TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Bid Thanh Truyin
vlTIEP BIEN DAN GIAN
TRONG TRUYEN VIET CHO THIEU NHI SAU NAM 1986
BUI THANH TRUYDN*
TOM TAT
Bai viet dim ra nhirng nhgn xet buac ddu ve nhiing anh huong cua vdn hoc dan gian trong mang truyen ngdn, truyen dai va liiu thuyit cua van hoc thiiu nhi Viet Nam gan ba thgp ki qua tren cdc phuang dien: quan niem nghe thugt ve con ngtrai, the logi va ngon tic nghe thugt. Bieu nay cho thdy no luc tiip biin thdnh tuu cua vdn hgc qud khu, xdc tin moi quan he hai chieu giua vdn hgc vd hien thuc, giiia truyen thong vd hien dgi trong sdng tdc cho tre tha hdm nay.
Tie khda: tiep bien, truyen, thieu nhi, quan niem nghe thuat, the loai, ngon tir.
ABSTRACT
The effects of folk literature in stories written for children after 1986 In this paper, we propose preliminary analysis concerning the influence of folk literature on literary works written for children including short and long stories, and fictions by authors nation-wide for 3 decades following aspects such as the artistic perspective about human beings, genre and language. We contend that the folk literature has continually played a salient role in the literatule process and affected the modern works in numerous ways. In an effort to incoporate the traditional values in literary works, the authors have bridged the gap between the contemporary and the past and also reaffirmed the relation between literature and real life.
Keywords: effect, story, children, the artistic perspective about human beings, genre, language.
TiJ sau Dai hoi Dang Cong san Viet hoc, mot con duong co ve "nguac Nam lln thii VI (1986), buac ngoat huong" nhung xem ra rk thuan chilu chuyen minh ciia lich s u - x a h o i da cung trong ITnh vuc sang tac cho tre em lai c^p cho van hpc thieu nhi mot mat bing duoc nhieu nha van lua chon: khai thac, chuydn biSn nghe thu^t nhit dinh, the lam mai nhiing chat lieu dan gian tren co hi6n ro dac trung cua van hgc Doi mai. sa ton trpng toi da tam li, thi hieu cua Nhiing n6 luc dua vSn hoc din vai tu6i nguofi dgc nho tu6i cCng nhu quy lu$t van tha, tra thanh mon an tinh th§n khong the dgng ngi tai cua cugc song mai. Vai thieu ciia cac em truoc su "ISn san" ciia khuon kh6 bai vilt, chung toi khongco van hoa nghe ~ nhin da the hien rat ro tham vgng n h ^ dien tat ca nhiing anh luang tam va trach nhiem cua nguai vilt. hucmg phong phu, da dang cua van hpc Trong rit nhieu c6 ging each tan van dan gian trong van hgc thilu nhi gin ba
* TS, Trud-ng Dgi hpc Su- pham TPHCM; Emati: [email protected]
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 4(69) ndm 2015
thap ki qua, ma chi dua ra nhiing nhan xet buac dau ve hien tupng nay trong mang truyen ngan, truyen dai va tieu thuyet tren cac phucmg dien chinh: quan niem nghe thuat ve con ngucri, the loai va ngon tir nghe thuat.
1. Tiep bien trong quan niem nghe thu^t ve con ngircn
Su trien dien da dang ciia van hgc noi chung, tha van cho ban dgc nho tuoi noi rieng, truoc het the hien trong quan ni?m nghe thuat ve con nguai [1, tr.41].
Thai Doi mai, hien thuc ma van xuoi cho thieu nhi dang co gang nam bat da thay doi mgt each can ban: tu chat lieu anh hiing ca chuyen sang chSt lieu doi thuang. Ben canh biic tranh doi song trinh hi?n vai tram n g ^ dang ve thi con ngu6i vcri so phan rieng va trong moi quan he cung het siic phong phu va phiic tap cua no doi voi toan xa hpi da tra th^mh moi quan tam hang dau cua sang tac. Cai kho ciia nguoi viet la lam sao tai hien sinh dpng chan anh cupc song theo nhu each nhin, each cam cua tre tha nhung, van khong that cuoc vai truyen thong, venh lech vai tam don nhan cua cac em. Trong Bong sen vdng, thanh cong de nhan thay cua Son Tiing khi xay d\mg nhan vat cau be Con - hinh tuong trung tam ciia tieu thuyet - la da lam mai mgt quan niem da tra thanh dien pham:
nhan each, tuong lai con nguai dupe hinh thanh tir mpt nen tang vimg vang. Nin tang ay chinh la gia dinh, dong tpc va moi trucmg van hoa - lich sii in hln d§u an thoi dai. Mgt thien bam-khong phai 6 mgt the giai xa xoi huyen bi nao ma tu
trong noi giong ciia cac -bac hien tai ay tao thanh. Rdi sam dupe nuoi duong, day do, lan len co chi hgc, chi hanh mai thanh vT nhan duac. Nguyin Sinh Con la minh chiing sinh dgng cho quan niem nay. Cau be ay dugc sinh ra va nuoi du&ng trong mot gia dinh ma ba va me la nhiing "bao tang s6ng" vl van hpc truyin khiu. Chi vai mot vai cau tuc ngii quen thugc nhung dat gia, nha van da lam bat len net dep cua gia phong va tam long nguoi me. Do la mgt ngu6i phu nii "thao hihn, thuong nguai nhu thi thucmg than.
