sa phin do Thd ty Vfldng Chinh Dflc cai quan.

- Phia nam cao nguyen Ddng Vdn (Huyen Yen Minh ngdy nay) do Thd ty Nguyen Dodn Quy va Nguyin Chanh Tfl cai quan.

Thflc dan Phap mot mat sii dung cac thd ty lam tay sai ddc Iflc, mdt khdc chung dung moi thu doan de chia re gay hiem khich nghi ngd, hdn thu ldn nhau gifla cac ddng ho, cac dan tdc gay ma't doan ke't de d l be cai tri. Mdi dan tdc, Phap lai dp dung cdch cai tri rieng. Vung ngfldi Mdng cd tdng giap, ma phdi, seo phai; vung ngfldi Tdy, Dao vd ngfldi Gia'y cd chanh tdng, ly trfldng, trfldng thdn, ky muc (14).

V I quan sfl, dflng ddu ca chau Ddng Van la mot vien quan ba ngfldi Phap, vfla chi huy binh linh cac ddn, vfla giai quye't cac cdng viec dan sfl. Chiing dilu hdnh viec xay diing ddn Bach Dich, ddn Yen Minh vd ddn Dudng ThUdng. Bd tri lUc lUdng d ddn Yen Minh cd mot vien quan vd mot trung ddi linh khd xanh; Ddn Dudng ThUdng do Bang ta Deo Van At chi huy. Mang lUdi giup viec cho thiic dan Phap cd chau dodn, tdng dodn, xa dodn.

Thiic dan Phap cung vdi dia chu, thd ty ra sflc bdc lot, vd vdt cila cai, tdi nguyen, chu ye'u la khai thac, cfldp doat cac san ph^m ndng lam san, ngudn tdi nguyen quy

gia cua dia phfldng. Thflc hien che do thue khda ndng n l nhfl t h u l dinh, thud diin, thue gia dc, thud'c phien, thue nudi qudn.

Thflc hidn chinh sach ngu dan, thflc dan Phap khdng md trfldng hoc d day, ca huyen chi cd mot vai Idp dan lap vd chi cd con em nha giau mdi dUde vao hoc. Hdu het nhan dan trong huyen d i u khdng biet chfl. Toan huyen Ddng Vdn chi cd mot y ta (d tai xa Ddng Van) chii yeii de phuc vu cho nha binh va cac chflc dich, thd ty, dia chil. Nhan dan dau dm khdng dfldc kham chfla benh, khdng cd thudc (15).

Thflc dan Phap da khdng thii tieu td chflc xa hoi truyin thd'ng cua cac dan tdc thieu sd' ndi chung, cua dan tdc Mdng ndi rieng ma trai lai da cai tie'n bd may hdnh chinh ddn gian sdn cd d ca'p ban lang thdnh chinh quyIn cd sd ldm cdng cu thflc hien cac chinh sach cai tri va dem lai quyIn ldi cho chiing.

Cu the:

- Bang td: Dflng ddu toan chau Ddng Vdn la Bang ta Sd Phin (Vfldng Chinh Dflc) - quyen Idnh dao nhfl mot tri chau dfldi sfl giam sat ciia vien quan ngfldi Phdp.

- Tdng giap: Dflng ddu gidp (chau Ddng Van cd 10 giap, giap tfldng dfldng vdi xa).

- Ma phai, Seo phai: Dflng ddu mot ban.

N h i l u ddn vi h a n h chinh cila ngfldi Mdng la ddn vi rieng tnic thudc dai ly Phap (Trung tam h a n h chinh). Nhflng ngfldi trong bd mdy ndy d i u thudc tdng Idp tren hay nhflng ngfldi diing ddu mot ddng ho ldn cd uy tin trong ngfldi Mdng (16).

Bo may hdnh chinh cila ngfldi Mdng la dai dien quan ly, d i l u h a n h cdng viec d dia phfldng md cdp cd sd la ddn vi ban lang gan vdi vai trd cua ma phai, seo phai.

Qudn ddi trd thanh mot bd phdn quan trong de bao ve bo may chinh quyen vd ldm

30 RghiSn curu Lich sir, sd 6.2010 nhiem vu trd'n dp nen dudc td chflc quy cu,

chdt che vd dfldc bien che' theo sd' Ifldng:

Tieu ddi: 7 ngfldi. Tieu ddi trfldng goi Id Xeo ty

Trung ddi: 20 - 40 ngfldi. Trung ddi trfldng goi Id Trd'ng ti trd.

Dai ddi: khoang 3 trung ddi. Dai ddi trfldng gpi la Tua ti tra.

Tieu dodn: Gdm 10 dai hdi.

Trong dd, Ma phai dfldc td chflc Iflc Ifldng quan ddi d cdp trung ddi. Tdt ca thanh nien n a m tfl 18 tudi trd len d i u phai tham gia Iflc Ifldng quan ddi ben canh cdng viec chinh la lao ddng san xudt. Ngoai r a trong qudn ddi cdn cd mot chinh tri vien goi Id "xy tra", la ngfldi lam cdng tac tU tudng cho ddn qudn va p h a n anh tinh hinh, y kien cua dan qudn len bang td. LUc lUdng qudn ddi dUdc t r a n g hi vu khi, luyen tdp thudng xuyen, lam nhiem vu bao ve Md phdi, Seo phdi, cac chflc dich, bang ta, ddng thdi ludn sSn sdng chien dd'u chd'ng ke thu ben ngoai td'n cdng.

