VAI TRO CUA NATSUME SOSEKI TRONG CONG CUOC SANG TAO VAN HOA NHAT BAN DAU THE KY XX QUA MOT SO SANG TAC TIEU BIEU
NGUViNBlCH NHA THUC
Tdm tat: Ld mdt trong ba tru cot ciia nin vdn hoc hien dgi Nhdt Bdn, ddng thoi Id mdt trong nhiing tri thitc hdng ddu cita Nhdt Bdn thdi ki Minh Tri Duy tdn, Natsume Soseki eo vai trd quan trong trong cdng cudc "sdng tgo vdn hda Nhdt Bdn " ddu thi ki XX. Thdng quo cdc tdc phdm ciia minh, Natsume Soseki dd ddl ra nhieu vdn de cd tinh ddi thogi sdu sde lien quan true tiip din tinh hinh chinh tri, vdn hoa - xd hdi Nhdt Bdn ducmg thai Nhitng tdc phdm cita dng dd vuat ra khoiphgm vi vdn hoc, dnh huang den tu tuang cua mot bd phdn tri thitc trong xd hdi Nhdt Bdn. Cho din ngy, nhiing tu tudng vuat thai dgi cua Natsume Soseki vdn duae coi Id di sdn tinh thdn to lan trong qud trinh phdt trien cua xd hdi Nhdt Bdn. Trong bdi viet ndy, chiing tdi tap trung gidi thieu vd phdn tich mot sd khia cgnh tu tuang ndi bgi cua Soseki di lam ro nhitng ddng gdp ndi bat cua dng ddi vol nen vdn hoc vd vdn hda Nhgi Bdn, thdng qua viec khdo sdt mdt sd tdc phdm tieu bleu: Tdm hdn; Sanshlro; Tdi Id con meo; Botchan.
Tir khda: Van hpc hien dai Nhat Ban, Natsume Soseki, Sang tao van hda
Tr\u d thdi ky nao, tang ldp tri thiie uu M^tix eung ddng vai ttd quan trpng ttong Ijch stt kiln tao van hda, tu tudng, nghe thuat Nhat Ban.
Vao thl ki thtt VI, vdi vai trd cua Thai til Shotoku (574-622), Nhat Ban da sdm tiin hanh md cua dat nude Ian thtt nhdt qua cugc giao luu, tiep xuc van hda vdi Trung Hoa. Mac du Nhat Ban da tilp thu van hda Han ngu ttt nude lang giing nhtmg vdi ban Bnh va tti tue, tiing ldp quy tgc phong kiln Heian da xay dyng dugc mdt nen tang van hda rye rd, mang dam diu an npi sinh, de lai anh hudng lau dai, sau sac va gdp phan djnh hinh nhttng dae trung co ban cho van hda
' ThS.. NCS chuyen nganh Van hoc nuoc ngoai, lihoa Ngu van, Dai hpc Su pham TP. H6 Chi Minh
Nhat Ban - mdt nen van hda ddc dao va khac biet. Budc sang giai doan can - hien dai, giai doan ddi mdi dat nude thdi Minh Trj, mpt lan nua, nude Nhat dung trudc nhung lya chpn quan trgng tren con duimg phat ttien.