Co mgt mieng an ngon, ba ciang bat ra chia sot vai ba con lang gieng. Ai dut bua, ai tdi liia tSt den, ba chia tay giiip da trong tinh la lanh dum la rach", luon lay cau "giiy rach giii lay le" de khuyen day con minh. Chinh gia dinh, trong do co vai trd quan trgng cua ngudi me, la khdi thiiy tao nen tinh each ciia con ngudi, da khac tac vao tuoi au nhi nhiing nguyen tac dau tien ciia cugc ddi. Huyet thdng thanh cao va ca dau an dan tdc hao hung da hpp th^nh dudng chat nudi Idn nhan each ciia Bac ngay tir thud cdn tha. Day cung chinh la mdt chu y cua cac tac gia nham td dam quan niem rat mdi me nhung cung rat cd xua ciia van hda, van hgc dan tdc: vT nhan, ben canh nhiing dieu phi thudng, cung chinh la mgt con ngudi bang xuang bing thit, dupe kit tinh tu ngudn cdi gia dinh, tinh lang nghia xdm, siic manh edng dong va thdi dai.
Nghe thuat xay dung nhan vat trong truyen cho tre tho ciia Ma Van Khang cQng thay ddi theo timg giai doan sang tac tuang iing vdi nhiing ba ddng ldm cua
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Bill Thanh Truyen
thdi dai sudt mgt phin tu thi ki qua. Vdi tac gia, con nguai, trong dd cd tre em - la mgt iuan de Idn ngay cang phai dugc nhan thiic, chiem nghifm bang chieu sau triet hpc, xa hdi hgc, van hda hgc va tam li hgc nghe thuat. Tir cac tac pham diu tien vilt cho thilu nhi {Coi cut giiia cdnh ddi, Cho Bi, dai luru Igc, Dong co na hoa, Kiem - Chu be - Con nguai. Que noi, Gidc ma cua bd ngi. Lit - nguai gdc chan can dam, Heo may gio long,...) den nhiing tieu thuyet gin day nhit nhu Vo si len ddi, Chuyen cua Ly, du cd su ddi thay tu nhien, hpp le trong tu duy, l6i vilt, nhung chan dung nhan vat van luu giii mdt dac diem bat bien lam nen cai li, chieu sau ciing cai duyen ciia nhimg trang viet cho ban dpc nhd tudi ciia dng.
Dd chinh la tu tudng triet ml dam chat truySn thdng: tre em la tinh hoa ciia tao hda, la cai li do sau xa nhat cua cupc ddi.
Trong Chuyen cua Ly, nha van tai hien hanh trinh lam ngudi ciia mpt diia tre
"khdng gia thii". Ly la cd be sinh ra da chiu nhieu thiet thdi, khdng dupe sir cdng nhan ciia chinh quyen va ngudi ddi. La
"mpt thanh vien ciia nhan loai nam ti con ngudi" nhung Ly "khdng phai la cdng dan nude Viet Nam dan chii cgng hda",
"khdng dugc hudng gi het tu khi hoai thai trong bung me" chi vi diia tre ay la
"con ngoai gia thii", la "con khdng cha",
"con hoang". Mac dii sdng trong su vd thira nhan ve mat hanh chinh cua xa hpi quan phuang, nhung may min thay, Ly l£ii dugc cai tinh ngudi binh dj, Ip day nang niu, dung dudmg. Nhung ldi cua dng Thdn nhu la tuyen ngdn ciia nha van:
"Con ngudi ndi chung va con cai ndi rieng la cai li sau xa, la cai phiic Igc ciia cugc ddi" vi "khdng cd con ngudi thi sao cd cupc ddi nay. Khdng cd dira tre thi lam sao cd cupc song va tinh yeu thucmg!". Ly la "budi rang ddng mdt ngay mdi xan lan, niem hi vgng va tin cay trong tuong lai ciia chiing ta", la mam sdng hdn nhien, tran day sinh luc, la
"niem kieu hanh ciia Con Ngudi", dai dien uu tii ciia lop thieu nhi Viet Nam trudng thanh trong cupc song vira phdn tap vira tuoi dep ciia dat nude. Qua nhan vat nay, thdng diep ciia nha van da dugc ngudi dgc thau cam tu nhien, trgn ven;
nhan each, sd phan mdi tre em cung chinh la he qua tat yeu cua thdi dai va truyen thdng gia dinh, dan tdc. Cai Ly la ket tinh cua tinh yeu, ve dep hinh the va tam hdn cCia bd me. Siic sdng tu nhien tiep nhan tir ngudn coi la sinh luc Idn de cd be vugt qua sd phan khdng may cua minh. Manh dat Phong Sa nhd be nhung nhieu phong vi ciia nhiing le hgi, tap tuc, khdng hiem nhiing con ngudi chan chat nghia tinh, them vao do la nhiing bien ddng ciia cugc sdng rieng chung cung la nhiing yeu td tao nen tang cho sir hinh thanh va phat trien nhan each tdt dep cua Ly sau nay.
Sir hien dien ciia Duy, Tham, Kiem, Lit, Bdng, Ly, be Thiiy, cd giao Hoa, me Nhu, ba cu Lang, ba Pham, dng Thdn, Chd Bi, chd Muc... trong truyen ciia Ma Van Khang khdng chi dem lai mdt trang thai can bang vdn cd ciia cugc sdng ma cdn gdp phan bdi dap, nang dd-nhan each, hudng con ngudi trd ve vdi nhiing
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Sd 4(69) nam 2015
gia tri tot dep cua dao li dan tpc. Xay dung he thdng nhan vat nay, ngudi vilt da truyen niem tin cho tre tho: dii cugc ddi cd hdn loan, tran trui den dau thi thi cai dep, cai thien van cii tdn tai va nay nd. Chinh tir nhihig cat nghia tu nhien ma sau sic nghia tinh, tham dam nhan van ay, nhiing trang viet ciia tac gia du sire me hoac khdng chi tre tha ma ca bac ong ba, cha me, thiy cd - nhiing con ngudi cd trdch nhiem rat Idn trong viec hinh thanh nhan each the h§ tre. Nhd the, chiing da
"thoat khdi mpt che pham mupn van chucmg de chuySn tai mot y do giao huan gian don. Id lieu" de "hudng ban dgc nhd tudi den nhihig cam xue Idn lao, mdi me vl cuOc sdng, ve con ngudi" [2, tr.274].