Thiic dan Phap chia cdc tinh miin niii thdnh cac dao quan binh. Hd Giang thudc dao quan binh thfl ba, dflng ddu Id mot vien cdng sfl ngfldi Phap, cd'p tinh la tdng ddc, tudn phu, bd' chdnh, an sat; cd'p cd sd la ly trfldng, ma phdi.

Dfldi che do thflc dan, sfl phan hda mang tinh ddi Idp gifla n h a n dan lao ddng vd thd ty ngay cdng sau sdc hdn. Thd ty, md phdi ndm quyIn cai tri, cd bo may h a n h chinh, cd t i l m Iflc kinh te' vd Iflc Ifldng vu trang. Gifla cdc thd ty cung tdn tai mau thudn do phai thfldng xuyen t r a n h gianh dia vi, anh hfldng, cila cai, dd't dai vd n h a n ddn. De duy tri quyIn liic, cac thd ty da dfla vdo the Iflc cua thflc dan Phdp. Qua trinh dd Id qud trinh nhdn ddn lao ddng cang hi

dp bflc, bdc lot n h i l u hdn. Tuy nhien, do quan he xa hdi t r u y i n thd'ng gan bd mdt thiet trong noi bo dan toe Mdng nhd't la trong ndi bd ddng ho. Ho cd the sdn sdng hi sinh tinh mang de bao ve nhflng ngfldi cung ddng ho nhUng cung d i hoai nghi nhflng ngfldi ngoai ddng ho minh. Thflc dan phong kien da ldi dung tdi da dac diem nay de thflc hien chinh sach chia re dan toe, chinh sach ngu dan de kim bdm nhdn dan, cung cd' ach thd'ng tri cua chung. Ddng bdo Mdng du cd cdm t h u tdng Idp thd ty nhflng vdn coi ho la ngfldi dai dien cho dan tdc, cho ho tdc ma ho cd trach nhiem phuc tung

( 1 7 ) . • • •

3. To chijfc x a h p i c u a ngiidi Mong d D o n g V a n trifdc C a c h m a n g t h a n g T a m 1945

- To chdc gia dinh

Ngfldi Mdng d Ddng Vdn goi gia dinh Id Che ninh hoac "di" (ho). Ban ddu, cac gia dinh thudng sdng qudn t u khi cha me cdn sdng, cd khi ca bon the' he cung chung sdng trong mot gia dinh vi ho cho rdng cd nhieu the he cung sd'ng dUdi mdt mai nha, cung an mot bep mdi Id cd phuc nen con cai chi ra d rieng khi cha hodc me da md't. Ve sau cung vdi sii phdt trien cua kinh te', xa hoi thi gia (finh nhd phu he da xud't hien va trd nen phd bien cho den nay. Dd Id loai gia dinh hai the he gdm mot cdp vd chdng cung

con cai chUa xay diing gia dinh. r;

Gia dinh cua ngUdi Mdng Id mot ddn vi kinh te ddc Idp. Viec td chflc san xud't phan cdng lao dong trong gia dinh tniic hien theo nguyen tdc tudi - gidi khd ro ret. Con trai, ddn dng thfldng ldm nhflng viec nang nhfl lam nha, chon ddt lam nUdng, cay bfla, mang vdc, len niii hai cui, san bdn, che' tdc cdng cu lao ddng, ldm dn kiem sd'ng. Dan bd, con gai ngodi lam nfldng rdy cdn dam

Td churc xa h^i c i a ngir£ri mfing. 31 Stf dd 1: B9 may q u a n ly t r u y e n t h o n g cila ngUdi Mong

Quan dpi

Mdphdi

1 '

Seo phdi

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Thay ciing

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Sd dd 2: B9 m a y h a n h c h i n h v u n g ngfldi Mong dfldi t h d i P h a p t h u p c

Rancr fi

Quan dpi

1 ' Tong giap

1 ' Md phdi Seo phdi

1 '

Thay ciing

nhan hoan toan viec n h a va xe lanh det vai. NgUdi gia, tre em trong nha phu giup chdn tha t r a u bd, cdt cd ngiia.

Cung n h u cac dan tdc khac d Ha Giang, gia dinh ngUdi Mdng d Ddng Vdn Id gia dinh phu quyln. Chu gia dinh (chi plo) la ngUdi cha, ngfldi chdng hodc anh ca.

Chil gia (finh Id ngfldi chi dao td chflc vd phan cdng lao ddng cho cac t h a n h vien phu

hdp vdi Ifla tudi, sflc khde va kha ndng cua moi ngfldi. Chu gia (finh la ngfldi dam nhdn viec khdn td tien, ddn thdy ciing va nhilu cdng viec khac ma theo phong tuc thi ngfldi phu nfl khdng dfldc ldm. Trong quan he vdi ben ngodi, chil gia (finh thay mdt gia (finh trong cac cdng vi$c cila lang ban, tiep ddn khach nhd't Id ngfldi thudc dan tdc khac, giai quye't nhflng vd'n d l nay sinh hen quan den Ipi ich cua gia (finh, gifl gin quan he

32 Rghifin curu Mch sit, sd 6.2010 dodn ket gifla gia (finh vdi dan ban ndi

chung.