Trong cudc md cua eanh tan dat nude Ian thu hai nay, hgc tap van hda phuang Tay la thiM CO nhtmg eung la mdt thu thach Ian dat ra ddi vdi tuong Iai nude Nhat vao giai doan cudi thl ki XIX, dju thl ki XX. TSng Idp tri thuc Minh Trj (nhitng ngudi dugc sinh ra, Idn len va hap thy bau khdng khi, nen tang giao due eua ea hai nen van hda cii va mdi) da khang dinh vai ttd cua minh trong viec djnh hudng, tim kiem con duimg di len cho dat nude. (3 mdi ITnh vyc, ngudi ta diu nhan thdy cd nhirng canh chim dau dan trong cdng
52
NGHIEN cdu 0 6 N G BflC A, s6 2(228) 2-2020Nghien cvCu khoa hoc
cudc ddi mdi, sang tao. Hg la nhung guong mat tri thuc tidu bieu, ludn tran trd cho van nude trong budi giao thdi. Fukuzawa Yukichi - nha dai tri thuc Tay hpc ed nhilu ddng gdp trong linh vyc giao due, tu tudng;
Hnh vyc ehinh trj ngoai giao phai kl den nha ngoai giao kiet xuat Ito Hirobumi; ve kinh tl, khdng the khdng nhic din Shibusaa Eiichi - nha khdi nghiep tien phong, ngudi dugc menh danh la "cha dd cua chu nghia tu ban Nhat". Cdn trong Iinh vuc van hpc nghe thuat, dd la hai cay dai thy cua van hpc hien dai Nhat la Mori Ogai va Natsume Soseki.
Trong dd, Natsume Soseki (ten that la Natsume Kinnosuke, 1867-1916) ddng vai ttd tien phong trong ITnh vuc ddi mdi van hpc nghe thuat. Ong dugc vi nhu mdt ngudi anh ca, ngudi thay dd dau, da giup do, cd vQ cac nha van tre trien vgng duang thdi nhu:
Akutagawa Ryunosuke, Dazai Osamu, Mishima Yukio,... La mpt tri thuc Tay hpc vua am hieu van chuang truyen thdng Nhat Ban vua bilu biet sau sac van hda, xa hdi, Ijch su, van hpc Anh, Natsume Soseki da cd nhttng ddng gdp Idn trong cdng cugc sang tao van hda Nhat Ban giai doan dau the ki XX. D I tdn vinh gia trj van hpc va nhttng cdng hiin v l mat tu tudng, van hda cua Natsume Soseki, nude Nhat da in hinh dng tren td tiin menh gia 1.000 yen, luu hanh trong hai muai nam (ttt nam 1984 den nam 2004). Nhim muc dich gidi thieu va gdp phin Ii giai vai trd cua Natsume Soseki trong nln van hge, van hda Nhat Ban, bai viet nay tap trung phan tieh mgt sd khia canh tu tudng ndi bat cua Soseki thdng qua cac tac phim tieu bilu da duge dich sang tieng Viet.
1. Quan niem ve "chii nghia ca nhan"
trong moi quan he vdi "chu nghia dan toe" hay sir dung hda tu- tu-dug Ddng - Tay cua Natsume Soseki
Chien thang oita Nhat Ban trudc Trung Qudc trong sy kien chien tranh Nhat - Thanh (1894-1895) da khiln Nhat Ban ndi len nhu mdt cudng qudc quan su d Chau A, cang lam tang them uy tin eua chinh quyen Minh Trj trong mat cac nude Idn. Tilp do, Nhat Ban lai danh bai Nga trong sy kien ehien tranh Nga - Nhat (1904) va khing djnh sue manh trong khu vyc va tren the gidi. Nhirng chien thang lien tue, vang dpi nay da gdp phan day chinh quyen Minh Trj di xa ban vao ao tudng, tham vpng ba quyen vdi hang loat nhttng ddng thai banh trudng ve mat lanh thd. Tinh than dan tdc ciia cac tudng ITnh quan sy Minh Trj lan ngudi dan Nhat Ban iuc bay gid len cao, dan trd nen ty man:
"Nhin ehung lai, vdi chien thang trong chien tranh Nga - Nhat, Nhat Ban da dat dugc muc tieu dat ra tu thdi ki dau Minh Trj la ddc lap, an ninh va binh dang ddi vdi cac nude phuang Tay. Tren thyc te, Nhat Ban "trd thanh mdt hgi vien chinh thuc" cua cac de qude tren the gidi vdi pham vi the lyc ngay cang banh trudng" ' . Nam 1910 la budc nggat ljch su cua Nhat Ban khi chu nghia dan tdc trd thanh tu tudng chinh, ehi phdi tinh thin toan xa hdi. Nhat Ban bat dau thiet lap tiin trinh chu nghia de qudc de xam chilm cac nude khac trong khu vyc Chau A.