Neu Tran Hoai Ducmg tam ni?m van chuong la mgt thii D^o va viet cho thteu nhi la chat Igc tir cupc sdng ngon ngang, be bgn nhihig gi tinh tiiy nhat, trong ngan nhat thi vdi Ma Van Khdng, moi tac pham phai la hanh trinh, la sy trai nghiSm nghiem tiic cua mdi diia tre vdi nhiing chan gia tri cua cugc ddi nay de cac em cd dip lam giau tam hdn minh. Xuat phat tir each nghi do, khi viet truydn, nha van da chii ddng khdng che gilu m§t trai cua hi?n th\rc ma lam ro them biic tranh cugc sdng voi nhirng cugc dau tranh dugc the hi?n d nhieu binh dien, sac thai khac nhau thong qua nhan vat chinh la tre em - chii the nhung cung la nan nhan cua thdi ddi vd dao, bat cdng, giiip cac em tu ddi di?n vdi cugc sdng, tim ra cai dep ciia con ngudi, cugc ddi.
2. Tiep bien tren phirong difn thi loai
NIU nhu trong thdi-giao luu, hgi nhap, truy?n lich sii cd diu hieu chihig lai thi ciing vdi mang truyen ddng thoai, sir xuat hien cua loai truyen mang phong each "cd tich mdi" da phin nao khai thdng thi bl tic cho van xudi thilu nhi duang dai. Nhihig tac pham nay md ra cho cac em nhieu mdi quan he phong phii va sinh dgng vdi thi gidi thien nhien xung quanh dong thdi hieu han, yeu han truyin thdng hao himg ciia cha dng thud trudc. Viec tilp can de tai cu gid day da cd nhung chuyen bien tich cue, d^c biet la quan ni?m khdng thin thanh hda nhan vat ma nhin nhan hg nhu la con ngudi ddi thudng, the t\ic.
Cd tich la ngudi ban than quy cua tre em ngay tir liic cdn d trudng mim non. Nim bit dupe tam ddn n h ^ cua ngudi dgc, nhieu tac gia da tiep tuc khoi lai va lam mdi the loai chu luc cua van hpc dan gian nay bang sy ket hpp kheo leo giiia hai mat truyen thdng vh hi?n d^i, xua va nay trong rat nhieu sang tac.
Nhieu van de trong truyen cd (ddi nhan xii thi, trach nhiem cdng dan, thien ~ de, hanh phiic tran the...) da dupe xem xet lai tren quan diem cua ngudi hi?n dai. Sir khac bi?t giu:a nd vdi cd tich nguyen ban hiln thi tr^n cac phucmg dien: tam li nhan vat (hdi tudng, ki lie...), trir tinh ngoai dl (triet li, mieu ta canh v^t...), ho^c cho nhan vat hanh ddng khdc vdi truyen cu de cau chuyen trd nen gin vdi yeu cau thdi dai. Cdt truyen phin Ion cung khdng dupe dan dung thanh qud khii huyen thoai ma vln lly tir khdng gian va thdi gian "thi tuc", nghia la mang tinh Ijch sir.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Biii Thanh Truyen
ddi thudng, cd y nghia phd qudt Idn. [3]
Dpi ngii vilt truyen cd tich mdi cho thilu nhi hien nay khd Idn: Pham Hd (Ngua thdn tir ddu din). Thy Ngpc (Doi cdnh cua ngua trdng), Hoang Van B6n (Ngdy xua ngdy xua), Hoai Anh (Rdng da chuyen minh), Tnic Chi {C6 tich trong tu do chai). Ha Lam Ky (Con trai Bd Chua Nd), Ma A Linh (Thdng be Cii Mdi, Ndng Gua vd chdng Soc, Chuydn xua a Muang Tien), Kieu Thj Kim Loan (Vien ngoc thdn ki). Van Lgi (Hodng tir chgn hien tdi), Phiing Khanh (Su tich chim cudc), Vii Tii Nam (Cdi dm vdng, Chii tho tinh khon), Duy Phi (Chiia rieng vd bdy sdn), Cao Linh Quan (Cd tich mai), Hoang Mai Quyen (Guang thdn), Nguyen Quang Than (Anh em thiry thdn), Vu Duy Thdng (Tho rimg hoa ho), Tran Diic Tien (Oc muon hon), Tran Hoai Duang (Ndng cong chUa bien),.. Vdi su xuit hien ciia nhthig sang tdc nay, ngudi dgc dang thiy sy hinh thanh nhihig "cd tich hien dai". Theo thdi gian, cd the mdt sd truyen se nhap vdo kho tang chung ciia cd tich Viet Nam.
Trong Ngua thdn tie ddu den, Pham Hd tudng tugng, bd sung them cau chuyen Thdnh Gidng ma mgi ngudi deu bilt. Cd dugc con ngua khdng Id tuang xiing vdi tam vdc ciia Thdnh Gidng la do mau, do cdng sire, do cua cai cua ddng ddo nhan dan gdp nen. Quan niem chinh tri tiln bp, rat thdi dai dd dupe tdc gid sdp dat rit cdng phu dua tren nhilu chi tilt li ki nhung hodn toan khdng cd tinh khap khiing, phi Ii. Chit hien thuc dugc Idng trong dnh sdng cua tam man huyen thoai
khiln cho cau chuyen day Ip y tudng, hinh dnh tha. Su can than, tam huylt va tai ndng cua ngudi vilt da mang lai cho tre em nhiing bai hgc gido due nhe nhang ma sau sac, thii vi.
