THirC TRANG VA TRIEN VONG OUAN HE TAI CHINH ^ NGAN HANG VA BAO HIEM VIETNAM HOA KY
I. Khai quat quan he kinh te - tai chinh Viet Nam - Hoa Ky
Quan he kinh te - tdi chinh Viet Nam - Hoa Ky da trai qua nhQng thdi khic va sQ kien dac biet ke tQ ngay 29/9/1990, khi Ngoai trQdng My J.
Baker va Phd Thii tUdng kiem Bd trQdng Ngoai giao Nguyen Cd Thach lin diu tien gap nhau de ban ve quan he hai nQdc tai New York; den ngay 9/12/1999, Ngan hang N h i nQdc Viet Nam v i Ngdn hang Xua't Nhap khau Hoa Ky (EXIMBANK) chinh thQc ky Hiep dinh Bio lanh khung va Hiep dinh Khuye'n khi'ch dii an diu tQ.
Dac biet, trong chuyen tham chinh thQc My ciia Thii tudng Phan Van Khai thang 6/2005, hai ben da ra Tuyen bd' chung khang dinh mong mud'n xiy dilng quan he dd'i t i c xay dQng, hQu nghi, hdp tdc nhieu mat, dn dinh lau dai giQa hai nUdc. Trong chuyen tham Viet Nam thdng 11/2006 ctia Td'ng thdng Bush, hai ben cung ra Tuyen bd' chung tai khdng dinh cam ket tren, ddng thdi md ra nhQng cd hpi hpp t i c mdi giQa hai nQdc tren nhieu linh vQc. G i n day nha't la trong chuyen tham chinh thQc My ciia Chii tich nQdc Nguydn Minh Triet theo ldi mdi ctia Tdng thd'ng G. Bush (ngay 18 - 23/6/2007), hai ben thd'ng nhat tang cQdng hdn nQa quan he nhieu mat tren cd sd sau rdng, dn dinh vd hieu qua, da ky ket
T S . N g u y e n M i n h P h o n g Vien Nghien ciiu Phdt trien KTXH Hd Noi
Hiep dinh khung ve thUPng mai va d i u tu (TIFA) va nhieu thda thuan kinh te song phQdng quan trpng.
Ke tQ khi Hiep dinh ThQdng mai cd hieu liic den nay, quan he budn ban giQa hai nQdc tang nhanh; kim ngach budn bdn 2 chieu nam 2005 dat 7,8 ty USD, tang gap hdn 5 l i n nam 2001 (1,5 ty USD); nam 2006 dat 9,7 ty USD, trong dd Viet Nam nhap 1,1 ty va xuat 8,6 ty (Viet Nam ludn xuit sieu ldn sang My). Hien My Id thi trUdng xui't k h i u ldn nha't ctia Viet Nam. Kim ngach thQdng mai hai chieu Viet - My nam 2008 dat 15,2 ty USD, gap hdn 10 l i n so vdi nam 2001.
Theo dd. My da trd thanh dd'i tic thQdng mai so' mpt ciia Viet Nam. Viet Nam la mdt trong nhiJng thi trQdng phdt trien nhanh nhat ciia Hoa Ky d khu vUc chau A. Ddng thdi, Hoa Ky da trd thanh nQdc thQ hai (sau Trung Qud'c) ve sd iQdng khdch du lich vao Viet Nam. DQdng bay thang giQa Hoa Ky va Viet Nam vQa dQpc nd'i lai sau 30 nam gian doan.
D i u tu triic tiep ctia cac cdng ty My
vao Viet Nam cung tang len nhanh
chdng. Theo Cue Dau tQ nQdc ngoii
(Bp Ke hoach va D i u tU), tinh den
ngiy 22/11/2008, Hoa Ky dQng thQ
11/81 qud'c gia vd vung lanh thd cd dti
an d i u tQ cdn hieu liic tai Viet Nam
vdi 421 dil i n , tdng vdh dau tU dang
ky 4,1 ty USD. Dac biet, 4 thang diu
n a m 2009, t r o n g t d n g vd'n F D I d a n g ky dat 6,35 ty U S D , vdi tdng cpng 168 du i n d a n g ky mdi vdo Viet N a m , t h i cac d o a n h n g h i e p My da vQdn len d a n d i u vdi hdn 3,8 ty U S D . . . H i e n da cd hdn 1000 d o a n h n g h i e p My, t r o n g dd nhieu t a p doan ldn ctia My b o a t ddng tai Viet N a m .