Trong gia dinh ngfldi Mdng, chi con trai mdi cd quyln thfla ke tdi san. Khi chu gia (finh cdn sd'ng, todn bd tai san thupc quyln quan ly vd phdn phdi cua dng ta. Trfldng hdp chil gia (finh chet thi ngfldi anh trai ca se thay mat cha me quan ly sd' tai san chung dd. Khi chia tdi san, anh em trai dfldc chia phdn bang nhau nhflng ne'u ai tnic tie'p phung dfldng bd' me thi dfldc chia n h i l u hdn mdt chut. Trong trfldng hdp vd, chdng, con cai mudn r a d rieng khi cha me cdn sd'ng thi chi dfldc chia mdt phan tdi thieu tdi san theo y cua ngfldi cha. Ngfldi con gdi khdng dfldc chia tai san nhflng khi den tudi trfldng t h a n h cd the tfl di ldm thue, phat nfldng de tich luy mdt sd' vd'n sau ndy mang de'n n h a chdng.

Trong gia dinh, vd chdng binh dang trong viec nudi day con cai song khi con ldn thi q u y l n quye't dinh dflng vd ga chdng hay lam dn, hpc h a n h phdn ldn la do ngfldi chdng. Cd n h i l u con t r a i la d i l u mong Udc cua mpi gia dinh ngUdi Mdng, viec giao due con cai dUdc chu trpng n h i l u mdt, ng- udi con trai khdng nhflng cdn cd kha nang lao ddng, cd dao dflc td't md cdn phai biet khd'n td tien. Con trai 13-14 tudi da cd the ldm thdnh thao nfldng, 17-18 tudi dd lao ddng gidi, lam dfldc n g h i t h u cdng gia t r u y i n .

Khi an cdm binh thfldng thi ca nha cung chung mpt mam, nhflng khi con trai dan dng tiep khach thi dan ba dn rieng ne'u cd ddng ngfldi thi dn sau. Khi di lam, (fi chd, (fi thdm hdi ban be ngfldi than thi hai vd chdng cung di vdi nhau, ngfldi con dau mudn v l tham bd' me de phai xin phdp bd' me chdng va cd chdng cung di chfl khdng dfldc di mdt minh.

Trfldc day, tuc trpng n a m khinh nfl cdn anh hfldng sau sdc trong xa hpi ngfldi Mdng. Theo quan niem cila ngfldi Mdng thi con trai mdi Id con minh, con gai Id do minh mua v l nen ngfldi con dau phai chiu rd't n h i l u khd cflc, phai lam lung vd't va vd hdu nhfl khdng cd tieng ndi quan trpng trong gia (finh (18).

Theo phong tuc, con dau khdng dfldc ngdi gdn bd' chdng, khi la'y vat gi tren gdc cung khdng dfldc treo b a n len md chi dUdc dflng d bac t h a n g Idy que ma khiu. Con dau khi dfla bat nfldc hodc dng (fieu cho bd' me chdng thi phai trdng nfldc rdi mdi dfla.

Vi quan niem Idy vd Id Id^y ngfldi nen tuc le cila ngUdi Mdng cho phdp, ndu chdng chdt sdm thi chi dau phai Idy em chdng de nha chdng khdi md't ngUdi, ne'u khdng chd'p nhdn Idy em chdng ma mudn Id'y ngUdi khdc thi phai den cho nhd chdng ta't ca cua cai, vat ph^m dung cho hdn I i trUdc kia gpi la I i "thdnh phd" thi mdi dUdc tfl do.

Ngay nay nhflng tdp tuc qua hd khdc da giam nhieu song nhflng da'u vet cdn lai mang tinh quy dinh trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi vdn cdn tdn tai. Thdng qua gia (finh moi thdnh vien deu tfl hpc dfldc cac nep iing xil.

Tfl trong gia dinh, ngfldi con trai Mdng biet thdi khdn, thdi sao, ngfldi con gai Mdng biet then thua, biet mua, biet hat giao duyen...

Vi vdy, mdi gia dinh ngfldi Mdng chinh Id cai ndi la h a t n h a n cd ban de hinh thanh va trao t r u y i n nhflng gia tri vdn hda trong sfl phat trien cua cdng ddng tdc ngfldi.

- To chdc ddng hg

Ngfldi Mdng d Ddng Vdn gpi ddng hp la xenh hoac xong. Ngfldi Mdng quan niem nhflng ngfldi chung mpt hp la nhflng ngfldi

"cung ma", d i u dfldc sinh ra tfl mdt dng td nen d i u nhdn nhau la anh em, khi da nhdn ra nhau Id ngfldi cung hp thi du d xa den mdy nhflng de'n nhd nhau thi d i u dUdc coi

Td churc xa hpi ciia ngudi HTdng.. ³³ n h u ngudi nhd va nhflng ngfldi Mdng cd

cung mpt hp du d nhflng dia viic khac nhau, xa hay gdn d i u chiu sfl chi phdi cua to chflc ddnghp.

