IRAQ TRONG CHINH SACH DOI NGOAI CUA TONG THONG G. W. BUSH
T h . S . Biii Thi T h a o khoa Sii - Dai hoc Supham Hue
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upc chien Iraq nhu mot dau an trong sti nghiep chi'nh tri ciia Tdng thd'ng G. W. Bush. TQ luc budc vao N h i Tring, dng da ddi mat vdi "cupc da'u tranh dau tien trong the ky XXI" cho'ng chti nghia khiing bd' va Baghdad dUdc cho la lien can. Tham chien d Iraq cung la mpt trong ba chti de dUa den thang ldi chd dng Bush trong chien dich tranh cti tdng thd'ng nhiem ky hai, nam 2004. NhQng cung chinh cudc chien ndy da khien dng Bush phai rdi Nha Trang trdng sQ t h i t tin ghe gdm (theo tham dd ciia tap chi ABC News nam 2007, cd den 73% dan My khdng cdn iing hd dng). Cd the ndi, Iraq chiem mot vi tri dac biet trong chinh sdch ddi ngoai ciia Tdng thd'ng Bush - mac du ngay tQ diu, nd khdng nam trong dinh hudng ddi ngoai dUdc Uu tien. Khdng phii la mdi de doa sQc manh quin sQ toan ciu ddi vdi My, eung khdng phai Id doi thti eanh tranh quyen lile tiem nang, nhUng de giai quyet van de Iraq, Chinh quyen Bush da hoc Id cich van hanh he thd'ng chien lUdc ciia hp. Tren thiic te, nhQng Qng xti ciia Tdng thd'ng Bush va bd may quyen iQc ctia dng trong cupc chien tranh niy cho thay nhieu mat thiic chat trong chinh sach ddi ngoai ctia My thdi ky "hau Xd Viet".1. I r a q , m o t t h e n g h i e m ciia c h i e n \\Xdc c a n t h i e p trQc t i e p b a n g vu iQc
Chie'n lUdc can thiep trQc tiep bing vu liic la mpt trong nhQng npi dung trpng tam ctia Hpc thuyet Bush. Hpc thuyet nay dQde bie't den lin diu vdi ten gpi "chien tranh khdng thQdng vong", cdng bd'vao ngiy 7/12/2001. Cd the ndi, sau Afghanistan, cudc chien dupe coi l i ta't yeu ddi vdi Chi'nh quyen My de ddp tra mpi tdn thUdng tQ ben ngodi v i la md d i u td't dep ciia Hpc thuyet Bush, thi cudc chien Iraq la mdt "thii nghiem tren thtic dia" cua
"Hpc thuyet an ninh qudc gia" mdi, cdng bd ngiy 17/9/2002. Mac du,
"chien tranh khdng thQPng vong" v i
"Hpe thuye't an ninh qud'c gia" mdi dai dien cho chinh sach ddi ngoai ctia My d hai thdi ky khdc nhau, nhUng ca hai deu Id "cdn de" ctia Hpe thuyet Bush, chu trpng chien iQpc can thiep va cung hudng den muc tieu trpng tim.
Dd la duy tri dia vi sieu cQdng dpc tdn, trQng tri bat ky nQde ndo de doa ldi i'ch ciia My va ddng minh, dam bao sti vUdt trdi vinh vien ve sQc manh quan sQ ciia My. So vdi chinh phu tien nhiem, chien lUde quan sti cua dng Bush mang nang tinh quyen liic va hieu chien. Dac trUng nay tren thtic te phin i n h sti van diing ctia chti nghia hien thiic My trong bdi canh mdi.
