DIEN DAN
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MOTSOVANDEDATRA TRONG XAY DliNG NIEM TIN XAHOI
dVIET NAM HIEN N A r
• PGS, TS DOAN TRIEU LONG HQC vien Chinh tri Iihu vifc III
• Tom tdf. Mem tin xdhgi co vai trb to Idn doi vdi siiphdt trien xd hgi, nd khdng chi tgo ra pd tri tinh than to Idn mdcbn tgo ra gid tri vdt chdt cho xdhgi, "niem tin tgo ra hien thtic" (Belief creates the actual fact). Nhd co mdt niem tin xd hgi mdnh liet md ddn tgc ViHNam da vtltitqua biit bao kho khan, gian kho de phdt trien nhu hdm nay. Tuy nhien, hien nay tdc dgng tieu ciic cda nhieu ySu to mdi tit ben ngodi, cung vdi nhiing hgn che, bdt cap ngi tgi da ldm cho niem tin xd hgi cua con ngiidi Viet Nam it nhieu cd sti gidm sut Bdi viit budc ddu xac dinh mgt so vdn decdn gidi quyet nham cung co, xdy dting niem tin xd hgi d Viet Nam hien tmy,
%Tiikhda: niem tin xa hgi, cd nhdn, xd hgi.
1. Quan nif m ve niem tin xa lioi cho r&ng: "Niem tin la su tin tuong nguoi khac Tren the gioi, niem tin xa hot Csocial trust) vao thai diem toi te nhSt nhung se khong, hoac dugc cac nha khoa hoc quan tam nghien cuu khong 1:6 y lam ban tdn hai, se co hanh dong tirratsom. Ngay tir the kyXK, Emile Durkheim dem lai loi ich tdt nhat cho ban"'-'.
da cho rang: "trong mpt hop dong khong phai Ben canh niem tin giiia cac ca nhan trong xa mpi cai deu co tinh hop ddng, dieu quan trong hoi thi con co niem tin cua con nguoi trong the la phai co dupc niem tin ctia cac ben tham che xa hoi - tiic la ni^'m tin ca nhan vdi cac van gia"'". 6 day, niem tin dupc hieu la mpt nguoi de xa hoi. Niem tin xa hoi dupc hieu "la su tin tu nguyen tin tuong vao nguoi khac voi cam tuong ve nhiing gia tri xa hpi cao quy dira tren giac an toan tuong doi. Nhiin manh them diSu nhiing cam kft xa hpi chan chinh, dling dan cila nay 6 mdt phuong dien khac, Kenneth Newton the che chinh tri va cong ddngxa hpi, ludn co su {*) Bai Viet la k^t qua nghien cuu de tai cap qudc gia "Niim tin xa hoi truoc thach thuc cua phat trien va hoi nhap Avung Trung Bp". Ma so KX.01.42/16-20.
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DIEN DANthdng nhat giua Idi ndi va viec lam, giira hinb thiic dien ngdn xa hgi vdi su that tuong ung dugc thue bien"'^'. Digu nay bieu hien trong cugc sdng hang ngay ctia con ngudi d su hanh phuc, su hdi ldng ddi vdi the ehe ehinh tri tren edc mat eiia ddi sdng xa hgi nhu kinh te, chinh tri, van hda - xa hdi..., do la mdt thdnh td cdt ldi eiia vdn xa hdi. Niem tin xa hgi Id mdt trang thdi ttnh thdn ciia mdi ngudi, thudng gdn lien nhting xuc cam, khdt vgng, ude ma ve nhiing gid tri tdt dep trong cudc sdng hien tai va ttong tuong lai.
O muc dp eao bon, niem tin xa hgi duge higu Id su thua nhdn mdt chdn ly thudc vg xa hdi, nd duoe hinh thanh va phdt trign khi dap img duge cdc nhu cau va lgi ieh thiet thue cua con ngudi va xa hdi. Khi niem tin xa hdi cao, dap ung tdt edc nhu can, lpi ich eua con ngudi thi kha nang dodn kgt sg eao, do Id thdnh td quan trgng de bdo dam su dn dinh vd phat trign eua moi ea nhan vd toan xa hdi.