Nhflng thanh vien cung ddng hp, cung td tien cd the nhdn ra ngUdi cung hp qua cac dilu kieng ky v l dn ud'ng, qua nghi thflc cung ma khd (cho dan) de d i n dn bd' me da chet, qua cdch cung "da trung" (ma hudng), qua each dat ngfldi chet, each dat hfldng md, each lam ma tUdi. Chang ban nhu d ban Ma Ld, hp Hdu kieng an thit khi, hp Gidng khdng dn tim ddng vdt, hp Thdo khong dUdc be chat cdy ddo, hp Ly khdng dUdc be chat cdy mdn. Hoac nhU hp Thdo d Ddng Van cd hai nganh Id Thao chd vd Thdo ldn, sd di nhU vdy la hp quy dinh nhdn nhau la anh em hp hdng qua each thflc cung gia sue. Nganh Thdo chd hay cdn gpi la Thao anh chi mo mpt con ch6 de cung cdn nganh Thdo ldn hay cdn gpi Id Thao em thi md mpt con ldn vd mdt con chd de cung.

Nhflng dilu kieng ky, quy dinh nay d i u gan vdi mdt cdu chuyen cua tflng ddng hp dfldc t r u y i n tfl ddi ndy sang ddi khac, mdi thanh vien deu phai cd trach nhiem ghi nhd vd tudn thu vi ngfldi Mong quan niem neu khong tuan thu cdc dilu kieng ky cua ddng hp ma xuc pham de'n td tien se bi td tien trdch cfl vd trflng phat.

Ddng hp ngfldi Mdng cdn la mpt ddn vi cd' ke't cdng ddng huyet thd'ng theo ddng hp cha. Cung nhu cac ddn tdc khdc, cdc thdnh vien trong mpt ddng hp ngudi Mong gdn bo vdi nhau bdi mpt pha he cung cd mdt dng td. Ong td Id ngudi da chet ma ngUdi gid d the' he cao nhd't cdn nhd, thong thudng Id 4 the he: con (tua nhua), cha (nia), ong (p6 cung), cu (pd xua).

Cdc ddng hp phd bien trong ddng bao Mong d Ddng Van la: VUdng, Gidng, Sung,

Thdo, Vu, Hdu, Ly, Vang, Trdng, Mua.

Trong dd cd nhflng ddng hp Id'y ten cua ddng vdt nhfl Hdu (khi), Gidng (de), Siing (gd'u), Id'y ten cay nhfl Thdo (ddo), Ly (mdn), hp Vang hay hp Vfldng d i u cd nghia la vfldn rao.

Mdi ddng hp d i u cd ngfldi dflng ddu dfldc gpi Id Pu thdii. Trudng hp Id ngfldi cd vi tri het sflc quan trpng. Trfldng hp cd the do cac thdnh vien trong hp bau r a hoac do trUdng hp cu tim chpn vd bdi dUdng. NgUdi dd phai cd dao dflc, cdng tdm, hieu biet v l lich sil ddng hp, thdnh thuc phong tuc, tap quan, biet cdc bai cung cua ddng hp, cd tdi flng xfl. Trfldng hp cung la ngudi cd kha nang td chflc, cd kinh nghiem trong san xudt, biet quan tam de'n ddi sd'ng vd bao ve ldi ich cho ddng hp gay dfldc anh hfldng td't dd'i vdi cdc thdnh vien trong hp, dfldc mpi ngfldi kinh trpng. Trudng hp la ngUdi chiu trdch nhiem trUdc ddng hp truyen dat lai nhflng tuc le, kinh nghiem cua ddng hp minh cho con chau, van ddng cac thanh vien gifl ^ n dodn ket va giup dd ldn nhau. Vdi uy tin vd sfl hieu biet cua minh, trfldng hp dUdc cac thanh vien tin cdy, chia se y kie'n do dd tieng ndi cua tnidng hp cd vai trd ra't quan trpng tham chi la quye't dinh. NhUng khi giai quye't cdng viec trong hp thi khong dU(?c ddc dodn md phai ban bac vdi nhflng ngudi gid, ngUdi cd kinh nghiem trong ddng hp.

Ben canh vai trd cua trUdng hp trong td chflc ddng hp cdn cd vai trd cila bd cd (phdux) va ngUdi cdm quyln ma quyln khach (cho ddng kho).

Ba cd la ngudi cd the quye't dinh thay the' mdt tdp quan du da Idu ddi nhUng xet thd'y khong cdn phu hdp thi dUdc mdi bd cd den ldm le thay ddi.

NgUdi cdm quyln ma quyln khdch Id ngudi cd the dam nhiem nhiing viec lien

34 RghiSn ciiu Lich siSr. sd 6.2010 quan de'n tdn giao tin ngfldng va cac cdng

viec dd'i ngoai.

To chflc ddng hp bao gdm trudng hp, ba cd, ngfldi cdm q u y l n ma q u y l n khach dUdc coi la bd may tii q u a n rd't hflu hieu vd quan trpng trong xa hpi truyen thd'ng vd ca hien dai cua ngudi Mdng. Day la nhflng ngfldi lam nhiem vu theo ddi, d l xfldng giai quye't nhflng cdng vipc lien quan de'n ddi sd'ng vdt chd't, t i n h thdn, tdm linh cua cdc thdnh vien trong ddng hp cung nhfl cac cdng viec lien quan ddn cdng ddng xa hpi ndi chung.

Cac gia (finh trong cung mdt ddng hp cd the cfl t n i d n h i l u vung, n h i l u ndi khdc nhflng hp ludn cd quan he mdt thiet chdt che vdi nhau, thdm.chi cd the chet trong nha ngfldi cung hp vdi minh. Vi du hp Hdu d Ddng Vdn cd thdnh vien cfl t r u d Bac Quang hay d tdn tinh Yen Bai, Cao Bdng.