Khai thdc triet de thi manh ciia thi phap cd tich, truyen ddi Ndng cong chUa bien cuon hiit, me hodc ngudi dpc thdng qua cudc chien diu quyet liet de khang dinh quyen dupe sdng, dugc ldm ngudi luang thien diing nghia ciia mdt dng Ido d xdm chdi ven bien trudc mu phu thiiy tan ac vdi nhimg phep thuat, ldi nguyen cay dpc. Ngoai siic hap dan den tir mgt the gidi ki do, la lam, su tam ddc va say me ciia tre tha vdi cau chuyen cdn do m^t nguyen nhdn khac, sau xa, nhan ban hem:
su trdn trd, tu van cua con ngudi trudc cudc dau tranh cam go giiia cdi thien vd cdi de tdn tai dai dang nhu mdt phan tat yeu ciia cudc sdng.
Nhiing nam 60, 70 cua the ki hirdc chinh la thdi hoang kim cua van hgc thilu nhi Viet Nam. Nhimg gid day, sau gin nira thi ki nhin lai, van thay mgt sd truyen cdn nhieu han che do yeu cau thdi dai. De thay nhat la tinh trang qud ne vao cai that thanh ra han che tam bay ciia siic tudng tugng - mdt td chat rat phu hgp, rat can thiet cho tre em mgi thdi dai, ben canh dd la nhiing bai hgc gido due cd phan gugng ep, khd ciing. Truyen cd tieh mdi nhu Id mgt cd gang Idn cua ngudi viet de khac phuc han che do. Siic hiit ciia loai truyen nay la d chdt do, chit tudng tupng ciia nd. Su tim kiem nhiing cdch viet mdi tren co sd cdc cdt truyen va chi tiet tam li, chat hdm hinh vd thdng
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 4(69) ndm 2015
minh, siic tudng tugng... bao gid ciing la nhan td dupe coi trpng trong sdng tdc cho thieu nhi. Nhd vay, nd kich thich d cdc em kha nang ddng hda the gidi cCia tudng tugng, cua mo udc vao the gidi thuc. Day la mgt trong nhiing nhan td quan trgng de ngudi viet keo dai dugc cudc ddi thoai li thii vd day bd ich ddi vdi tre tho.
Chat cd tich ciing trd thdnh kieu thi phap dac trung trong nhiSu truyen ddi, tiiu thuylt cho tre em nhiing nam gan day (Bi mat hd cd thdn - Nguyin Quang Thieu, Mdt thien ndm mgng, Gidng giang ta nhen, Vira nhdm mdt viea ma ciea sd - Nguyen Nggc Thuan, Coi cut giiia cdnh doi - Ma Van Khang, Ngdi khoc tren cdy, Chuc mgt ngdy lot lanh - Nguyen Nhat Anh...). Xuit phat dilm eua Bi mgi hd cd thdn la mpt chi tiet trong huyen thoai cd siic me du, dm dnh khdng diit tam tri nhiing diia tre hieu ki: con cd than sdng lau ndm trong dim Miie cua lang.
Tir th£ gidi huyen thoai, ngudi viet da dan ta di vao chuyen cua ddi thuc. Cau chuyen di tim bi mat cd than lai thanh ra chuyen giai ndi oan cho ngudi ddi.
Nguyen Quang Thieu da tao duoc su gdn ndi, md rdng khdng gian thuc vd khdng gian huyen thoai thdng qua nhan vat trung tam Id con cd than niia thuc nua hu.
Ciing vdi hdnh trinh di tim ldi ddp cho ed hai "bi mat" chim khuat dudi ldp bui thdi gian ay, nhiing gidi han sdng bdng chdc dupe md ra trong the gidi tre con vd qua each nhin minh triet cua thien luong con tre: "Bd tdi nghT den con cd la nghT den mdi thil han vd nghT den mdt vien nggc nao day trong bung cd, ma nhd nd cd thi
thay ddi cudc sdng ngheo khd cua gia dinh tdi. Ong Buong nghT den con ca la nghi din mgt btra rupu tuy luy vdi long cd. Nhiing ngudi khdc nghT den con cd nhu la mdt con quy mang theo nhiing dilu dii. Cdn chung tdi, lii tre xdm trai mdi lln nghe ndi den con cd Id trong ki lie non to eiia chiing tdi hien len mot dem trdng vdi cot nude rue rd ki do khi con ca ludt tren mat dim cimg vdi sir bi mat diy thdn thiic ciia ngdi chua va vi su gia dudi ddy dim nude". Ldi nguyen cau thdnh kinh ciia lii tre ben ngdi mO dng Bdc rue vdng hoa ciic d cudi truyfn mdt lan nira khing dinh chii dl tu tudng cua tdc phlm: con ngudi dich thuc ludn thudng true khdt vpng hudng tdi dieu thien, vd dilu thien d day la nhu clu gidi tda nhiing bit cdng, nhiing oan khien trong cupc ddi.