Cupc hpp lan thQ hai cap bp trQdng ctia Hdi ddng TIFA, dtl kien td chQc vao t h d n g 6/2009 t a i Hd Npi, se cd npi d u n g chinh la t r a o ddi c i c bien p h i p thuc ddy viec thiic hien T u y e n bd c h u n g Viet N a m - Hoa Ky ky t h i n g 6/2008 n h a n c h u y e n t h a m c h i n h thQc Hoa Ky ciia Thii t u d n g Viet N a m Nguyen T a n Dung. D a y se la nhQng dieu kien q u a n t r p n g de h a i ben t h u c day q u a n he hdp tac k i n h te vdi n h a u , dac biet t r o n g linh vQc tai chinh - n g a n h i n g va b i o hiem.
I I . Q u a n h e V i e t N a m - H o a Ky t r o n g l i n h vQc n g a n h a n g
Theo Hiep dinh ThQdng mai song phUdng (BTA) da ky, Viet N a m cam ket md ctia thi trQdng dich vu tai chinh - n g a n h a n g t h e o Id t r i n h ndi long dan va tien tdi xoa bd cac b a n che dd'i vdi hoat dpng ctia c i c n g a n h i n g My t a i Viet N a m . Ld t r i n h n i y ddng nghia vdi viec xoa bd d i n n h i e u ldi t h e ciia cac d i n h che t r o n g nUdc.
Cu the, ngay s a u khi BTA cd hieu liic ( n g i y 10/12/2001), c i c chi n h d n h n g a n h a n g Hoa Ky dUdc p h e p t h a n h lap t a i Viet N a m . Giai doan tQ n a m 2001 de'n 2010 hp se dQdc t h i n h lap cac n g a n h i n g lien d d a n h vdi vd'n Hoa Ky tQ 30-49%, tdi n i m 2010 dQpc t h i n h lap n g a n h a n g 100% vd'n Hoa Ky. C i c n g a n h i n g My s a u khi t h a n h l i p dQdc n h a n tien ky giii b i n g npi te va s a u 9 n a m (2010), hp dUdc p h e p n h a n t i e n ky gtii b i n g npi te nhQ cac n g i n h a n g Viet N a m ; t r o n g 8 n a m , c i c n g a n
h i n g My dQdc p h e p p h i t h a n h t h e t i n d u n g ; s a u 5 n a m dQdc p h e p l a p cdng ty b i o h i e m n h a n t h p v i c i c linh viic k h d n g b i t budc 100% vdn tQ My.
NhQ v a y la s a u 9 n i m , c i c n g a n h i n g My se cd mpt s a n chdi b i n h d a n g vdi cac n g a n h i n g npi dia. H i e n n h i e u n g a n h a n g va c i c td chQc tin d u n g My d a n g g a p r u t t i m h i e u ve c i c l u i t le de t h a m n h a p t h i trQdng t i i chinh Viet N a m . H i e n mdi chi cd 1 chi n h i n h va 2 v a n p h d n g dai dien ciia n g a n h d n g M y t a i Viet N a m . Cac n g a n h a n g n a y c u n g nhQ cac n g a n h a n g nQdc ngoai d a n g p h i i h o a t dpng vdi nhQng h a n che nha't d i n h so vdi c i c n g a n h a n g npi dia. NhQng t i n h h i n h n i y se sdm t h a y ddi. C i c n g a n h a n g My d a n g tQng bQdc t h a m gia vao mpi l i n h viic h o a t d o n g n g a n h i n g t a i Viet N a m . T h a n g 10/2007, dng J o h n J. Mack, Chti tich k i e m Td'ng g i i m dd'e dieu h d n h N g a n h a n g M o r g a n S t a n l e y da den t h a m va lam viec vdi l a n h dao T a p d o a n D i u k h i Viet N a m n h a m di de'n yiec ky k e t mdt b i n ghi n h d ve k h i n a n g hdp tdc giQa h a i t a p d o i n t r o n g c i c l i n h vQc m a h a i b e n q u a n t a m nhQ: hdp t i c d i u t u , t h u xep vd'n, c u n g ci'p c i c dich v u t i i chi'nh n g a n h i n g , . . . cho cac h o a t dpng ciia T a p d o a n D i u khi Viet N a m d t r o n g nQdc c u n g nhQ d i u tQ r a nQdc ngoai, bao gdm c i viec M o r g a n S t a n l e y sdm x e m xet quye't d i n h d i u tQ v i o Cdng ty T a i c h i n h D i u k h i (PVFC) vdi tQ each la mpt cd ddng chie'n iQdc k h i P V F C thiic h i e n viec I P O r a t h i trQdng...