Ddng hp cua ngudi Mdng cd tinh cd' ke't ben vflng, cac thdnh vien trong ddng hp cd sfl lien ket rang budc vdi nhau rd't chdt che.

Mpi sinh hoat trong ddi sd'ng nhfl cfldi xin, tang ma d i u mang nhflng dKu vet cila ddng hp (19). Ngfldi trong ddng hp cfl tru d dau thi l l ludt cua ddng hp dfldc phd bid'n tdi dd.

Nhflng ludt tuc dd cd tfl bao gid, cd hoan thien khdng thi de'n nay khdng xac dinh dfldc thdi gian nhUng cac the he cfl tiep ndi nhau thflc hien, it cd ngfldi ldm trdi. Vi the cd the ndi td chflc ddng hp dd chi phdi phdn ldn cac boat ddng trong ddi sd'ng cua ngfldi Mong. Do vdy, can phai quan tam nhin nhdn dung ve td chflc ddng hp cua ngfldi Mong ddc biet la vai trd cua trfldng hp de cd the van dung va phdt huy vdo cdng cudc xdy diing xa hdi mdi mdt each hieu qua.

- To chdc lang bdn

Ngudi Mdng d Ddng Vdn gpi ban la Giao (Jaol). Day Id ddn vi cU t r u cd ban cila cdng

ddng dan tdc Mdng. Mdi ban cd ten gpi rieng va tdn tai Idu ddi vd it cd thay ddi.

Trong cdch ddt ten ban cua ngUdi Mdng d Ddng Vdn chu yeu Id dung tieng Han nhU Ta Gia Khau (cai cdng ldn), ngUdi Mdng gpi ngUdi Ld Ld va ngUdi Gid'y Id Ma nen d nhflng khu viic sd'ng xen ke vdi ngfldi Ld Ld vd ngfldi Gia'y ten ban thfldng cd tfl Ma dflng trfldc nhfl Ma Lung, Ma Ldu, Ma Xi...

Nhd trong ban khdng lam theo mpt hfldng nhd't dinh, nhflng rd't kieng lam nhd quay Iflng ra sudi, r a khe vd viic sau, thdng thfldng nhd dfla Iflng vao nui. Cac gia (finh d i u xep hdng rao bang da xung quanh nhd minh hodc mdt hai nhd cd quan he anh em ndi tdc vdi n h a u lam t h a n h mdt khu viic rieng biet de che chan va phdng thu dfl.

Mdi ban d i u cd dia gidi rieng, phan chia ro ret. Ranh gidi gifla cac ban cd the la mdt bia rflng, mpt ngon niii, mdt cay cd thu hay mdt con sudi... Ban ddu chi mang tinh fldc le nhflng dfldng r a n h gidi dd dfldc mpi ngfldi tdn trpng va duy tri. De phan bipt ban nay vdi ban khdc cac ban thfldng chpn mdt cay to hoac mpt hdn da di dang d ddu hodc cudi ban lam thdn cai quan chung cho ca ban. Mdi ban cd q u y l n sd hflu, quan ly, bao vp va sil dung dd't, riing, rudng nUdng, ngudn nUdc cung nhU mudng thu, tdi nguyen trong pham vi cua minh.

Dflng ddu mdi ban cd trfldng ban.

Trfldng ban dfldc bdu cdn cfl theo cdc ddng hp ldn trong ban. Neu ban cd n h i l u ddng hp thi trfldng hp cua ddng hp ddng nhd't se dflng ddu ban nhd vdo uy tin va sfl cd mdt lau ddi cua ddng hp. Hodc dai dien cua cdc ddng hp se luan phien nhau tfl ddng hp ddng ngfldi nhd't den ddng hp it ngUdi nhd't dflng ddu ban. Trfldng ban phai la ngfldi bidt flng xfl, ndi dfldc, ldm dfldc, cd anh em hp hdng ddng, cd kinh nghipm trong san xud't. Trfldng ban cd vai trd quan trpng

Td churc xa hpi ciia ngudi HTfing. 35 trong viec dieu h a n h cdng viec chung cua

ban, duy tri trdt tU an ninh, phan phdi dd't dai canh tdc cho cac gia dinh, giai quyet cdc vu xich mich, tranh chd'p gifla cac thdnh vien trong ban.

Mdi ban cd thd than chung va nhflng quy fldc chung cd lien quan de'n san xud't ndng nghiep, chan nuoi, bao ve rflng, giup dd ldn nhau trong cdng viec. Mdt sd' quy dinh nhU:

V l dd't dai, trong pham vi ban thi cdc gia dinh dupc tU do khai pha ddt dai lam nUdng rdy nhUng phai t u a n theo nhflng quy dinh chung. Ndi ndo cd da'u hieu Id dd't da cd chu thi khdng dfldc xdm pham. Ngfldi d ban khdc de'n khai pha phai hdi trfldng ban, mang nop cho ban rudu, gd vd bac trdng, neu dUdc ddng y thi cdn phai nop le phi cho ban tuy theo chd't lUdng dd't canh tdc. Neu de bd, ngiia tha rdng, vudt rdo pha hoai ruong nUdng cua ngUdi khdc thi chil nUdng cd quyen chat chan hoac giet con bd, ngiia dd.