Vua nhdm mdt viea ma ciea sd Id mdt trong nhiing cuon sdeh tieu bieu trong van phong dam mau cd tich tha tre cua van xudi thieu nhi dau thi ki XXI. 6 day, chii be Diing - nhan vat trung tam cua tac pham - dau diing tren manh dat cua hien thuc nhung ludn thd minh trong tu duy huyen thoai. Cau b^ ludn hudng den mgi hien tupng vdi cdi nhin bi an, than ki. Nhd thd trong mit Dung cung la mdt lau dai bd hoang trong truyen co tich. Dau mpi ngdc ngach ben trong nhd thd nay Diing deu biet ca nhung em van thay cd nhirng dieu bi an ma minh phdi khdm pha. Mdt bdng hoa mdi xuat hien trong khu vudn ciing gay cho nhan vdt cam giac "ai dd da ghe khu vudn luc tdi dang ngil. Hp chd mdi khong dugc ddnh
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Biii Thanh Truyen
gieo mam hoa xudng dat rdi bd di ma khdng kip gdi gIm hay cham sdc giiim tdi, hay tudi nude ngdy ba lan". Cau chuyen vi the ma ludn tdn tai y niem ve nhimg yeu td than ki nhu: con mdt thdn, con chim than, con ran hai dau... Do sir chi phdi cua tu duy huyen thoai ay ma thien truyen da xuat hien khdng gian cua nhiing giac mo: "Tdi ciing hay tudng tugng minh se mpc cdnh, nhiing cai cdnh ddi vCra van vdi than thi tdi. Mdt budi chieu day gid tdi bay ve phia cudi blu trdi. Noi dd cd nhiing ddm may mang gucmg mat ciia be Thuang... Hang dem ddi cdnh van mpc dai vd ngiic ngolc.
Trong nhimg giac mo la dang, tdi cung cd mgt ddi cdnh khac. Dd la ddi cdnh mem vd trong sudt dua tdi di". Vdi nhdn vat, gilc mo ly la khdng gian thuan lgi de thyc hien nhiing udc mo tudi tho - udc ma dugc bay den nhiing mien xa khdc ngoai khu vudn va cd udc mo gap lai nhihig guong mat than yeu da mat. Chinh vi the, nhan vat "tdi" ludn "tudng tugng minh la mdt cai dng gi dd trong cau chuyen cd ciia me, len ddng tien ehi nhd giac mo". Mdi chuong trong cau chuyen vira la mgt truyen ngdn tang ban dpc tre tho, lai vira la mpt truyen ngan danh cho ngirdi Idn. Ben canh tinh chat da nghTa, giau chat tha, dO ben trong sire hiit tham mT ciia tdc phlm cung chinh Id kit qua tir cdi nhin ddc ddo: vira nhdm mat viea ma cua sd de ddn nhan tat ca nhiing am sac cudc ddi ddng thdi ling nghe nhimg rung dgng rit khe tir chinh con tim minh. Va dilu dd, nhu tdc gid bay td, "cd thi dua chung ta di den mpt nai ma trong tan tam
hdn ciia chiing ta chd dgi".
Thdi gian gan day, phuong phdp sdng tdc gia tudng, ki do da dupe cdc nha xudt ban, cac td chirc, don vi lien quan den ITnh vuc chdm sdc, gido due thieu nhi chii trpng, trpng dd tich cue nhat ia Nhd xuat bdn Kim Ddng vdi hai cudc van ddng sdng tdc "Mgt ngay ki la" (2007 - 2008) va "Budc qua hai thi gidi" (2008 - 2009). Vdi sir quan tdm, hd trg dac biet ndy, hi vpng trong tuong lai, truyen "cd tich mdi" se cd nhieu dot phd cd ve sd lupng lan chat lugng.
3. Tiep bien trong ngon tir nghe thuat
Theo Pdxpeldp, ngdn ngii la mdt trong ba phucmg dien ca ban tao nen sir thdng nhat eiia hinh thiic tdc phdm. La hinh thiic mang tinh quan niem, ngdn ngir khdng chi cd gid trj tu than, tdn tai ddc lap ma ndm trong chinh the nghe thu^t, bi chi phdi bdi npi dung phan dnh ciing nhu nhieu yeu td khdc ben ngoai vdn hgc. Den lupt minh, su bien ddi cua ngdn ngii da trd thdnh mdt bien sd quan trpng de do su van ddng, phdt trien ciia mdt giai doan, mdt ddng van hgc nhat dinh. Ngdn ngii truyen thieu nhi thdi Ddi mdi cung khdng ndm ngoai quy luat dd.
Chi cd dieu, do "ki lic the loai", sir tuong ddng mang tinh tham mi giiia tam li, nhan thirc tre tho vdi nhiing sdn pham giau tinh nhan van ciia vdn chuang truyin mieng... "tir trudng" vdn hpc dan gian da anh hudng rat rd den chat lieu ciia van hgc ndi chung, truyen cho thieu nhi thdi Ddi mdi ndi rieng,
Su gia tdng chat Heu dan gian vdi
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 4(69) nam 2015 '
he thdng cdc cau tue ngir, ca dao, dan ca, sam truyen... nhu mdt sir "lap ghep"
(montage) nhuan nhuyen vdo cau triic tdc pham la mdt cdch tdn ddng ghi nhan ciia sang tac cho tre em nhiing ndm gan day.