Khi Tdng thdng G. W. Bush bQdc vio Nha Trang cung Id luc nUde My ddi dien vdi h i n g loat bien dpng sau sic. Sti gin ket ciia chdu Au lue dia va sQ trdi day phong dp ctia Nga dat
nQdc My trQdc thach thQc ldn: duy tri kha nang chi phdi cie qud'c gia k h i c cho tQdng xQng vdi vi the sieu cQdng duy nha't ciia My. Tong thd'ng Bush khing dinh: "Nude My dang d trong vi the cd mpt khdng hai. Chung ta l i ngQdi lanh dao". N h i n dinh ndy cho tha'y bdi cinh the gidi dau the ky XXI t i c dpng to ldn den nhan thQc ddi ngoai nhQng nd cung l i muc tieu ldn nha't vd duy nhat Tdng thd'ng Bush theo dudi. Tuy nhien, cic con so'thd'ng ke ve ty le gia tang tdng s i n p h i m trong nQdc (GDP) ngiy cdng giim sut cung vdi tinh trang lam phat ngay cang gia tang^ va nhQng van nan xa hdi khic nhQ: n h i p cQ t r i i phep, bung nd dan so'. Id hdng trong giio diic,...
dat Chinh quyen Bush trUdc nhQng thach thQc to ldn. Sil binh yen cua ehinh trQdng My dQdi sti dan dat ciia dng Bush da Id mpt thach thQc ldn ddi vdi vi tdng thd'ng thQ 43 ndy, die biet khi chinh G. W. Bush dang chiu sQc ep tam ly nang ne ve chien t h i n g vat v i cua dng trong cupc b i u cii Td'ng thd'ng nam 2000. DQdng nhQ dng Bush p h i i chQng td nang liic de ngQdi My phii "tam phuc k h i u phuc" khi chpn dng. Rd rdng, bdi canh qud'c te, hien thiic nQdc My va vi the ciia Tdng thd'ng Bush da tdc dpng sau sac den nhQng hoach dinh vd Qng xii ctia dng Bush. Tat nhien, tQ each ci nhan va nhQng da'u an mang tinh truyen thd'ng ctia Dang Cpng hoa cung l i nhQng yeu td gdp p h i n chi phdi dQdng hQdng ddi ngoai ctia Chinh quyen Bush. Xem xet hang loat quyet dinh ctia G. W. Bush trong nhiem ky d i u cim quyen (rut khdi Hiep Qdc cam thti toan dien vu khi hat nhan CTBTiit chdi phe chuan Nghi dinh thu Kyoto; Hiep udc cam vu khi sinh hpc; Hiep dinh Toa i n hinh sQ qudc te: rut khdi Hiep dinh chdng ten liia
dan dao ABM; md rdng pham vi trien khai he tho'ng phdng thii ten iQa NMD; xuc tie'n NATO ddng tien...) cho tha'y dng Bush dang tim ve vdi chu nghia ca nhan, ddn phQdng mdt cdch ciic doan va quay iQng lai vdi dac trQng ldn nha't cua toan cau hoa: hdp t i c tren nen t i n g cpng ddng. Dieu nay cung cho tha'y Hpc thuye't Bush coi trpng an ninh quan sQ va banh trQdng sQc manh My ra t o i n cau hdn l i thiic thi "chQdng trinh Hai E" (Economy &
Education) nhQ Nghi trinh ciia Tdng thd'ng khi nham chQc.
Tinh ddn phQdng, bao thu cdn the hien trong each nhin n h i n ctia Td'ng thd'ng Bush ve vai trd ciia Lien hdp qud'c. Theo dng, mdt lien minh qud'c te, hoac Lien hdp qudc khdng phai l i cich hQu hieu de ddi phd vdi nhQng nha nQdc bat hao, nguy hiem. DQdng nhQ d day cd sQ xung dot ldn giQa hdnh dpng v i ldi ndi ciia dng Bush.
Mpt mat, dng can mpt lien minh qud'c te sau sQ kien 11-9, nhQng mat khic, dng choi bd vai trd ctia Lien hdp qud'c, cd sd de hinh t h i n h nen cai lien minh day. Dieu nay cho thi'y, tiet 16 cua H.