Niem tin xa bdi Id mgt trong nhirng ygu td quyet djnh ban chat cac mdi quan he xa hgi, la chat keo ket dinh cdc mdi quan he xa bdi. Do vdy, mdt quoc gia, dan tdc mud'n phdt ttign thi can pbai tao lap duge nigm tm ebdn cbinh ttong xa hdi - niem tin giira nhiing con ngirdi vdi nhau, niem tin cua eon ngudi vao ludt phap, vao td chuc, niem tin cua nhdn dan vdo he thdng ehinh tri, vdo boat ddng cua doanh ngbiep, niem tin giiia cdc doanh nghiep vdi nhau... tdt cd dd cd dugc dua tten su trung thuc, chdn thdnh ttong suy ngbi vd hdnh ddng, dua trgn su thdng nhat giira ldi ndi vd viec ldm cua mdi ca nhdn vd td cbirc trong toan xa bdi. Khi ed niem ttn xa hdi, eon ngudi se cd dinh hudng eho nhimg hoat ddng cua minh tien vg phia trudc. Nguge lai, khi khdng ed nigm tin xa hdi, eon ngudi, cdng dong va xa hdi se mdt phuong hudng, tir do mat di ddng luc de phdn ddu vuon Ign.
2. Niem tin xa hoi fr Viet Nam va vin de dat ra hien nay
Viet Nam dugc biet den la mot dan tdc quat cudng vd cd nigm ttn xa hdi manh liet de vugt qua bidt bao khd khan, tbii thaeh. Trong ede cugc khdng ehien chdng giac ngoai xdm, bao ve ddt nude, niem tin eiia ca ddn tde dupe dat vdo mdt miie tigu duy nhdt, dd la ehidn thdng ke thii, thdng nhat dat nudc. Chinh niem tin dd da tao nen khdi dai dodn ket toan dan, tao nen y chi, quygt tdm dg ehign ddu va chien thdng ke tbu xdm luge. Trong qud trinh ddi mdi dat nudc, mac dil cd nhimg liic diing dudc vd van khd khan, thii thaeh, nhung vdi niem tin dung ddn vao dudng Idi ddi mdi, vao su lanh dao eua Dang, vao sue manh eua toan dan, dan tdc ta da ldm nen nhieu thdnh tuu vi dai, dua nudc ta thodt su nghgo khd, tien budc cimg vdi ban be tten the gidi.
Hien nay, do bi ehi phdi bdi cde quan he lgi ich vd bien ddi nhu cdu cudc sdng ttong nen kinh tg thi trudng ma nigm tin xa hgi ed xu hudng bign ddi khd phiic tap. 6 nhung trudng hgp nhat dinh, nigm tin xa hdi cd bleu hien giam sut. Mdt sd ngudi edn td ra boang mang, thieu niem tin giua con ngudi vdi eon ngudi; giam siit niem tin vdo thg che xa hdi, ky cuong phdp ludt, thieu su ky vong vao tuong lai. Cu tiie:
Thunhat, su suy giim mdm tin xa hoi tren llnh vuc chinh tri
Thuc tign xdy dimg va phdt trien dat nudc ttong 89 nam qua da chting mmh rdng, su lanh dao dung ddn eiia Dang la nhan td hang ddu quygt dinh su thdng Igi eua each mang Viet Nam.
Cd sir lanh dao dung dan va sdng sudt dd Id nhd ed chu nghia Mac - Lgnin lam ndng cdt, cd tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh lam kim chi nam eho hdnh ddng. Nigm tin cua nhdn ddn vao Dang, vao ehu nghia Mac - Lgnin da tao ngn stie manh tdng hgp, lap nen nhung ky tich lieh sti, dua ddn tdc
LYLUAN CHINHTRj-So8/2019
Viet Nam vugt qua dp biie, nd Ig, tta tiianh dat nudctijdo, dgc lap, tignlenxdy dung CNXH. Tuy nhien, cd thdi diem nhigu dang cdng san tten the gidi mdc phai nhung sai Idm ttong van dung ehu nghia Mae - Lenin, dan den su sup dd he thdng md hinh CNXH hien thuc. 6 Viet Nam, cd nhiing liie do ndng vdi, vi pham quy Iuat khdch quan, tinh bien chung ttong van dung chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, ehiing ta da mae phai nhiing sai ldm ttong qud ttinh xay dung CNXH. Hon niia, ban than hgc thuyet Mac - Lenin ed nhiing vdn dg, luan diem chua dugc lam sang td hoae da bi thdi dai vugt qua. Tir dd khdng it ngudi eho rang nhung sai ldm, ygu kgm ttong xdy dung CNXH Id do chu nghia Mac - Lgnin, dan den tinh ttang suy giam niem tin ciia khdng it can bd, dang vign va nhan ddn ddi vdi ehii nghia Mde - Lenin.