De bao ve ngudn nUdc cua ban, ddu nam mdi trudng ban dflng ra dilu hdnh viec tu sfla ngudn nfldc, mpi gia dinh d i u phai cil ngudi tdi gdp sflc. Neu ai cd tinh lam bsln ngudn nfldc thi phai nop 5 lang bac trdng, nang hdn thi phai nop 10 lang bac va nhd trudng ban ra ngudn nUdc de cung xin than nUdc tha tdi.

Trong viec san bat, trUdc khi di san tdp the, ban phai lam I i cung, trUdng ban Id ngudi chu tri, sau khi thap hUdng, tdt ca cac thanh vien trong ban va nhiing ngudi di san quy xud'ng kha'n de thdn san bdn phu hd cho viec san bat dat ke't qua td't, khong ai bi tai nan. Thit thu san dUdc sau khi cung cam dn thdn thi quy dinh ngUdi cd cdng ban dUdc hudng mpt p h a n ldn hdn cdn thi chia deu cho mdi nha trong ban.

Cd the khdi qudt nhflng ddc diem chung ve ban cua ngfldi Mdng nhfl sau:

- Dan cfl trong mdt ban gdm mdt hay n h i l u ddng hp.

- Mdi ban cd pham vi cfl tru vd dd't dai lam dn rieng.

- Mdi ban cd ngudi dflng ddu theo che' dp ludn phien.

- Mdi ban cd thd t h a n chung vd nhflng quy fldc chung, mpi ngfldi trong ban d i u phai thflc hien.

- Tfldng trd, giup dd ldn nhau trong san xua't vd ddi sd'ng trong ban dfldc mpi ngfldi coi trpng.

- Dfl ludn xa hpi va phat va la bien phdp de dam bao cdc quy fldc chung dUdc thiic hien.

Cd the thd'y td chflc tfl quan truyen thd'ng cua ngudi Mdng trong cdng ddng Idng ban toat len vai trd va mdi quan he cua chu gia dinh - tnidng hg - triidng bdn.

Ben canh dd cdn cd gid Idng la nhflng ngudi cd nhilu kinh nghiem trong san xud't, am hieu phong tuc tap qudn, hp khuyen bao chi ddn cho Idp tre ve phong tuc tap quan vd nhflng dieu hay le phai trong cudc sd'ng nen ra't dfldc ddn ban kinh trpng va vi ne.

Cd the ndi day chinh la nhflng ngfldi duy tri dilu tiet cdc moi quan he trong cdng ddng, ddng thdi la nhflng ngfldi cd vai trd trung gian trong viec bao tdn van hda truyin thd'ng cua ddn tpc.

Td chflc xd hdi truyen thoiig cua ngfldi Mdng bao gdm ba cd'p: Gia dinh, ddng hp, ban (jaol). Trong dd quan he ddng hp gifl vi tri, vai trd quan trpng nhd't. Sfl lUu truyin vd phat trien cua vdn hda ngUdi Mdng thdng qua mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng hp va cong ddng lang ban la ly tudng cho viec gin gifl, lUu truyen va tai tao dUdc vdn

36 RghiSn curu Lich sJr. sd 6.2010 hanh mpt each t h u a n thuc tho'ng nhat

trong cdc vung cU tru, qua n h i l u the he vd trong tiing thanh vien trong gia dinh ngUdi Mdng trong sud't chilu ddi lich sil.

4. Ke't l u a n

NgUdi Mdng tfl Trung Qud'c thien di vao Viet Nam khi le te, khi d at vd mang theo nhflng dac diem rieng cua ddn tpc minh, dflng chan tai Hd Giang, ngfldi Mdng nhanh chong boa nhdp va hinh thanh nen td chflc tu quan cua minh tren cd sd hpc hdi cua cac dan tdc ldn hdn. Trai qua cac t r i l u dai quan chu Viet Nam, tdng Idp quan Ii von cd cua ngUdi Mdng d cap cd sd la Md phdi, Seo phdi dUdc duy tri va phdt buy trong sud't qua trinh tdn tai cua ngUdi Mdng d Ddng Van. Khi thiic dan Phdp xdm lupc, chinh quyln Phap da thd'y dUdc vai trd quan trpng cua tang Idp ndy trong viec quan ly cdng ddng dan cU nen thiic dan Phap vdn tiep tuc sfl dung tdng Idp ndy.

Tuy nhien, vai trd cua cac Ma phai, Seo phai luc nay trd t h a n h ngUdi dai dien cho chinh quyen Phap trong viec to chflc lao dpng, viec lam, thu cdng nap cua nhdn dan

cho tdng 16p cai tri mdi, phuc vu cho chinh sdch "chia de tri" cua thflc dan Phap.

Sfl chi phdi cua che dp thflc dan niia phong kien da lam cho ddi sd'ng kinh te, xa hdi cua ddng bao ngUdi Mdng mac du het sflc ngheo ndn, lac hau, nhflng ngfldc lai, td chflc xa hdi truyen thd'ng va n I n van hod truyen thd'ng dac sdc cua dan tdc Mdng v i n dupc duy tri vd tdn tai ldu ddi, gdp phdn lam phong phu dien mao vdn hda cua dan tdc Mdng.