Kissinger tren bid Rang Ddng (Dawn) la hoin toan dung, rang: cupc chien ehd'ng khiing bd' trQdc het la n h i m tranh thii cd hpi ciic ky quy b i u de My phan chia lai the gidi tren cd sd mpt lien minh toan cau. Vdi each phan chia niy, du Iraq khdng n i m trong lien minh doi lap thi trang t h i i chien tranh cho phep My tii diing len mdi quan he giQa Baghdad v i Al-Qaeda.
Do dd, Iraq Id mpt muc tieu kha thi cho My khi trien khai mpt chien lUdc mdi - mpt chien iQdc "khdng chi de quet sach bpn khiing bo' m i cdn tieu diet cac hang 6 ciia chung", vdi pham vi trien khai cd the lan tdi 60 qud'c gia^. Theo d i n h gia cua G. W. Bush, chi dung ten liia h i n h trinh b i n van
c i c ldn t r a i cua ddi phQdng nhQ c i c h chinh phii tien n h i e m da l i m ddi vdi I r a q t h i t h a t yeu dt, chdng k h a c nao
"nghien cat". Ong B u s h chu t r p n g hdn den sQc m a n h q u a n sii b d n g cac ke hoach ta'n edng dQdc t i n h toan ky iQdng. Theo dng, dd mdi dich thQc la ehii nghia hien thilc My e i n theo dudi de bao ve q u y e n liic vd vi t h e "lanh dao" t h e gidi.
Trong so' cdc chi'nh sach dupe thiic hien de b i o ve ldi ich qud'c gia "bd'n chQ P"''', Tdng thd'ng B u s h chu trpng, thtlc hien n h i e u n h i ' t chinh sdch an ninh q u a n sti t h e o chien lupc can thiep t r u e tiep, chti ddng can dti (forward-looking) va mtic tieu "quyen lilc" (power) dupe dQa len h d n g d i u . Quyen Itic d a n h dau k h a n a n g ciia met qud'c gia t r o n g chi phdi c i c h h a n h xii ciia cdc qud'c gia k h a c . Theo giao sU Bruce W. J e n t l e s o n , quyen Itic cung lien q u a n den cdc van de phi v i t t h e n h u "uy tin". Cd le khi xam lUdc Iraq, Tdng thd'ng B u s h k h d n g t i n h den yeu td' nay, dng n h a n m a n h "kha n a n g vQpt qua trd ngai va t h a n g t h e trong cae x u n g dot" bdn Id viec phai xay dting h i n h i n h nUde My b a n g uy tin va cam ket. Viec G. W. B u s h r a lenh nem bom I r a q ngay sau khi dupe b i u lam tdng t h d n g (thdng 2/2001) cho tha'y trUdc vu k h i i n g bd 11/09/2001, Iraq da Id mdt mue tieu t r i e n k h a i ctia Hpc t h u y e t B u s h . Cupc khting bd' n h u mpt cd bdi b u n g p h i t de My lay "sU chinh nghia" lam cdi cd t a n cdng p h u d i u ddi vdi Iraq. Theo dng Bush, q u a n sU - chQ k h d n g p h a i k i n h te - Id thQdc do bae nha't ctia quyen lUc. Cupc chie'n d Iraq la thQdc do d i u tien t r o n g chien iQpe q u a n sti mdi, b a n h trUdng quyen liie eila C h i n b quyen B u s h t r o n g t h e gidi ddn cUc. De thUc hien thQdc do nay. Bush vd cac cpng sQ ctia dng dd
tim kie'm t i n h hdp p h a p qudc te' qua e i c v a n b a n npi bp hdn l i Nghi quyet ctia Lien hdp qud'c. Mac du nhQng l u a n diem t r o n g Chien iQpc an ninh qud'e gia Hoa Ky edng bd' l i n d a u tien vao t h d n g 9/2002 la "nhQng n g u y e n tac p h a p ly" md dQdng cho Hpc thuye't B u s h dQdc h i e n thiie boa b a n g dQdng ldi edng k h a i sil d u n g bao Itic, nhUng cupc chien chdng I r a q k h d n g lien q u a n de'n b a t cQ mot l u a n diem nao, va eupe t a n edng cua q u a n dpi My vdo I r a q n g a y 20/3/2003 van cQ la h i e n thtic. Bdi, tQ eudl t h a p n i e n 70 eiia t h e ky XX, I r a q da n a m t r o n g ke h o a c h dUde " i p ti, n g h i e n n g a m va thiic hien", k h i ngUdi My p h a i chiu ap liic tQ sti cd m a t cua Lien Xd d k h u vQc d i u md va bdi hien n a y , nd n a m t r o n g ke hoach hien thtlc hod mdt hpc t h u y e t .