Vao nam 1900, Soseki nhan dugc hgc bdng danh gia cua chinh phu va dugc gdi sang Anh du hpc vdi stt menh hpc tap tinh
' VTnh Sinh (2015) Nhdt Bdn cdn dgi, Nxb Lao dong i Cong ty Thai Ha (Tai ban ISn thii n\\k). Ha Npi. tr. 200.
NGHIEN Cdu DdNG BAC A, SO 2(228) 2-2020 S3
Nghien ciiu khoa hpc
boa phuang Tay de trd ve ddng gdp xay dyng dat nude theo tinh than cua cudc Duy Tan Minh Trj. Trong hon hai nam ttai nghiem van hda d Anh (1900-1903), Natsume Soseki - mot tam hdn Nhat Ban thuan tuy da trai qua nhftng bien ddng sau sac va toan dien. Dd la eu sde tinh than do sy khac biet van hda mang lai. Tuy nhien, bang nd Iuc di sau vao ban the de ty hieu minh, ty ehtta lanh vet thuang tinh than va cdng de thicb nghi vdi van hda phucmg Tay, Soseki cudi cimg da vugt qua dugc hai nam khd khan nhat trong ddi minh. Khi vua thoat ra khdi cu soc van hda d nude Anh (mdt xa hdi de cao tinh than tu do ca nhan nhung lai cd mpt he thdng td chttc chat che, quy cu), ve Iai Nhat Ban, mdt lin nua, Soseki roi vao cu sde van hda Ian thu hai (sde ngugc) nhung lan nay Iai la cu sde diln ra tren ehinh que huong minh. Ngay tai Nhat Ban, Soseki da phai chirng kien bau khdng khi ngpt ngat, bdp nghet ty do dan chu dudi sy thdng ttj cua tu tudng dan tdc chu nghia luc bay gid.
Vdn da hap thy sau sac tinh than ty do dan ehu phuong Tay nen vide phai ddi dien v6i mpt thu ehu nghTa qude gia eye doan, mang nang tinh chit A Ddng nhu vay da tao ra mpt "tinh thl ludng nan" cho Natsume Soseki. Mdt lin nua, dng dung ttTtdc thach thiie Idn khi phai giai quyit mau thuan gifta Ii tudng ty do ea nhan va trach nhiem ddi vdi dan tdc; man thuin gitta chit nghia cd nhdn - mpt san phim dae thu cita van hda phuang Tay vdi chit nghia ddn tdc da va dang tdn tai viing chic nhu thanh tri trong xa hdi Nhat Ban ndi rieng va Chau A ndi ehung. Chu nghia dan toe d Nhat Ban Iuc biy gid, nhu mdt cd may khdng Id, manh me, cudn theo tit ca mpi thu vao trong nd. Dieu nay duge
Soseki phan anh rit sinh ddng trong kiet tae Sanshiro (1908). Chi trong mdt doan ddi thoai ngan d chuang md diu tae pham ndi tieng nay, Soseki da tai hien toan bd biu khdng khi cua nude Nhat diu thl ki XX:
"Dang thuang thay cho ngudi Nhat ehung ta.