Ddi vdi edeh mang Viet Nam, dgc lap dan tdc gdn lien vdi CNXH Id dudng ldi caban, xuygn sudt.
Hdnh trinh xay dung CNXH da dat dugc nhiing thdnh qua to Idn, da gidnh dugc ddc lap eho dan tdc, ttmg bude thuc hien am no cho nhan ddn.
Trongluc CNXH d mdt sd nudc Iam vdo thoai ttdo, khting hoang, Viet Nam vdn diing vung, kien dinh con dudng di Ien CNXH, timg budc lap nen nhung ky ti'ch ttong xay dung ddt nudc. Tuy nhien, che dp XHCN sup do d Lien Xd va cac nudc Ddng Au da tdc dgng khdng nho dgn nigm tin eua mdt bd phdn can bd, dang vien va qudn ehiing nhdn dan.
Hon nua, ben eanh thanh tuu ciia su ngbiep ddi mdi, van cdn tdn tai nhieu bat cap, ban che, dac biet ttong co che vdn hanh, dieu hanh nen kinh te thi tiudng dinh hudngXHCN. Cimg vdi dd, cac the luc thii dich r±an ca hdi kieh ddng, chdng phd, khidn khdng It edn bd, dang vien va nhdn dan hi dao ddng, tu do suy giam nigm tin vg CNXH vd con dudng di len CNXH.
Trong qud trinh lanh dao each mang, Dang ta rdt quan tdm dgn cdng tdc xdy dung Dang, ludn
coi xay dungDang ttong sach, viing manh, nang eao nang luc va siic chidn ddu cua Dang cd y nghia quyet dinh den thdnh bai ctia cdch mang.
Digu nay vdn ludn duge the hien xuyen sudt qua cde nghi quyet dai hgi, cde nghi quygt ehuyen dg, ede cudc van ddng vg xay dung, ehinh ddn Dang, dae biet trong nhung nam gdn day. Tuy nhien, viee thuc hien edc nghi quyet, cdc cudc van ddng trong thuc tg chua nghigm, chua dat dugc hdt nhung muc tigu dg ra; tinh trang suy thoai ve ehinh tri, tu tudng, dao diic, ldi song, hien tugng
"tu dign bien", "tu chuygn hda" ttong ndi bd td ehiic Dang, cd nhdn cdn bg, dang vien vdn edn tdn tai, lam giam sut uy tin ciia Dang, giam siit nigm tin eua nhdn dan ddi vdi Dang.
Thuhai, su suy giam nidm tin tren linh vuc kinhtd
Qua hon 30 tien hdnh cdng cudc doi mdt ddt nudc, viec tbuc bien ngn kmh tg thi trudng da tao digu kien thudn Igi eho san xuat kinh doanh, budn ban, ndn krnh te phat trien manh me. Tuy nhign, su tae ddng cua mat trdi ngn h n h tg thi trudng, ehay theo lgi nhuan gay ra bign tugng sdn xuat hang hda kem chdt lugng, hdng gia, hdng nhdi, khdng dam bao an todn cho ngudi tigu dung dign ra khd phd bien. Nhiing hdnh vi kinh doanh chop giat, lua ddi, chat chem vdn dang dign ra, gieo rdc sir lo Idng, mdt tin tudng trong nhan ddn ddi vdi sdn pham, hdng hda, dich vu ttong nudc, khien khd nang canh ttanh cua hang hda Viet Nam suy ydu so vdi cdc nudc tren the gidi. Khi mat niem tin trong san xudt, kmh doanh, budn bdn tiii su thiet hai ddi vdi nen h u b te Id vd cung Idn.
Thuba, susuygiam niim dn xahdi tren linh vuc van hda, xa hdi, dao due
Nhiing hien tugng tteu circ vg cde mat ttong xa hdi, su bao dam an toan, an ninh ehua cao, su gia tang cac loai tdi pham, ttdm eudp, Itia dao... dang
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lara cho cudc sdng ttdndn bdt an. Vdn hda - dao diie ttong xa hdi dang cd nhieu bdo ddng, con ngudi dang sdng ttong su nghi ngd, thigu su ehan that vdi nhau. Tam ly hoai nghi, ludn phai de phdng cdnh giac khien niem tin xa hdi nhigu luc CO hd bi lung lay, tdc dgng, Ngay ttong linh vue gido due, noi duoc xem Id mdi trudng tdt nhat dg bao tdn, phat tngn cde gid tri ngn tang xa hdi, eung xudt hien nhirng hien tugng tieu cue nhu:
mua ban diem, lam bang gia, vigt thue, mua ban luan van, ludn dn, bao luc hge dudng..., gay nen buc xuc va hoang mang ttong xa hgi. Vdi su phat trien nhanh chdng cua khdi lugng thdng tin tren mang xa hdi, rdt khd de pbdn biet diing sai, khien nhieu ngudi bi cud'n vao su "phan xgt ddng loai"
mdt edeb vd thtic. Tat cd nhimg yeu td do ldm cho khdng It ngudi dan trd ngn thig'u nigra tin, mdt ddng lue edng hien cho xa hdi.