2. Vi s a o I r a q dvtdc iQa c h o n ? Trong cdc bao c i o ctia Bp Qud'c phdng My, cudc chien Iraq eung vdi k h i ndng b u n g nd ctia cudc chien t r a n h Trieu Tien l i n thQ hai, ludn dQde vien dan cho chie'n iQdc "MRC"
(tQ viet t a t ciia L a u N a m gdc de chi eupe chien t r a n h ldn d khu vUc) va kha n a n g san s a n g ehd'ng t r a eung mpt luc bai cupc chien t r a n h k h u vUc cua quan dpi My. NhQng k h i c vdi c i c h giai quyet t h i e n ve nghi sti v i cd ve t h a n trpng ciia My d Binh NhQdng, Iraq dQdc tiep can quyet liet v i cQc doan hdn. Mac du vay, de di den quyet dinh t a n cdng Iraq, bp may quyen liic cua dng B u s h da lam viec v i t v i cho mpt kich ban dupe siia soan eong phu, ke c i viec xuc tien t h i n h lap mot chinh phti d a n sti t h a n My " h i u Saddam".
NhQ vay, I r a q la mpt liia chpn hoan t o a n chti ddng tQ phia My. Lua chon nay da dude xdc dinh trong "Du an
the ky mdi" ciia Chinh quyen B.
Clinton, dac biet l i trong ke hoach ctia Paul Wolfowtz ngay trong Chie'n tranh Lanh, khi dng ndy cdn Id ngUdi phu trich hoach dinh chinh sich khu vQc Trung Ddng. Cd nhieu ly do khien Iraq trd thanh muc tieu the nghiem chien lUdc quan sii cua Hpc thuye't Bush. Trong bai bao nay, chung tdi de cap den hai yeu toed ban sau:
Xit ve nguon gdc, Iraq la sQ tiep ndi cho cudc chay dua quyen lUc trong thdi ky Chien tranh Lanh, de khdng dinh vi the lanh dao the gidi ctia My thdi ky sau Chien tranh Lanh.
TQ sau Chie'n tranh the gidi thQ nhat, de dat cd sd phap ly cho tham vpng banh trQdng d Trung Ddng, Tdng thd'ng My Wilson, trong ChQdng trinh 14 diem, da ddnh rieng hai diem 11 va 12 cho khu vtic n i y vdi danh nghia dim bio tti do di lai tren cic eo bien v i md ciia ddi vdi cdc thupe dia cu ciia Thd Nhi Ky. Trong thdi ky nay. My chti yeu xic lap sti cd mat thdng qua cic cdng ty khai thic, budn bdn va trung chuyen dau md d cic qud'c gia Trung Ddng, dac biet la Palestine vd Arab Saudi. Cd the ndi, eudl Chie'n tranh the gidi thQ hai Id thdi ky My day manh tham vpng ciia minh d Trung Ddng, khi the v i liic cua Lien Xd ngiy cing li'n iQdt, dac biet khi nQdc niy chu trpng hdn den viec bao ve bien gidi phia nam vdi cac qud'c gia diu md. Tuy nhien, p h i i den eudl thap nien 70, cupc chay dua tranh gianh anh hUdng ctia My mdi thiic sQ quyet liet hdn. Nam 1972, Lien Xd ky Hiep dinh hQu nghi va hdp tac vdi Chinh phti Iraq, cung trong nam nay (1/6/1972), Iraq lan dau tien ra sic l u i t qud'c hQu h o i cdng ty dau liia ldn nha't ctia Iraq va cung l i ctia Trung Ddng - ndi tU ban My chiem 24,75% cd phin. Hanh ddng ndy cua Iraq hi My