Du chiing ta cd gianh thing Igi ttong cudc chien Nga - Nhat, dd ehung ta cd trd thanh cudng qudc hang nhat, thi ehung ta vin chi mdt bd mat nhu the nay, mdt the trang yeu dt nhu the nay, nghia la ehung ta van cha lam nen dugc dieu gi khac biet"^. Khi nghe giao su Horita ndi nhu vay, Sanshiro da td ra ngac nhien vi "anh khdng the tudng tuimg duge ring sau eude chiln Nga - Nhat van tdn tai nhttng ngudi nhu thl nay. Ong ta nhu khdng phai ngudi Nhat vay"^. Neu nhu d Kumamoto que huang cua anh, ndi nhu vay se lap tuc bj an ddn. Tdi td hon, cd the bi bat giam vi tdi xam hai lgi ich qudc gia. Cd the thay bau khdng khi tdn sung chu nghTa dan tdc da Ian den mpi ngdc ngach trong xa hdi Nhat Ban, ngay ca mdt vung que nhu Kumamoto cua Sanshiro cQng nhudm day khdng khi cua thu tu tudng dang din dat, chi phdi dam ddng ay. De bdp nghet va ttiet tieu cac ludng tu tudng khae, ddng thdi ed suy, bao ttg cho chit nghia dan tdc, ehinh quyen Nhat Ban lue bay gid da ban hanh eae lenh nghiem ngat nham quan thuc chat che khdng de eho ngudi dan cd quyen ty do ngdn luan va ty do tu tudng.
Trudc thyc te ay, Soseki da kien tao mdt he tu tucmg mdi vdi muc dich thuc tinh tinh than dan tdc dang ngu me trong chien thang.
Natsume Soseki (2017), Sanshiro (Do Huong Giang djch) (Tai ban \in thti nhdt), Nxb Van hpc & Cong ty sach Tao Dan, HaNoi. tr. 25.
' Natsume Soseki (2017), Tidd, tt. 26.
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NGHIEN Cdu DONG BflC fl, i6 2(228) 2-2020Nghien cvcu khoa hoc
dang sa da trong thtt tu tudng chit ngudi:
chu nghia dan tdc eye doan. Ong tiin hanh
"cupe dai phau" tinh thin qude dan nhim md xe, phan tieh rdt rao khai niem "chii nghia ca nhan" theo each hieu cua dng; ddng thdi phan tich mdi tuang quan gitta ehu nghTa ea nhan va ehu nghia dan tdc. Ban chat eua chu nghia ea nhan la gi? Lieu nd cd di ngupc lai, tham chi anh hudng din Igi ich qudc gia, dan tdc nhu each hieu phd biln duong thdi hay khdng? Toan bd quan dilm ve chu nghia ca nhan cua Soseki dugc dng ttinh bay trong tiiu luan "Chu nghia ca nhan ciia tdi"* Day dugc coi la edng trinh hgc thuat cd gia trj nhit cua dng, la thanh qua tieu bieu eua mdt hge bdng du hgc do chinh phu tai trg vao thdi dai Minh Trj. Nd due kit ttt kinh nghiem xttong mau cua nha van ttong hai nam trai nghiem nen giao due, van hda, xa hdi Anh. Soseki da suy nghl ve "chu nghia ca nhan" cua rieng dng ddng thdi phat bieu nd mdt each ro rang, mach lac. Tyu trung, con ngudi ca nhan, "chii nghia ea nhan" theo Soseki, la nhttng con ngudi cd tri thirc, cd tu tudng ty do va phai ty quyet djnh lay cac vin de cua eude ddi minh. Nd phai cd tinh ddc lap, khdng bj din dit va khdng ehju din dit bdi bit ky mpt tu tudng hay td chue nao khac. Chu nghia ca nhan ay, theo Soseki, se thuc diy su phat trien ehung cua xa hpi, nd khdng kim ham va cung khdng chdng Iai, khdng mau thuan vdi chu nghia dan tdc. Soseki tha thiet mudn ngudi Nhat hiiu dung hai pham tru then chdt, ed mdi lien hd mat thilt trong khai nidm chd nghia ea nhan cua dng, do la "ty do" va "trach nhiem". Vi neu khdng hidu duge ban chit
van de, se dd din den suy nghl lech lac, eye doan vl mdt khai niem ty do hoan toan thoat khdi sy rang huge vdi trach nhiem va nghia vu. "Tdi chi don gian tin ring ty do ma khdng ed nghia vu thi khdng phai la ty do thyc su. Vi kilu ty do nhu vay, khdng thl tdn tai trong xa hdi"^ Trong bai phat bilu tai Dai hge Gakushuin d Tokyo trudc gidi tre Nhat Ban, mdt Ian nfta dng cung nhic din dieu nay.