Trong nhiing tieu thuyet nhu Bong sen vdng, Coi cut giUa cdnh dai, Cho Bi, dai luu Igc... tan suat cua nhirng sdng tdc vdn hge truyen mieng nay khd cao vd thuc su phdt huy lgi diem ciia nd trong the gidi nghe thuat cua tdc phdm. Cd nhiing cdu tyc ngii, ca dao dupe sii dung nguyen vdn: "Con chd md cd mdng treo - Khdi lo dn trdm bit heo bit gd", "Ai ma nudi chd mgt rau - Trdi cho chu nd sap giau den noi", "Thdng mudi chua cudi da tdi",
"Dai ciit sdo lay hat da" (Cho Bi, dai luu lac); "Chim chich md gheo bo ndng - Den khi nd md lay dng tdi chira", "Bdn gid cdp ndn ra di - Mdt chd khdng bilt mdt ga ciing khong", "Tdt le thi de van",
"Ch6m tre phai de dau mat", '^Day thing mat long cay gd queo"... (Cdi cut giiia cdnh ddi); "Oan hdn thi hdn hien",
"Nghe nhu vit nghe sIm", "Mgt milng khi ddi bang mdt gdi khi no", "Md cdi cha an com vdi cd, md cdi me vet la dau dudng", "Bao gid bdnh diic cd xuong - Bao gid me ghe lai thuang con chdng",
"Cha gia eon cpc", "Khdng ai gidu ba hg, ching ai khd ba ddi", "Ddu thom ddu d?p hoa lai Dan ba con gai chd cai len khdn", "Ngudi hien nudi sdi hda nai - Ngudi dc nudi thd lai lai ion ldi", "Sdng mdi ngudi mgt nit, chit mdi ngudi mdt benh", "Dua con vd Ndi mit con - Phd md tdt do ching cdn cd tri"... (Bdng sen vdng). Cd trudng hgp dugc tdi tao lai,
dudi dang ldi dan gidn tiep - mdt thdnh phin trong ngon ngii ddi thoai ciia nhan vdt: "Rd nghenh ngdo nhu cdo trdng trang chua kia!", "Khd, rdn dd ngc cho luon !a thi!" (Cho Bi, dai luu lac); "Lgn lanh trdi cho chat"; "Ong thiy dn mdt, ba cdt dn hai, edn cdi thu, cdi tai thi dem bilu chii. De chii, khi vui nude nude non non. Khi budn thi gid quan son bdi nga"
(Cdi cut giiea cdnh doi); "Ai diit biia, ai tdi lira tit den, ba chia tay giiip dd trong tinh Id Idnh diim Id rach", "Con ndi ciia gidng, dng cha ndi nd cd sai", "Cdu la con nha khoa bang, con nha thdy, nha quan ma den nha tui, phdn bdn hdn ni la rdng den nhd tdm", "Anh em minh nhd ddu nen de chui, hai anh nhe", "Con phdi nhd cau; "Nhin mieng thet khdch".
Khdng ai lai lam cdi viec: "Dai khdch nhe ddu tam, minh dn gdp nang dua". Nhiing ke vd tdm mdi cam ddu dn cho no bung minh chdng nghT din phin ai. Nhd minh tuy it ciia nhung bilt cd mieng dn chia cho deu, cd cdi tinh thi thuang cho khlp.
Ciia dn thi het, cua cho thi cdn. Con nhd kl cdi dilu ly"... (Bdng sen vdng).
Chiem sd lugng it han la cau do:
"Thuylh gd, cheo sit, di ddt vl cheo" (cdi hop muc ke ciia thp mdc) (Bdng sen vdng); nhung ldi sIm truyen cd tinh chit du bdo, the hien nilm tin vao siic manh huyen vi: "Cua ddi cang, vang Ip thien"
(Cho Bi, dai luu Igc); nhiing each chai chii dan gian dpc ddo: "Nhd khoa hpc tap sy mdi miet tren ban hpc gid ddy trdn vdn cdi, qudn xan tdi ben, sudt ngay cam cyi vdi dudng bao, id due" (Chd Bi, doi luu lac), '"'Ca su vi sao ma cir sg - Dai chung
12
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Bill Thanh Truyen
(chan) nd. dugc hay dien'g chai " "Rdu rT rau ri, rau ria ra ram rap - Rd rdu rdu ryng, rang riia ro ra ri" (Bdng sen vdng)... Ben canh cdc san phdm cd gdc gdc til truyin thdng la khdng it cau bd bd, bui bam ciia thdi md ciia: "Dan ngu tdi da, hgc gia ylu chim", "Rdng gidn thi gian md thuang thi thuang. Anh khdng len giudng thi em khdng ngii dupe" (Chd Bi, dai luu lac); "Vao thi bam bam thua thua - Ra thi vdng tuc cd chira ai dau",
"Thdi tdi chdng lly ong dau - Ong dimg cao mat, cao rau tdn tien", "Vi quan dii ddn nen dan nd nhdn" (Cdi ciit giUa cdnh dai)... Cd trudng hpp ndm na dan da, chan mdc nhung ciing khdng it liic khdi phdt tir nhiing cau ndi ham sue, tham thiiy ciia ngudi cd hgc; "Am thuy tu nguyen" (udng nude nhd ngudn), "Hiru chi gid, sy eanh thanh" (ngudi cd chi thi vifc at se nen) (Bong sen vdng), "Tien trd hau thanh" (Cho Bi, ddi lun lac)... Cd cdu ddn ra de dong tinh, nhung ciing co liic nd la nguyen cd cho sy ddi thoai, bpc Id chinh kiln cua nhdn vat nhu ldi cau be Cdn ndi vdi me: "Me ai, cdi tyc le coi bdng hoa lai nhu cd gdi khdng diing din, nd thi ndo ly? Lai cdn gan cho nhiing ngudi dan bd con gdi cai hoa lai len khan cho tham cung bi coi la ngudi hu hdng?
Sao cac cu, cdc thiy lai thich udng trd udp hoa ldi? 01 Tyc le ly ngdm thiy khdng hay ma cdn dd nira me a" (Bdng Sen vdng).
Ngdn ngii mieu ta chdn dung nhan vat cting Ig rd dau an dan gian: "Da dng (Thuln) sdn dd. Mat dng sang nhdng nhdnh nhu hai anh liia. Ngodi chdm rau
cam, ria mep dng mgc them, ram ra mdt vet den nhdnh, khien mat dng them dii dpi va phong tran. Vai ndm tdc rpng, thdn mudi thudc cao, siing tren vai, ddi Mdu Don ben hdng, cimg da, riu, vi Tdn Chiia ddo that dang bac may rau, vira oai phong khi phdch, vira ngang tang cao ngao, rat xiing vdi than thai cau tha cd: Tdi the thuang chi phong luu, giang hd khi cdt"
(Cho Bi, dd'i luu Igc). Qua con mat ngay tha cua cau be Cdn, ban chat nhiing ke cudp nude vd bdn nude hien len sinh ddng nhd rdt nhieu thdnh ngii: "Liic mdi vd Ndi lai gap mdt nhdm Tay miii Id md dieu hau, mdt sau cii meo, tdc xoan rau mudng che, rau xdm xoam chdi xue di vd vien Co mat rat nghenh ngang. Cac chii linh khd vdng bdng siing go son son ehdo chiing vd ve mat sp hai nhu bi chd dai dudi" (Bdngsen vdng)...