cho la chiu anh hQdng ciia Lien Xd vd lam thiet hai trtic tie'p den ldi ich kinh te ctia My. T h i n g 12/1979, thee yeu ciu ciia Chinh phti Afghanistan, Lien Xd dUa quan dpi vao Afghanistan de bao ve thanh qua each mang cua nude nay dang hi cac the liic p h i n cich mang de dpa. Tiep theo dd, cic nQdc xua't khau dau md (OPEC) quye't dinh tang gii d i u len 20%. NhQng sQ kien nay gay chan dpng manh den nen kinh te (ngo'n 1/4 iQdng tieu thu dau the gidi nhQng chi s i n xua't dQdc 15%
v i nhap khau hdn 50% d i u tQ Trung Ddng'') v i vi the ctia My trdng sd s i n h vdi Lien Xd. Tdng thd'ng My Carter da tuyen bd dam bao bang mpi gid ngudn cung cap dau tQ Trung Ddng va xac dinh che dp Saddam Hussein la nguyen nhan gay mi't dn dinh chinh yeu. Tuy nhien, trong bdi c i n h chien tranh lanh, sQ hien dien ciia Lien Xd d khu vQc nay khdng cho phep My cd nhQng the nghiem hoac phieu iQu quin sQ. My hi bd bupc trong chien iQde "ran de" mang ti'nh phdng thti.
Hdn nQa, Iraq vdn cdn vai trd trong chien iQdc c i n bang liic iQdng ciia My de ngan can sQ ldn manh khd kiem soit ciia Iran. Do vay, y dinh tang CQdng tiem liic q u i n sQ cua Iraq trdng t h i p nien 80 khdng he gap phai sQ chdng ddi nao tQ My. Chien tranh Lanh ket thuc de lai mpt "khoang trdng quyen liic" dang ke d Trung Ddng, dac biet l i ddi vdi Iraq - mpt qudc gia cdn nhieu hen he dac thu trong mdi quan he vdi My. Cupc chie'n x i m iQdc Iraq lan n i y nhQ hanh ddng tiep tuc cupc chdi dang hi bd dd m i Chinh quyen Bush tii ganh trich nhiem thiic hien vdi niem tin phan t h i n g se thuoc ve minh.
Xet vi mat M ich, Iraq d i p Qng dQdc nhieu ye'u td trong he thdng ldi
ich qud'c gia ciia My thdi ky sau Chie'n tranh Lanh.
Khdng ai phii n h i n vi tri chien lUdc vd cung quan trpng ctia Trung Can Ddng trong giao 16 lUu thdng giQa cac dai luc. Iraq la qud'c gia Arap ldn n h i t trong giao Id dd, cd bien gidi vdi 3 trong so' 5 nUdc s i n x u i t d i u nhieu n h i t the gidi (Arabia Saudi, Kuwait v i Iran). Vi the dd cho phep kiem soat tuyet ddi mpi ngudn lUc kinh te - qudn sti chii cho't d vung Vinh. Neu dat Iraq d mpt phUdng vi khac, cd le "tinh de hi tdn thUdng" bdi cac cQdng qud'c se it di nhieu. Tai s i n dang gia nha't ctia Iraq kh6ng phii la nhQng gia tri van minh cd xQa ctia loai ngQdi ma la ngudn d i u md dQng thQ hai tren the gidi (chiem khoing 95% ngudn thu ngoai te ctia Iraq). Iraq eung la diem mi'u chd't trong he thd'ng trung chuyen diu md tQ Trung Dong den chdu Au v i chau A. Vai trd ciia d i u md trong tang trUdng kinh te cung vdi vi the ctia Iraq da bien qud'e gia nay thanh "muc tieu ciia mpi sti them khat". Tuy nhien, tQ liu Iraq dd choi bd nhQng mdi lien he tQ Hoa Ky va theo dudi mpt chi'nh sdch ddi ngoai dpe lap.