Cdng n g h e h i e n dai va t r i n h dp q u i n ly t i e n tie'n c u n g nhQ n g u d n t i i c h i n h ddi dao ciia c i c n g a n h i n g My se l i nhQng Qu t h e cd b i n t a o r a n h u n g sQc ep c a n h t r a n h , buoc c i c n g i n h i n g Viet N a m p h i i d a u tQ t h e m vao ky t h u a t , c i i t i e n phUdng
thQc q u a n tri va hien dai hoa he t h d n g t h a n h toan de n a n g cao n a n g liic, diic biet Id ddi vdi cac n g a n h a n g cd nhQng ndi d u n g vd p h a m vi boat ddng t r u n g vdi linh viic b o a t dpng cd Uu t h e ctia cdc n g a n h a n g My (nhU t h a n h toan qud'c te, d i u tQ dQ i n , tai trd thQdng mai...) v i cac k h i c h h i n g trpng t a m ctia n g a n h d n g My (cac doanh nghiep cd vd'n d i u tU nQdc ngoai, cac d o a n h nghiep n h a nQdc ldn, cac doanh nghiep x u a t k h i u ldn...).
Trong trQdng hdp cac n g a n h a n g My dQpc phep thtlc hien ca nhQng boat ddng kinh doanh chQng k h o i n nhQ quan ly cac quy d i u tQ. hoac t h a m gia vao viec t h a n h t o i n bQ trQ cac t i i s i n tai chinh, hp cung se cd p h a m vi boat dpng rdng hdn b a n cac n g a n h d n g Viet Nam hien nay va se cd nhQng Qu the rd ret trong viec da d a n g h o i boat ddng cua minh. Ddng thdi, viec q u i n ly nha nUdc dd'i vdi hoat dpng ctia cdc ngan h i n g My se phQc t a p hdn hien nay va ddi hdi p h i i cd sU phdi hdp q u i n ly cua nhieu cd quan.
NgUdc lai, sQc m a n h va Qu t h e hdn b a n ciia cac n g a n h a n g Viet N a m so vdi cdc n g a n h a n g My la cd dQdc m a n g ludi chi n h d n h rdng k h a p , md'i q u a n he truyen thd'ng vdi khdch h a n g , cd sQ hieu biet cu t h e cac yeu c i u ctia khdch hang, k h a n a n g khdch h i n g va nhQng van de van h o i ma n g a n h i n g My chUa the cd. Ben c a n h dd, do diem yeu ctia cac ngan h a n g nQdc ngoai l i khdng cd m a n g ludi rpng, hieu bie't khaeh h i n g h a n che, sti hdp tac giQa cac n g a n h i n g Viet N a m va cac ngan h a n g Hoa ky t r o n g n h i e u trQdng hdp la yeu c i u ciia chinb c i c n g a n h a n g My. Dieu ndy tao r a cd hdi cho cac ngdn h a n g Viet N a m tiep can dUdc d i n vdi c i c h thQc q u a n ly, k i n h doanh ciia c i c n g a n h i n g qud'c te boat ddng tai Viet N a m .