Ke tfl sau Cdch mang thang Tdm 1945 de'n nay, vung cao ndi chung vd ddn tdc Mdng d Ddng Van - Ha Giang ndi rieng da cd bdn 60 nam xdy dflng vd phat trien. Mac du cdn n h i l u khd khan, trinh dp dan tri cdn thd'p nhflng dfldc sii quan tdm ket hdp ddng bd nhflng chinh sdch cua Dang va Nhd nUdc cung vdi tinh thdn tU liic cua ddng bdo Mdng, ddi sd'ng kinh te cua ddn tdc Mdng da cd n h i l u bien ddi, hda nhdp vdo vdi sU ddi mdi kinh te', xd hdi cua dd't nUdc, theo dd nhflng tU tudng lac hdu ngay cdng giam, nhflng t r u y i n thd'ng vdn hda tdt dep dfldc phdt huy trong cudc sd'ng hien nay.

CHU THICH

(1). Ban cha'p hanh Dang bp huypn Dong Van, Lich sC; Ddng bq huyen Ddng Vdn, tap 1: (1994 - 1995), 2004, tr. 10.

(2). Ngo Vi Lien, Ten lang xd vd dia dii cdc tinh Bac Ki. Nxb. Van hoa Thong tin, Ha Npi, 1999, tr.

274-290.

(3). Do nhiing nguyen nhan khac nhau, ngiidi Mong da di cU vac Viet Nam va cac nU6c Dong Nam A. NgUcli Mong di cU vao Vipt Nam lam nhieu ddt trong do co ba ddt 16n nha't. Ddt thii nha't la vao cuoi the ky XVII - dau the ky XVIII, ngiidi Mong

tu Quy Chau (Trung Quoc) di cU sang Dong Van.

Thdi ki nay ngiidi Mong 6 Quy Chau tham gia phong trao da'u tranh chong chinh sach "Cai t i quy luu" cua nha Thanh (chinh sach bai bo til trUcIng ngiidi Mong, trieu dinh diia quan lai ngiidi Han triic tie'p den cai tri) song phong trao bj tha't bai. Dpt thii hai vao khoang cuoi the ky XVIII - dau the ky XK, do phong trao khcli nghia cua ngUdi Mong b Quy Chau tha't b?ii (1776-1820) neh ngUdi Mong chay qua bien gi6i vao Vipt Nam theo hai con diidng: mpt la vao Dong Van - Ha Giang, hai la vao theo diidng Ximakai - B^c Ha - Lao Cai.

Td churc xa hpi ciia ngudi ro6ng. ³⁷

Nhiing ngUdi Mong di cii vao Viet Nam ddt nay p h i n 16n 6 Quy Chau, Van Nam, Quang Tay (Trung Quoc). Dpt thii ba vao khoang n i a cuoi the ky XIX. Day la dpt di cU ldn nha't ciia ngiidi Mong cl Trung Quoc di cif sang Vipt Nam n6 tifdng diidng v6i thcli gian ngUdi Mong hxibng iJng phong trao 'Thai Binh Thien Quoc" da'u tranh chong nha Thanh, k^o dai tut 1840-1868.

Nhiing nam ve sau, ngUdi Mong van rai rac di cii sang Vipt Nam. Vdi vi tri la manh da't dia ddu ciia To quo'c, huypn Dong Van (Ha Giang) la khu viic ngiidi Mong tii Trung Quoc sang niidc ta sdm hdn cac dia phiidng khac. Dan theo Lam Thi Thu Hiing, Cuoc van dong dinh canh dinh cii ddi vdi dong bdo Mong huyen Dong Vdn Hd Giang trong thdi ky ddi mdi (1986 - 2005), Luan van Thac si sii hpc, nam 2007, tr. 14.

(4). Le Quy Don, Kien vdn tieu luc, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi, 1977, tr. 335.

(5). Ngo Diic Thp, Nguyen Van Nguyen, Philippapin, Phan Van Cac, Le Vipt Nga, DUdng Thi The, Ddng Khdnh duC dia chi - tinh Tuyen Quang, Nxb. The gidi. Ha Npi, 2003, tr. 871.

(6). Cach gpi khac nhau nay diia tren sii phan bipt trang phuc ciia ngUdi phu nii Mong. Trang phyc cua phy nii Mong Trlng may bang lua mau sang, ao co trdn, hai manh, c6 xe triidc ngiic, vai dap ta ao la vai hoa do ho^c vang, tay ao nho c6 vai vien mau hoa ho$c thSu hoa cl cfinh tay va yem b sau lUng. Con ngUdi phy nil Mong Hoa, ao khong c6 x^ ngvic ma cai khuy tU nach len, vay dupc nhupm cham. Trang phyc ciia nam gidi thi kha thong nha't, hp mac quin ong rpng, cpp va'n, ao ngan, that lung va c6 khan dpi &i\i .

(7). Triidng LUu - Hilng Dinh Quy, Vdn hoa ddn toe Mdng Hd Giang, Vipn van hda, Bp Van hda Thong tin, Sd Van hda Thong tin, Ha Giang, 1996, tr. 213.

(8). Tinh uy - Hpi dong Nhfin dan - Uy ban Nhtn dan tinh Ha Giang, Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu

tranh, xdy diCng vd phdt trien (1891-2001), Nxb.

Chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Npi, 2001, tr. 94.

(9). Triidng Liiu - Hiing Dinh Quy, Vdn hoa ddn tpc Mdng Hd Giang, sdd, tr. 20.

(10). Theo tii lipu cvia ong Vudng Q u ^ h Quoc, nguyen Chu tich Uy ban Nhan dfin huypn Dong van, khoa 1963 - 1979.