Ngoai ra, Soseki eiing da dua ra mgt giai phap ma theo dng la kha thi dl dung hda hai ludng tu tudng Ddng - Tay tudng nhu rit xung khae, ddi lap nhau iy. Ong tin vao kha nang tich hgp ban sic cua ca nhan vdi nhdm, qudc gia va toan nhan loai. Theo dng, vi le don gian, trong mdi con ngudi ehung ta ddu tdn tai mdt each tat yeu va ddng thdi ba loai tu tuijng: chu nghia cd nhdn; chu nghia ddn tdc va chil nghia quoc ti. Chung khdng ndn va khdng can phai ddi khang, loai tru nhau:
"Nhilu ngudi dudng nhu nghl vl chu nghia ca nhan nhu mdt cai gi dd trai ngugc vdi, tham chi pha hoai ehu nghia dan tdc. Nhung chu nghia ca nhan khdng cd each nao bien minh cho sy giai thich sai lam, phi logic nhu vay. Ngay nay, mdt sd ngudi dang truyen ba y tudng - va hg tin rang - Nhat Ban cd thl tdn tai chi khi hoan toan theo chu nghia dan tpc. Nhieu ngudi di xa den mire khang djnh ring dit nude ehung ta se didt vong trtt khi chii nghia ca nhan khung khiep nay bj dap tit. That la vd nghia! Tren thyc te, tat ca ehung ta deu la nhthig ngudi theo ehu nghia
' Watashi no kojinshugi. 1915.
^ Natsume Soseki (2009). "My Individualism" i by Jay Rubin), in Theory of Literature and Other Critical iVritings (Edited by Michael Bourdaghs, Atsuko Ueda, and Joseph Murphy), Columbia University Press, tr. 256- 259.
NGHIEN Cdu DdNG BflC A, sd 2(228) 2-2020
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Nghien cvcu khoa hgc
ca nhan, chu nghia dan tpc va quoc te" Tu tuang cua Soseki, vao thai diem ay nhu mot phat sung ban vao thanh tri vung chac cua chu nghia dan tgc Nhat Ban. Am thanh cua no vang len nhu cau noi ngSn gon, dut Idioat va lanh liing ciia giao su Horita tra lai Sanshiro tren chuyen tau vao Tokyo: "Nhat Ban se bi diet vong". 30 nam sau, nam 1945, nguai Nhat dau hang vo dieu kien, ket thiic nua the ki tham chien va bj MT chiem dong.
Du bao Ciia Natsume Soseki da tra thanh hien thuc.
Viec dung hoa dugc tu tuang Dong va Tay trong thuc tien sang tac cung nhu li luan nhan thuc, dugc coi la mot trong nhung dong gop CO tinh dot pha va co y nghia sang tao ve mat van hoa cua Natsume Soseki giai doan dau the ki XX. Sau nay, khi nhin nhan lai nhftng th^t bai, sai lam cua Nhat Ban giai doan nay, nhieu hpc gia deu danh gia chii nghia quoc gia, dan tpc cue doan la mpt trong nhftng nguyen nhan chinh dan den sai lam va kim ham su phat trien tu nhien ciia Nhat Ban. Hpc gia Suzuki T. Daisetsu da vi8t: "Chu nghia quoc gia cue doan da ngan chan su phat trien cua mpt 161 suy nghT dpc dao va day sue song trong cpng dong nguai Nhat"^. Bang cam quan ben nhay truac thai cugc, Natsume Soseki da nhin thay truac vSn dS ay va canh tinh quoc dan ve mot dang me muoi tu tuang, dong thai dung hoa dugc tu tuang Dong va Tay trong mpt cuoc doi d^u van hoa tuang ehung kho co the tim thay mpt giai phap t6i uu. NhiSu hpc gia qu6c t6 cung cong nhan Soseki la nguai da
bat mpt nhip cau n6i k^t Dong Tay, nguai
"lam cong viec sang tao tren ba vuc cua hai nen van hoa"^
2. Bi kich tinh than ca nhan - birc phac hoa chan thu-c cua Natsume Soseki ve chan dung con nguoi thoi hien dai
Mgt trong nhirng yiu t6 hSp din, lam nen siic hiit ciia nghe thuat ti6u thuyat tam li Soseki la su sang tao hinh anh con nguai ca nhan vai nhung net tam li dpc dao, mai me, mang dae trung hoi tha thai hien dai. Soseki khac hpa chan thuc chan dung nguai tri thuc Nhat Ban dau the ki XX - nhiJng nguoi mang bi kich tinh than sau sac. Hau het cac nhan vat chinh trong cac tieu thuyet cua ong {cung la chan dung tu hpa cua chinh nha van) deu la nhftng tn' thiic uu tu, co y thiic tu nga cao, tam hon mang day mau thuan va noi uu tu thoi the.