Viec vay mupn, sir dyng ngdn ngii dan gian phan Idn deu tu nhien, khdng guong ep do dat diing chd, dung ngudi vd thudng cd dgng, hdm siic vi vdy nhieu khi chiing cd uu the hon hIn so vdi cdch ndi hien dai. Cd nhung truyen, dung lugng ldi dn tiing ndi hang ngdy cua qudn chiing nhan dan rat Idn va td ra cd hieu qua thuc su ddi vdi su phdt trien cua mach truyen, su khac hga tinh cdch nhan vat, hodn canh dac thii... Vi nhu Ma Van Khang, dl tao an tupng cho nhan vat trung tam - chii chd Bi cd nghia, eye ki thdng minh va chung thiiy da phdi
"tua" vao minh triet dan gian; "Quen than den mirc hinh bdng chd cd ca trong vdn tho, trong cdc thanh ngu, tuc ngii ciia ngudi nira kia. Chd cd vay ITnh. Chd den
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM S6 4(69) nam 2015
giir myc. Danh chd ngd chii. Chd ga\ hd mat ngudi nudi. Giau bdn chd khd ban con. Meo den nha thi khd, chd den nha thi sang..." (Cho Bi. dai lini Igc). Vd chu cun Betd cua Nguyen Nhat Anh ciing the:
"Con chd khdng che dng chii ngheo";
"Chd siia la chd khdng can - dm chi hang ngudi chi ndi ma khdng !am"; "Chd ngap phai rudi - thuc ra khdng phdi ndi ve su may man ma nhdm che gieu sy may mdn"... (Tdi la Betd).
Trong nhieu tieu thuyet, nhiing dai dien uu tu ciia van hpc ddn gian nay van tdn tai ddng lap ben canh nhiing ngdn tir uyen tham ciia Nho gia: "Qudc dl ddn lap" (nude do dan lap nen), "Ddn di qudc tdn" (dan cdn thi nude cdn), "Cd qudc ddn tit di qudc" (dan trong mdt nude thi phdi yeu nude); "Nggc bdt trdc bat thanh khi" (nggc khdng mdi dua khdng thanh cua quy), "Quan chi thi than nhu khuyen ma, tdc thdn thi qudn nhu khau thii" (neu vua coi be tdi nhu chd ngua thi be tdi at phdi ddi vdi vua nhu giac thii), "Hdo vdn, tdc dy, ty dung, tdc tieu" (ham hdi thi se biet dupe dii, tu cay Id minh da biet rdi thi thdp kem mai), "Thdp thien thu mdc, bach tue due tdi" (mudn cd gd phai mat mudi nam trdng cay, mudn cd nhan tai thi phai cd tram ndm nudi day con ngudi), "Hodng thien bdt phu hao nhdn tdm" (trdi khdng phu nhiing ngudi cd Idng tdt), "Ngdn dt hanh nan" (ndi tlii de, ldm lai khd)... (Bongsen vdng). Chat dan gian dan xen mdt cdch hgp li, diing liic, vdi dung lupng vira phai gdp phdn thi hien rd tinh cdch nhan vat, khdng dinh can cdt cua sy hinh thanh nhdn each con
ngudi phdi tir cdi- ngudn dan tpc. Mach truyen phdt trien ty nhien, giong vdn gan giii bdi mang dam bdng ddng ngdn ngti, tam tu tinh cam ciia ngudi lao dgng chan chit, nghTa tinh md cung rat doi anh hoa.
Cdi duyen ciia Son Timg Id bilt cdch van dung, cdi ddt dung chd, dung ngudi, diing viec nhd vay mach truyen khdng bj cdt vyn, khdng sa da rao ddn ddi ddng ma rat lien hoan, thuylt phyc. Nguyen nhan thanh cdng ciia thii phdp lip ghep tdi tinh nay Id bdi ngudi vilt "ludn ludn gdn ngudi bilt di dudi dnh sdng ciia nhdn ddn" (Bdng sen vdng). Chinh vi the, tinh gido due dugc nang len mdt miic cao hon nhung vdn rdt dung di, phii hgp vdi tim ddn nhan cua ngudi dgc.
Viec dan hda nhuan nhuyen giiia ngdn ngii ddn gian vdi ngdn ngii hien dai ddi khi da tao ra sy ddi tho^i cdi md, dan chii - mdt bieu hien ciia tinh tieu thuylt - cua van xudi duong dai. Trong Chd Bi, dai luu lac, tieng ndi ddi thoai, ddu ring chi luan bdn ve chd, nhung bat len bao nhieu dieu thii vi, ldm ngudi dpc phdi gidt minh. Day la ldi dng Menh - mdt ke thii doan, ich ki, day phan trdc; "Mgt minh tdi da nudi vai chuc con (chd) de bieu cdc ddng chi lanh dao cac ngdnh, cdc tinh";
"Tdi thi cho ring chd ta la dai ngu. Cd day dupe ddu". Trong khi dd chii Dat - phdng vien bdo Ngudi Lao Dgng, mgt ngudi sdng trung thyc, het long vi IS phdi, vi sy oan khult ciia nhiing ngudi vd tdi thi lai hoan todn khdc, nhu mgt ddi trpng: "Tdi thi tdi lai quy con chd ta. Nd la con chd dep, con chd hien, con chd thdo. Con chd da di vao ddi sdng ngudi
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Biii Thanh Truyen
minh, in diu ca vao vdn chuong. Chd ddu chd siia lo khdng. Chdng thing an trdm cung dng dn may. Trd thanh In dy, bilu tuong cua bao kinh nghiem nhdn sinh:
Chd che nha dot ra ndm bui tre. Chd que ddi dn mim muc. Chd ngdp phdi rudi.