Dti b i o , do khting h o i n g tdi chi'nh 2009 se cd khoang 150 trong tdng so' hdn 7.000 n g a n h d n g d a n g hoat ddng tren da't My cd t h e hi siip dd trong vdng tQ 12 den 18 t h d n g tdi. Ngodi ra, nhieu ngan hang, td chQc tin dung khac cd the p h i i ddng ctia bdt chi n h i n h ciia minh hoac sap n h a p . Trong tQdng lai, nguy cd sup dd ctia c i c ngan bdng quy md vQa v i nhd d My se r a t cao, dieu nay cd t h e a n h hQdng n h a t dinh den sii t h a m gia ctia cac ngan h a n g My vao thi trQdng tai chinh Viet N a m .
III. N h Q n g q u a n h e t r o n g l i n h vQc b a o h i e m
Viec cap giay p h e p boat dpng cho cac cdng ty bao hiem ctia My dQdc thtic hien theo Hiep dinh ThQdng mai song phUdng (BTA), do Chinh phti Viet N a m va My p h e c h u a n . Theo BTA, cd hieu liic tQ t h a n g 12/2001, c i c cdng ty bao hiem ctia My cd t h e t h a n h lap cdng ty lien d o a n h vdi cac cdng ty Viet N a m tQ t h i n g 12/2004 vd cdng ty 100% vd'n nQdc ngodi tQ t h a n g 12/2006. NhQng t r e n thiic te, Viet N a m da cap p h e p cho mdt so' cdng ty b i o hiem My trQdc thdi h a n cam ket trong Hiep dinh thQdng mai tdi g i n 2 n a m . B i t d i u tQ n g a y 1/1/2008, theo cam ket WTO, thi trQdng bao hiem cua Viet N a m thUc sti md ctia hodn toan, vdi viec cho p h e p cdng ty b i o hiem cd vd'n d i u tQ nQdc n g o i i dQdc cung cap dich vu b i o hiem b i t budc (bio hiem xe cd ddng cd, xay dting...).
Thi trQdng b i o hiem Viet N a m - vdi to'c dp t a n g trQdng t r u n g binh 30%/nam - hien d a n g cd t a t ca 28 doanh n g h i e p thudc mpi t h a n h p h a n kinh te cung t h a m gia hoat ddng kinh doanh t r e n c i 04 linh vile: bao hiem phi n h a n thp, bao hiem n h a n thp, kinh doanh t i i b i o hiem va hoat ddng t r u n g gian b i o hiem, bao gdm 2 doanh nghiep
nha nQdc, 11 cdng ty cd phan va 15 doanh nghiep cd vd'n d i u tQ nQdc ngoai, trong dd cd mpt hang boat dpng tii bio hiem, 5 bio hiem nhan thp, 5 mdi gidi bio hiem v i 14 phi nhan thp. 12 trong so' 25 cdng ty dd Id doanh nghiep cd vd'n nQdc ngoai. Tap doan bio hidm nhan thp hang dau ciia My New York Life (thanh lap nam 1845, vdi tren 200 ty USD gia tri tai sin. doanh thu hang nam tren 25 ty USD, hien cd thi trQdng rdng ldn tai chau My vd chau A) da md van phdng dai dien tai Hd Npi vao thang 4/2000. Thang 12/2001, New York Life chinh thQc giii hd sd xin thanh lap doanh nghiep bio hiem n h i n thp vdi 100% vd'n nQdc ngodi len Bd Tdi chinh. Thdng qua van phdng dai dien, cdng ty nay vQa chd dpi giiy phep vQa tien hanh tim hieu, bam sat thi trQdng Viet Nam va sap dat ke hoach de san sang nhap cupc. Ddng thdi, hai cdng ty bao hiem khac cua My l i American International Group (AIG) va AON Inchibrok da dQdc cap gia'y phep boat dpng tai Viet Nam. Mdi day. Viet Nam cung chi'nh thQc cap phep boat dpng cho Tap doan ACE v i Tap doan Marsh Inc., t i p doan mdi gidi bao hiem ldn nhat the gidi, vdi 100% vd'n ciia My, vdi thdi ban hoat dpng 50 nam...