Giao su Horita trong tieu thuyat Sanshiro la trucmg hgp tieu bieu cho nhan vat tri thiic mang kieu bi kich tinh than nhu vay. Mac dii so hftu tri tue uyen bac nhung ong hau nhu dung ben le the giai hien thuc dang dien ra xung quanh va dong vai tro nhu mgt nguai quan sat thai cugc. Nguai dgc chi thay ong giao du vai mgt so sinh vien than can hieu minh chii it tham gia vao nhung tranh luan xoay quanh dai song chinh tri, hgc thuat soi noi nhu cac hpc gia, cac nha khoa hpc duang thai. Giao su khong lap gia dinh, song trp ciing sinh vien bang mpt miic luong thap, khong xiing dang vai tam voc mpt tri thiic uu tii nhu ong. Nhung thdng qua nhung cuoc
^ Natsume Soseki (2009), Tidd, tr._261.
'' Suzuki. T. Daisetsu (2019), Thiin va van hoa Nhal Ban (Nguyin Nam Tran djch va chu thich), Nxb Hong Diic, tr.
334.
*' Malta Fulop, "Culture Shock and the Birth of the Modem Japanese novel: Natsume Soseki", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251! 80573_Nat sume_Soseki_Culture_Shock_and_the_Birth_of_the_Mod emJapaneseNovel.
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NGHIEN Cdu DONG BflC A, S6 2(228) 2-2020Nghien cihi khoa hoc
doi thoai cua giao su Horita voi cac sinh vien than can, trong do co Sanshiro, ta nh$n ra ong la mot con ngirai dang Ici'nh, tham tram, cin trong, co d4u 6c phan tich thoi cuoc sau sac, luon canh canh n§i uu tu danh cho dat nuoc va nSn hoc thuat nuoc nha. Ban than loi song lang Ie va chti dpng tranh xa nhiing on ao, nao nhiet cua giao su Horita da cho thay mau thuSn ve mat tinh than cua mot bo phan tang Icrp tri thuc Nhat Ban Wc bay gio. Mot mat ho rat khao khat dong gop cong sue vao viec xay dung dat nuoc nhung mat khac hij lai khong thi hoa nhap (vi su chii dpng khong hoa nhap ctia hp va ca nhirng nguyen nhan khach quan do thcri the).
Trong tac phdm, du giao su Horita rat am tuong van hoc phuong Tay va la mot ling vien vo cling xiing dang cho vi tri giang day van hpc phuong Tay a truong Dai hpc Tpkyo, thay cho giao su nguoi ngoai qu6c, nhtmg ong khong the co duoc vi tri ay. Hinh anh giao su Horita day suy tu, quan quanh, khong tim ra mpt ch§ dung nhu mong muon, nhung mat khac lai rSt thanh thoi, an nhan giong nhu hinh anh "lan khoi triet hpc" khi hfit thuoc cila ong, da dupe Soseki mieu ta an tupng, sinh dpng va cQng day am anh.