(11), Viidng Chinh Diic da li^a chpn thp gioi tut Van Nam, Quang Tay (Trung Quoc) sang xay diing dinh thii nay, thd ph\i la ngiidi dia phiidng, xay diing trong 3 nam mdi xong vdi hang ngan dan phu va tieu ton 15 van dong bac tring. Toan bp kien triic nha Viidng diidc tpo dilng bing nguyen lieu da xanh, go thong, go pd mu, ngdi da't nung gia diidc cham tro' cong phu hinh rong , phiipng, ddi tupng trUng cho sii quyen quy va hiing thinh.

Ngoai cdng cd ta'm hoanh phi de "Bien chinh kha phong"(chinh quyen bien ciidng nay manh). Khu nha c6 13 khu: Cd'ng ngoai, nha cong, tien dinh, trung dinh, hau dinh, 16 cot (c6 3 tSng quan sat diidc 4 phia, xay bang da ), nha vp sinh, chuong ngiia, chuong bd, san lat da, nha bep, nha kho, nha canh, be nildc ldn. Cd t h i ndi dinh thii hp Viidng la ndi liiu giii bing chiing phan anh che dp thd ty phong kien mien niii dien hinh cua dan tpc Mong d Dong Van xiia kia. Din theo Thuyet minh di tich kie'n true nghe thuat nhd Viidng xd Sd Phin huyen Dong Vdn tinh Hd Giang, Sd van hda Thdng tin tinh Ha Giang, 2006, tr. 33.

(12). Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu tranh, xdy diCng vdphdt trien (1891- 2001), sdd.

(13). Vf dv nhii khi Viidng Chinh Diic chet, nha VUdng md' 19 con bd, khi Viidng Chi Sinh ma't tai Ha Npi, khi dua ve da cd tdi gin 700 ngiidi den diu huypn Dong Van de ddn thi hai. Theo ldi ke cua Vii Ml Ke, trii tai thi tra'n Dong Van, nguyen Dai bieu Quo'c hpi tinh Ha Giang, Bi thii huyen uy Dong van, khda 1966 - 1970.

(14). Tinh uy - Hpi dong Nhfin dan - iiy ban NhSn dan tinh Ha Giang (2001), Hd Giang 110

38 RghiSn cflu Lich sJr. sd 6.2010

nam ddu tranh, xdy diCng vd phdt trien (1891- 2001), Nxb. chinh tri Quoc gia, Ha Npi, tr. 87.

(15). Trong hoi ky "NhU anh sang m^t trdi" ong Vii Mi Ke, dan tpc Mong, nguyen Dai bieu Quoc hpi tinh Ha Giang, Bi thU huypn uy Dong Van, khda 1966 - 1970 viet ve canh tra ta'n cua Tho' ty dd'i vdi ngiidi lam thue: "Mpt l l n dupc gpi den chiing kien canh tho' ty giet m$t ngUdi ngheo bing each bupc chat nhiing dau ngdn tay ciia ngudi dd vao day riit treo len cao cho de'n khi ngUdi dd chet thoi riia ra, xac rdi xuong, cdn nhiing d£u ngdn tay tu mau tim den lai thi day v i n gifl treo lung lieng, trdng den ai oan thUdng tam. Ve nha toi ghe sd, nhieu khi bi cai chet am anh, de dpa ca trong gia'c ngu. Khong phai rieng tdi khd ma ca Lung Hda kho, dong bao cac dan tdc trong huypn Dong Van deu khd'...", d i n theo: Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu tranh, xdy diCng vd phdt trien (1891- 2001), sdd, tr.

118.

(16). Hd Giang 110 ndm ddu tranh, xdy dUng vdphdt trien (1891- 2001), sdd, tr. 100.

(17). Bp chi huy quan sU tinh Ha Giang, Hd Giang lich sit khdng chien chdng thiCc ddn Phdp (1945-1954), tr. 14, 15.

(18). Noi va't va cua ngUdi con gai Mdng khi di lam dau dupc luu truyen bing nhiing cau dan ca:

"Em di lam dau khdng cd mCia nghi chi cd mia lam".

"Chi muon viing thoat khoi ngUdi chi dau e ^m Chi muo'n viing thoat khdi, ngUdi chi dau nhU din"

(Theo HCing Dinh Quy, Ddn ca Mdng, Sd van hda Thdng tin Ha Giang, 2003, tr. 20.

(19). VI du: Trong dam "ma tUdi" cd ddng hp khdng dUa ngUdi chet vao quan tai ma trUdc hdm dem chdn ngudi ta mang ngUdi chet ra ngoai bai gpi la cho ngudi di "tau sang". Cd hp thi khieng ngUdi chet de'n huyet mdi dat ngUdi chet vao quan tai nhU hp Ly, hp Hlu. Trong dip tet, tily tiing hp ma chpn ngay an tet trUdc hoac sau ngay 30, khi ciing cd hp khdng mo ga de ciing ma b i t lly mpt con chim riing de ciing 30 tet, khdng gidng nhU mpt so' dan tpc khac sau khi lam l l ciing "hda vang" cd the dd bd cay dao, ha nhiing do le tren ban thd td tien xuoiig thi d tUng dong hp cua NgUdi Mdng lai cd nhiing quy dinh rieng, vi du nhU hp Vudng phai sau ngay 15 thang gieng mdi dupc dUa cay dao ra khoi nha va ha cac do le vat khdi ban thd.