Ngoai cac ten tudi de'n tQ My, chau Au Id cac tap doan hang d i u ciia Singapore, Trung Qud'c. Trong t h i n g 3 nay la sti ra mat ciia tap doin Great Eastern (ldn nha't Singapore) va tap doan Binh An (Trung Qud'c). Cud'i thang 3/2009 vQa qua, mpt hdi nghi qud'c te cd quy md nha't tQ trQdc tdi nay ctia nginh bio hiem Viet Nam da dupe td chQc tai H i Ndi, vdi sti tham gia ctia khcing 50 tap doan, cdng ty bio hiem ndi tieng trong nQdc va tren the gidi. Theo ddnh gii ciia hpi nghi, thi trUdng bao hiem Viet Nam cd titdng lai kha quan, diy hQa hen.
Thi trQdng bid hiem Viet Nam dang dQdc da dang hda vdi td'e dp cao, sQc ep md ciia thi trQdng va thich thQc hpi nhap ngdy cing ldn. So' iQdng^ cdng ty boat dpng kinh doanh bao hiem ngay cang tang; cac loai hinh sd hQu da dang d c i bio hiem nhan thp vd phi nhan thp, thudc ci ba linh viic bio hiem con ngQdi, bio hiem tai s i n va bao hiem trdch nhiem dan sti. Tren thi trQdng bio hiem da xuat hien nhieu s i n pham mdi v i kha dpc dio tren cd sd ket hdp giQa cic yeu to' tiet kiem - d i u tQ bio ve, dQdc cdng luan d i n h gid cao nhQ s i n phdm bao hiem tai nan ca nhan cho ngQdi sti dung the ATM, bao hiem trach nhiem s i n pham cua ngQdi chan nudi v i s i n xuat thQc i n gia cam, bio hiem benh hiem ngheo... Tdc dp tang doanh thu phi cua bio hiem Viet Nam d mQc kha cao so vdi the gidi va khu viic. Mpt so'cdng ty bio hiem tuy mdi di vao boat dpng nhQng cung da dat dQdc to'c dp tang trQdng cao nhQ Bio Minh, Prudential, PJICO... Muc tieu ciia nganh bio hiem Viet Nam de'n nam 2010 la nang tdng doanh thu phi bao hiem dat 4,2% GDP vd tdng vd'n d i u tQ trd lai nen kinh te dat tdi 90.000 ty ddng. Ddng gdp tich ciic den viec dn dinh nen kinh te - xa hdi vd ddi so'ng dan cQ. Hang nam cac doanh nghiep bio hiem da giai quye't bdi thQdng va t r i tien bio hiem hang ngin ty ddng, giup cic doanh nghiep va ngQdi dan dn dinh s i n xua't kinh doanh v i ddi sd'ng, giim bdt g i n h nang cho ngan sich n h i nQdc. S i n p h i m bao hiem dQdc da dang hoi vdi hdn 600 s i n pham bio hiem nham phuc vii td't hdn nhu ciu ciia ngQdi ddn. De'n nay sd' iQdng lao ddng trong nginh bao hiem la gin 140.000 ngQdi vdi thu nhap dn dinh.
Viet Nam cam ket giam can thiep
hanh chinh vio boat dpng ctia cic
doanh nghiep b i o hiem, thay vao dd
Id cac chinh sach minh bach phu hdp
vdi cac c h u d n mQc qud'c te de hQdng cac n h a d i u tQ nQdc ngoai t h a m gia vao c i c linh viic n e n k i n h te hdi n h a p cd n h u c i u . Viec gia n h a p t h i trQdng b i o hiem Viet N a m se do c i c chii d i u t u can nhac, quye't dinh.
Cd t h e ndi, sU p h a t t r i e n m a n h , me va toan dien cua q u a n he Viet - My trong mdt t h a p ky qua la mpt t h a n h cdng d a n g ke cua c i hai nQdc. Ve trien vpng, q u a n he hdp tae kinh te - tai chinh - n g a n h a n g va b i o hiem ndi rieng va cac q u a n he song phUdng toan dien Viet N a m - Hoa Ky ndi chung chae chan se cd nhQng p h d t trien m a n h me hdn c i be rdng, lan be sau.