Chang ttai tre 23 tu6i Sanshiro ISn diu buoc chan vao Tokyo ciing nhanh chong roi vao bi kjch tinh than khi anh va cham hien thuc xa hpi Nhat Ban ma trudc day anh chua bao gio biet. Sanshiro - nguoi von rat tu tin, mang hoai bao, li tuong dep ve nuac Nhat thoi con a viing que Kumamoto, nhanh chong v& mong khi chiing kien cuoc song
"cong nghiep hoa" o Tokyo, noi ma van vat dang bj pha hiiy, dong thai cung dang duac tai thilt. Tokyo la the gioi thu nho cua Nhat Ban giai doan giao thai, nai cii va moi phan
tranh, nai truyen thong va Men dai cung m6t luc dang hien dien va cung la noi Sanshiro vira nuoi y chi xay dung giac mong hoc thuat vinh quang nhtmg dong thai cOng dang rai vao noi co don, lac long: "Thl gioi van dpng khong ngirng. Sanshiro nhin sir xoay van do, nhung khong biit each nao dl co thl hoa minh gop siic cong hien. The giai rieng cua Sanshiro va thl giai hien thuc tuy 6 ciing binh dien, nhung lai khong co bit ki mpt diem ehung nao. Nhu vay, thl gioi hien thuc dang van dpng theo vong quay ciia no, de lai Sanshiro tro troi phia sau, ciing vo van noi bat an"'.
Nhan vat tien sinh trong tieu thuyet Tdm hdn (Kokoro, 1914) lai la mpt tan bi kich tinh than mang mau sac khac trong budc chuyen giao thoi the. Bi kich ay khong chi CO nguyen nhan do mac cam tpi l§i tir viec ong da gay ra, dan den hanh dpng tu sat cua nguiri ban ma cpn tir mpt nguyen nhan khac sau xa han la cam thirc do vo tinh than trudc su kien Thien Hoang Minh Trj bang ha (1912). Thien hoang bang ha, tren thuc te la su kien anh hudng sau siic den tang ldp tri thiirc duang thdi - nhitng ngudi von kinh trpng, tpn thd Thien Haang. Trong suy nghl cua hp, Thien Hoang bang ha dudng nhu la sir du bao cho thdi ki hoang kim cua dat nude sap budc vao giai doan cao ehung, va mpt thdi ki mdi dky bk an, sup dd nhitng gia tri van hda nln tang, dao dire truyen thong ciing vdi viec van hda phuong Tay se tran vao nude Nhat. Vi vay, cai chet tu sat ciia nhan vat tien sinh nhu mpt bieu tupng cho su bao ve dao dire, luan li thdi dai Minh Tri.
' Natsume Soseki (2017). Tidd. tr 29.
NGHIEN cdo DONG BAC A, SO 2(228) 2-2020 57
Nghien cicu khoa hpc
Bi kich tir viec khong the dung hoa duac li tudng ca nhan va thuc t6 bien chuyen gap gap cua thdi dai da day cac nhan vat ciia Soseki vao noi cd dan, lac long va cd phan be tac trong viec tim kiem loi ra.