Dieu nay di ngQdc vdi nguyen tac
"trat tti" dQde quan xuyen bdi Washington. Do dd, trong hoach dinh cda Chinh quyen Bush, mdt che dp mdi tuan thii sQ s i p dat ctia My d Iraq se giup My ve lai sd dd dan d i u cd Ipi cho minh. Hdn the nQa, muc dich ciia My khdng chi cd diu cua Iraq, cang khdng p h i i de bio ve cic ddng minh ctia My d Trung Dong ma mu6'n cd ca Trung Ddng. Lpi the ctia Iraq d khu vtic nay cho phep My dat vien gach d i u tien trong ke hoach dd.
Cho nen Chinh phii Bush khdng quan tam den ke hoach rut qudn khdi Iraq sau khi Saddam Hussein hi lat dd. Hp den Iraq khdng p h i i chi vdi miic di'ch
lat dd ehe dp Saddam Hussein. Ong Bush tin r i n g viee ndy da cd chinh qudn dpi Iraq (than My) thiic bien^.
My cung tQng tuyen bd' khdng chiem lanh thd ctia cac qud'c gia khdc, nhQng rd rdng he thd'ng can cQ quan sQ d nQdc ngoii ctia My ke tQ sau khi ket thuc Chien tranh the gidi thQ hai van dQpc bio toan va hien dien tQ vanh dai Bae ciic den Nam ciic. Cae can cQ quan sQ trpng yeu ctia My khdng phai chi dat d DQc, Anh, Nhat ma edn d Guantanamo, d Arabia Saudi va Iraq la mpt muc tieu mang nhieu tinh kha thi. Do dd, de thtic hien muc tieu nay, Tdng thd'ng Bush vd bp may quyen liic ciia dng dd phii vat va p h i n loai cic khai niem ve "ddn tan edng phti diu"
(danh cho mdi de doa mang tinh tQc thdi, t r i n i p , khdng eho phep liia chpn phQdng thQc ndo khac va khdng cd thdi gian can nhac), va "ddn t i n edng ngan ngQa" (danh cho sQ de doa khdng chae chan hoac khdng xay ra), rdi lai phii vat v i bien minh de thu hep sQ khic biet giQa hai k h i i niem tren. Mac du, xet ve mpi phQdng dien, Iraq khdng cd du k h i nang la mdi de doa ciia My, dung nhQ chuyen gia ve Trung Ddng Stephen Zunes khang dinh "bat ky loai vu khi giet ngQdi hang loat nao eua Iraq, cd the dang tdn tai, dQdi sQ kiem soat eua mpt che dp trung Qdng tap quyen cao dp, deu dupe danh trpng tam eho viec -ngan ngQa sQ tan cong eiia My hdn la khieu khich nd"^. Cd the ndi, vdi quyet tam
"tiep can" ctia My, Iraq khd trdnh khdi chien tranh. Bdi chinh nhQng ngQdi dQng d i u Nha Trang chd ring
"khdng hanh ddng cdn mao hiem hdn hanh dpng" va "khdng chien tranh ddng nghia vdi sQ si nhuc". Dieu ndy khien chung toi nhd den cam nhan ctia mdt tri thQc Viet Nam, nha thd Nguyin Duy, phat tren Dii BBC sang
11/4/2003 r i n g "The gidi dang trd lai chie'n tranh thud hdng hoang. Ai cd sQc manh mud'n ldm gi thi lam. Dieu dd khien tdi kinh hai". Hdn het t h i y nhQng cdng trinh, nhQng nd iQc hoa giii, nhQng p h i n ddi tQ cpng ddng, chi l i nhQng "quan ngai" ctia Tdng thd'ng Bush (ve sil can b i n g quyen liic .lau ddi d khu vQc eic qud'c gia vung Vinh) da ddn den mot cupc chien tranh.