Chd cdy gan nha. Chd cimg cin ddu. Chd gid giQ xuong. Hodc: Lam ngudi thi khd, lam chd thi de. Chd dai theo miia, ngudi dai quanh ndm. Chd gdm xucmg chd!".
Rd rang d day khdng chi don thuln tranh bien vl chd, hon thi, nd Id quan niem, la phucmg cham sdng cua moi ngudi trong budi giao thoa cu mdi vdi sy xdm thyc ciia CO che thi trudng, su bdng hoai dao diic con ngudi tnrdc the luc ddng tien, danh vpng... NghTa la, nhu chinh bgc Id cua tdc gid: "Con chd Bi la nd, nhimg cung Id dn dy cua sd phan con ngudi"
Su hien dien ldp ngdn ngii truyen thdng da tao ra nhiing thay ddi rdi Idn ve mat kit clu, cdt truyen cua vdn xudi thieu nhi hdm nay. Trong Cdi cut giira cdnh dai, ben canh sd lupng cdc cau tuc ngfl', ca dao... da ndi tren day. Ma Van Khdng cdn dua vdo khdng it nhiing truyen thuyet dan gian, nhiing cau hdt ru, nhiing bdi ddng dao ciia tre con. 6 Bdng sen vdng, mach truyen gian nd, khi ra xa, liic ve gin nhd hang loat nhung cau chuyen, nhung huyen tich: sy tich Chii Ddng Tir, cac tich trong Td truyen, nhiing bai ve ddn gian, nhting cau ddng dao ngd nghTnh, nhting dieu hanh van, dieu hd mdi nhi man mac... Day ciing la nhdn td dl Son Tiing td dam tinh each ciia cau be Nguyin Sinh Cdn: Mdt con ngudi ludn khdt khao hgc hdi, ham hieu biet, mdt
nhdn cdch Idn dugc bdi dap nen bdng chinh tinh hoa vdn hda truyin thdng ciia dan tdc.
So vdi tha cho thieu nhi, truyen ngdn, truyen vira vd tieu thuyet la nhiing
"the loai Idn". Nhd uu the ciia mdt "tdm guong" rdng, chung vira cd the thu vao rdt nhieu mat ciia cugc sdng tre em hdm nay ben eanh nhiing cau chuyen cdch xa vdi thdi dai ma cdc em dang sdng. Mgt nhan quan mdi me, ldi viet hien dai vd tinh than thuc sy vi tre tho trong nhieu tdc pham vdn xudi mang phong cdt dan gian da giiip nhieu tac gia cd dupe chd diing trang trpng - dau rang sdch vdn hgc ndi chung, tac pham truyen ndi rieng khdng phdi liic nao ciing Id su lua chgn hang ddu cua tre em hdm nay. Ddng hanh cimg tre tha tren chuyen tau trd ve vdi cdi ngudn dan tdc, mdt mat ngudi viet da bdc Id rdt rd su ndng niu, tran trpng truyen thdng, mat khac ciing cho thay rd ban ITnh, tdi ndng vd tam long ciia nhd vdn, mong mudn dem den cho cac em nhimg "ddc san" tinh than quen ma la.
Chinh vi khat vpng giau tinh nhan vdn ay, nhiing sdng tac ndy the hien mdt cugc hda giai vd tan giiia chuyen ddi xua - ddi nay, giiia cdm quan ngudi Idn va tam hdn tre tho thdnh thien.
Neu van hpc Viet Nam id mdt ddng sdng Idn thi van hgc ducmg dai cho thieu nhi Id mdt nhdnh hda vao ddng sdng ay.
La mdt thdnh td mang tinh Hch sii - xa hdi, nd khdng the dimg ngoai nhiing van ddng, thay ddi, tac dpng nhieu chieu tir thyc te cudc sdng thdi Ddi mdi. Nhung neu cho rang do hudng den ddi tupng chii
TAP CHI KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM So 4(69) nam 2015
yeu la ngudi dgc nhd tudi, ma truyen chi cd chii trgng tinh hien tai, hien dai, tdch biet khdi truyen thdng van hda, van hpc dan tdc thi lai Id cdch nghT ngay tha, do tudng. Nhung ddc trung cua truyen cho thieu nhi thdi gian qua tren cac phuong
dien quan niem nghe thuat ve con ngudi, the loai vd ngdn ngir ma chiing tdi vira ndi ciing Id dieu tdt yeu, the hien rd mdi quan he hai chilu giiia van hpc vd hien thyc, giiia truyen thdng vd hien dai.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Trln Dinh Su (1995), Gido trinh Ddn lugn thi phdp hgc, Nxb Gido due, Hd N^i.
2. Van Thanh (suu tim vd bien soan) (2003), Vdn hgc thiiu nhi Vi^t Nam (nghien cuu, ly ludn, phe binh, lieu ludn, lu lieu), tgp 2, Nxb Kim Ddng, Hd Ngi.
3. Biii Thanh Truyen (2009), Mgch ngdm co tich trong dong chdy vdn hgc ddn tgc. Van hdaDan gian, 2(122).
(Ngdy Tda so^n nh$n <3u-gc bdi: 27-02-2015; ngdy phin bi$n ddnh gid: 10-4-2015;
ngdy ch6p nli$n ddng: 13-4-2015)