Chien t r a n h L a n h c u n g nhQ nhQng i m anh cua qud khQ da lui xa. Viec p h i t t r i e n q u a n he hdp tac Viet - My trong linh viic nao, tdi mQc dp n i o va thdng qua nhQng phUdng thQc nao p h u thudc h o a n todn v i o "Itia chpn"
chu q u a n ciia hai nUdc v i phai p h u hpp vdi ldi i'ch qud'c gia cua mdi ben.
Xet t r e n gdc dp nay, c i My vd Viet N a m deu cd day du mpi ly do de liia chpn thuc ddy hdp tac giQa hai nQdc m a n h me va t o i n dien hdn nQa.
Ne'u nhQ dd'i vdi Viet N a m , q u a n he vdi My cd y nghia q u a n trpng trong viec n d n g cao vi t h e ciia minh, cung n h u tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi cho sti nghiep p h a t t r i e n k i n h te; t h i dd'i vdi My. viec p h a t t r i e n q u a n he chinh tri vdi Viet N a m c u n g cd y nghia ngay cdng q u a n trpng. Vdi mot vi t h e khdng ngQng ldn m a n h t r e n trQdng qud'c te, Viet N a m xQng d a n g cd mdt vi t r i cao bdn trong chien iQdc cua My, dac biet l i P k h u viic C h a u A - T h i i Binh dUdng, ndi c a n h t r a n h a n h hQdng giQa c i c cQdng qudc dUdc dti b i o se ngdy cang gay gat hdn t r o n g tQdng lai.
Chinh vi vay q u a n h e td't hdn vdi Viet N a m se cd ldi cho My t r o n g viec duy tri i n h hUdng ciia m i n h d k h u viic. Ve
kinh te, mdt dieu rd r a n g la q u a n he k i n h te vdi My, vdi tU each la dd'i tae thQdng m a i ldn nha't va n h a d i u t u h a n g d i u , cd vai trd q u a n trpng dd'i vdi Viet N a m . Tuy nhien, Viet N a m vdi mpt n e n k i n h te n a n g ddng, thi trUdng ldn n h i e u tiem n a n g cung nhieu cd hoi chUa dQpc k h a i pha, cung e i n dQpc My coi la mdt dd'i tac q u a n trpng ve k i n h te. Ngodi r a , viee My p h i t t r i e n hdn nQa q u a n he k i n h te vdi Viet N a m c u n g se t h u c day qud t r i n h p h a t t r i e n n e n k i n h te thi trQdng d day. Dieu n a y p h u hdp vdi chi'nh sach t h u c day p h a t t r i e n kinh te thi trQdng va md rdng cdc gia tri ttl do, d a n chii ctia My t r e n t o a n cau. Ve q u a n sti, hdp tac giQa h a i qud'c gia t r e n linh vQc n a y v a n cdn tQdng dd'i mdi me va de dat. NhQng cung chinh vi t h e tiem n a n g p h d t t r i e n hdp tac giQa hai ben t r e n linh vQc n a y t r o n g tQdng lai la r a t to ldn. T h u c day hdp t i c q u a n sQ se m a n g lai cho c i hai nQdc nhQng ldi i'ch trQdc m a t cung nhQ lau dai, dac biet Id t r o n g viec dd'i phd vdi nhQng b a t t r a c tiem t a n g ve an n i n h d k h u viic ma h a i ben cung q u a n t d m . Viec p h a t t r i e n hdp tac q u a n sQ cung m a n g lai t h e m mpt rUdng cot t r o n g q u a n he h a i nQdc, Idm cho q u a n he h a i nUdc trd nen t o a n dien va vQng chae hdn.
Cd t h e tha'y, q u a n he Viet - My d a n g dQng trQdc nhQng cd hdi mdi de p h a t t r i e n m a n h me vd t o i n dien hdn nQa. Muc tieu m a h a i ben dat r a va can vUdn tdi t r o n g tUdng lai g i n la xay dting q u a n he dd'i t i c m a n g tinh xdy diing hQu nghi, hdp tac n h i e u m a t t r e n n e n t i n g rdng ldn, dn dinh va hieu q u i giQa h a i nQdc. Linh viic t i i chinh n g a n h a n g va b i o h i e m se cd n h i e u dieu kien de md rpng p h a t trien va t a n g cQdng hdp tac song phQdng Viet N a m vd Hoa Ky •