Su suy gidm niem tm xa hdi d Viet Nam can duge nhin nhdn mdt edeb thang than, nghiem ttic va kip thdi cd nhiing bien phap khde phuc dg tranh nhirng hdu qud khdn ludng. Trudc mdt, chiing ta cdn tap trung giai quyet cae van de sau day:
Mpf li, xdy dung niem tin vimg chac vg chu ngbia Mac - Lgnin, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh cho can bd, dang vien va nhan dan. Phai rigp tue nghien eiru chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh mdt each sau sde, todn dien va khoa hpc. Nghien ciiu lam sang td nhirng ludn digm ndo cua chii nghia Mdc - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh cd gia tri bgn viing; nhiing ludn diem nao da hi nhdn thiic sal, lam sal; nhirng ludn diem nao bi cde the lue thu dich bdp meo; nhiing ludn digra ndo da bi tbdi dai vupt qua, khdng edn phu hgp; dac biet quan trgng ban la bd sung, phat trien cbii nghia Mde - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh phu hpp vdi xu the van ddng va phdt trign trong thdi dai mdi.
Song song dd, can day manh viec hge tap chu nghia Mac - Ldnln, ttr ttrong Hd Chi Minh mgt each khoa hgc, bai ban, vdi tinh than hge phai ndm va higu tiidt chdc, that sau; phdi "tham" vdo suy nghl, hdnh ddng eua cdn bd, dang vien va nhdn dan, tir dd eu thd hda trong ddi sdng bien tiiLTC. Khi nhiing luan diem ciia chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Mmh di vao cudc sdng, trd thanh ngn tang tu tudng, kim chi Nam thuc su cho su phdt trien ciia dat nudc thi Itic do mdi tao dugc nigm tin viing chdc trong xa hgi,
Haili, sir ton tai nhiing han che, bat cap ttong thdi ky qud dp di len CNXH la mgt tat yeu khdch quan, nhung van dg quan trgng la lam sao de mgi ngudi nhdn thirc rd dieu dd. Do vdy, cdn tigp tuc ldm sdng td qua trinh thay ddi edc chg do xa hdi trong lich sir nhdn loai, trong lieh su dan tgc ta - do la qua trinh phat ttien tu thdp den cao, tu chua hodn thien ddn hoan thien, trdi qua nhigu chang dudng cam go, phue tap. Luan giai va kbdng dinh ddy dii nhirng can cii khoa hgc ve su thdnh cdng tat ygu ciia cdng cude xay dung CNXH d Viet Nara. Cimg vdi dd, Dang, Nhd nudc can td chiic, xay dung, phdt trign ddt nudc hieu qua, nhanh, manb, ben viing; nang cao ddi sdng nhan dan. Cd nhu vdy, mdi ciing cd, tao dung dugc niem tin ve cdng cugc xdy dung CNXH.
Ba la, day manh cdng tdc xdy dung Dang de Dang ta thue su trong sach, virng manh, xiing dang vdi vai trd lanh dao eua nhdn dan. Trong Ddng phai thuc hien diing va nghigm eac nguygn tac boat ddng. Can phai triet tigu sir thodi hda, bien chdt, quan heu, tham nhung, lang phi. Td chiic dang vd dang vign, dac biet la cdn bd lanh dao cbu chdt cac cdp phai thue su Id tdm guong de nhan ddn tin va lam theo. Cd nhu vdy mdi tao nen dugc niem tin ctia ddn ddi vdi Ddng, cungvdi Dang xay dung ddt nudc. De tiitje hien dieu nay, can day manh thue hien ed hieu
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qua hon niia Nghi quygt Trung uong 4 khda XII vi^ ting cudng xiy dmg, chinh ddn Dang; ngin chin, day ldi susuy thoai vd tu tudng chlnh tri, dao due, ldi sdng, nhung bleu hien "tu diin biin", "tu chuyen hoi" trong ngi bd; Nghi quygt s62Q-NQ/VN ve tip trungxiy dung doi ngu cin bg cac cap, nhat li dp chien luge, du phim chit, ning li/c vi uy tin, ngang tam nhiem vu;
Quy dinh trich nhiem neu guong cua can bd, dang vien, trudc het li Uy vien Bd Chlnh tri, Uy vien Ban BI thu, Uy vien Ban Chip hinh Trung uong (Quy dinh sd 08-QDi/TW).