Ngoii vi tri chie'n lUdc, d i u md va nhQng dieu kien cin cho viec thiet lap mdt cdn cQ quan sti, mdt che dp mdi thi nhQng lien he "cd the" ciia Iraq ddi vdi Afghanistan va ke hoach s i n xuat vu khi qud'c phdng cua nUdc ndy cung cho phep, tham chi tao cd hdi cho My toan tinh ve sQ cd mat Idu dai ctia hp d Trung Ddng. NhQng dieu kien nay khien cho viee Itia chpn Iraq lam mtic tieu ciia Hpc thuyet Bush trd nen k h i thi hdn ddi vdi My.
Ket luan
Mae du vdi ly do gi, l i mpt the nghiem ctia chien iQdc quan sQ cQng ran; mdt hoa thi trong b i n g liet ke he thd'ng ldi ich qud'c gia c i n dUdc b i o ve, hay sQ dap t r i cin thiet ctia bd may quyen luc toan c i u ddi vdi mpt qud'c gia bat hao, thi cupc chie'n Iraq van la mdt i m anh ciia Hpc thuyet Bush, khien ngQdi My vd mdng. Ddy cung la mdt trong nhQng nguyen nhan cd ban n h a t giii thich cho sU that bai ctia dang Cpng boa va ThQdng nghi sy Jdhn McCain.
ChQa biet nhQng cam ket ciia Tdng thd'ng Barack Obama trong ke hoach
"giu bd bill ban va t i i tao nQdc My"
ctia dng dQpc thtlc hien hieu q u i hay khdng, nhQng quyet dinh rut khdi
Iraq (mpt trong 5 npi dung ciia ke hoach tren) hQa hen it nhd't mpt sQ thay ddi " n g i n ban" - nhQ each ndi ciia giao sQ Brantly Womack - md trQdc bet la sti thay ddi ddi vdi nhan thQc ve each chiem linh vai trd lanh dao the gidi ciia Chinh quyen G. W.
Bush • Chit thich:
1. Nguyen Thie't Sdn (CB), Nudc My nam dia t h e k y XXI, Nxb KHXH, HN, 2002, tr. 103.
2. T r i n Trong, "Hoc thuye't Bush va chie'n lUdc chie'n t r a n h khong thUOng vong". Tap chi Cong san, so 8-2002, tr. 58-63.
3. Theo GS. Bruce W. Jentleson, ldi ich quo'c gia cua My dUdc xac dinh tren 4 muc tieu bat dau bang chU P: quyen lUc (power), hoa binh (peace), thinh vUOng (prosperity) va nguyen tac (principle)
4. Thong t a n xa Viet Nam, Cuoc chien t r a n h viing Vinh lan thU hai, Nxb Thong Tan, HN. 2003, tr.17.
5. Laurie Mylroie, U.S. Policy Toward Iraq, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Main Page).
6. First News, Bush va quyen lUc nu6c My, Nxb Lao dong, Tp. Ho Chi Minh, tr, 583.
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Bruce W. Jentleson, Chinh sach do! ngoai Hoa Ky - dong cO cua sU lUa chon trong the ky XXI, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, HN, 2004.
2. Stephen Zunes, "Hoa Ky xam lUdc Iraq:
khia canh quan sU cua Toan c&u hca". Tap chi Chau My ngay nay, so 11/2004, tr, 55- 59
3. Thong t a n xa Viet Nam. Cuoc chien t r a n h vung Vinh lan thU hai, Nxb Lao Dong, Tp.
Ho Chi Minh, 2003.
4. http://musingsoniraq, blogsport.
com/2008/06/overview of america-policy towards.
5. http://radio.Vietnamese utah.org/?p=775.