Bdn li, xay dung, phat trien cac digu kien kmh tg, van hda, xa hdi nhu Dang ta da xac dinh:" Ket hgp cic muc tieu ldnh tevdi cic muc tieu xi hdi tmngpham viei nudc,... thm: hien tdt cic chlnh sach xi hdi tren co sa phit trien kmh te, gin quyin Igivin^avu, conghiinvahudngthu, tao ddng luc manh me va bin vimg hon cho phit trienkinh ti-xihdL Tip trung giai quyit nhdng van de xahdi buc xde"'"'. Thuc hien tdt cac nhiem vu dd Id tien dg quan ttgng de xdy dung, eimg ed va phdt trien niem tin ttong nhan ddn. Thue tign cho thdy, ttong bat cii mdt ehe do xa hdi nao, niem tin ciia nhan dan cflng se gidm sut khi kinh tg Idm vao khiing hodng, ede llnh vuc Ugn quan dgn su phat trign eon ngudi nhu lao ddng - viec lam, thu nhap, miie sdng, y tg, giao diic, an nmh, an todn xa hdi... khdng dugc phat trien va ndng cao. \^ vdy, cbiing ta can chu ttong phdt trign kmh te - xd hdi tdt hon, tir do nigra tin xa hdi se duge Cling ed, xdy dung vd phat trign bgn viing.
Nim la, cdn dinh hudng tdt su phdt trien didng tm, du ludn xa hdi. Hien nay, su phat ttign thdng tm gdn vdi mang xa hdi didn ra rat manh me, gdp phan quan trgng ndng eao nhdn thuc cho con ngudi. Ndu thdng tin va du ludn xa hdi diing ddn, thi chdc ebdn gdp phdn dinh hudng eho con ngudi phat trien ve mat nhdn thuc, tri
thiic phd bien, qua do cimg cd, phdt trien niem tm. Neu sai lech, xuyen tac thi tao nen nhdn thuc lech lac, tti thiic, higu biet lech lae - va chac ehan se khdng ed nigm tin diing dan D
(1) Trdn Hiru Quangvacdccpngstirldngtinva vdn xa boi, Nxb Tri diiic, Ha Ngi, 2013.
(2) Kenneth Newton: Social and Political Tmst, Ox- ford University Press, Oxford.
(3) Van hoa, dao due va niem tin xa hoi trudc yeu cau phat then cua datnudchien nay, Nxb Ly luan chinh tri, Ha Ndi, 2018, tt.29.
(4) DCSVN: Van kien Dai boi dai bieu toan qudc lan thuX, Nxb Cbinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 2006, tt.lOl.
Tai lifu tham khao:
1. Nguygn Minh Ngpc: Mem tm ton giao trong mdi quan he vdi niem tin xa hoi, Tap chi Nghien cuu Ton giao, so \2-20U.
2. Tran Huu Quang: Tun hieu khai niem vdnxa hpi, Tap chl KHXH, sd 7-2006.
3. Trdn Hiiu Quang: Long tin va vdn xa hdi, Nxb Tn diuc,HaNpi,2013.
4. Hodng Ba Thinh: Vg vdn xa hoi va mang ludi xa hdi, Tap chi Dan tdc hoc, sd 5 (155), 2008.
5.Ng\iyenQuyThanh:XahoihocveDuluanxahoi, Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Noi, 2006.
6. Nguygn Quy Thanh, Nguygn Thi KhanhHoa: Cac thanh tdva mdi quan he giua chiing Uong cau Uuc long tin xa hoi cua nguoi Viet Nam, Tap chi Xa hoi iipcsd 3-2013.
7. Hdng Xuan, Ngoc Lanh; Bao chi khong chi tiiong tin ma con xay dung long tin, Bao dien tir Vietnam- net, 31-1-2014.
8. Khuc Thi Thanh Vdn: Nhan tbik:vengu6n vdnxa hdi - 5uc manh tiem tang ebo suphat trien, Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hdi, sd 4-2011.
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