Soseki, bang ngdi but "phan tich tam li cao sang" da di^n ta rat hay ndi cd don ciia con ngudi hien dai. Ndi cd don ay, theo nha van, chinh la cai gia ma chiing ta phai tra, vi da "sinh ra d thdi hien dai vdi tu do, dpc lap va day du cai t6i"'°. Dat nhan thirc nay trong bdi canh van hpc Nhat Ban dau the ki XX, se thay day la mot budc tien mdi cua van hpc noi rieng va trong ddi sdng tinh thin ngudi Nhat ndi ehung. Khong chi co don ma edm thitc lac loai va mdt phuang hudng ciing la mpt net dae trung nira trong tam li ngudi tri thirc ciia Soseki. Hinh anh "ciru lac" (stray sheep) dupe nha van nhac lai nhieu lan trong suot tac pham Sanshiro da phan anh chan thuc tam li cua ldp ngudi tri thilc tre ma Sanshiro va Mineko la nhirng guong mat dai dien. Sir co don, lac loai ay ddi khi day cac nhan vat den cam nhan ve cuoc sdng trong trang thai tdn tai hit siic mong manh. Theo nha nghien cim Marta Fillop, "nhitng nhan vat chinh ciia ong thudng bi huy hoai vi hp khong thl tim ra mot sir can bang gitta trach nhiem xa hpi va tu do ca nhan. He qua la hp da chon thu dpng hoac tu sat"". Ben canh do, tac phim cua Soseki cdn phan tich nguyen nhan sir sa dpa tinh thin cua con ngudi hien dai vi mai chay theo nhung gia tri vat chat, hu vinh ma dl dang danh mat gia tri tinh cam, dao dure tdt dep, ngay cang rdi xa ban
'"Natsume Soseki (2018), Long ngudi (Dang Lumg Mo dich v4 chii thich), Nxb T6ng hgp TP H3 Chi Minh. TP H6 Chi Minh, tr. 57.
" Marta FalOp. Tidd.
nga nguyen sa. "Con ngudi hien dai ua nhihig gi cd thuc nhung lai nhiim cai thdi vi thuc dung ma viit bd tinh cam. Hp khong thl lam khac, bdi xa hdi thiic ep budc hp phai tir bd cai phin tinh cam dd"'^. Dd la hinh anh dng chii mot ciia nhan v^t tien sinh (tiiu thuyet Tdm hdn) da lira chau minh trong liic cdn chua biet gi din luat thira kl, dl liy tit ca phan tai san ma anh chi minh dl lai, khiln tien sinh roi vao bi kich mat di niem tin ddi vdi con ngudi; dd la anh sinh vien trudng dai hpc Tokyo - Yojiro, ban ciia Sgnshiro dam vay tien ban di ca cuoc dua ngua va khong tra nhung cung khdng mpt chut hdi han gi ve hanh dpng ay; la dam tri thirc, van nghe si nhan rdi, bSt tai nhung ham danh, day thdi hu tat xau, thich tu tap ban tan chuyen thi^n ha, khien cho con meo ciing phai budng tieng thd dai khinh bi loai ngudi (tieu thuyet Toi Id con meo (Wagahai wa neko dearu));
la nhirng ke giau cd tuy trong tiii lam tiSn cua nhung diu dc rdng tulch, thich khoa truang... Trong mit Soseki, sir sa dpa ve dao dire cung la mpt thudc tinh tSt yeu cua con ngudi trong xa hpi hien dai, noi gia tri vat chat trd thanh thudc do pham gia. Cdn con ngudi trong budi giao thdi thi lai rat nhd be, CO ddc, mong manh va di ddi thay.
Theo Soseki, ndi khd cua con ngudi khdng bin do nhiing ngudi ehung quanh tao nSn, dng xem dd la van de ndi tam cua nhan vat, ciia mdi ngudi. Vdi each nhin nhan nhu vay, Soseki dat trach nhiem vao trong chinh suy nghT va hanh dpng cua chinh ehung ta va khong thl dd ldi cho hoan canh sdng. Di sau vao npi tam, md xe nhitng chuyen bien tam li te vi trong t t o hdn con ngudi hien dai la
" Natsume Soseki (2017), Tidd, tr. 294.
58
NGHIEN Cdu D 6 N G BflC fl, SO 2(228] 2-2020Nghien cihi khoa hoc
the manh tao nen thanh cdng ciia tiiu thuyet t t o li Soseki. Bang each iy, dng da trd thanh mdt "hpa sT' ve chan dung bi kich tinh than con ngudi thdi hien dai. Tac p h t o cua dng vira mang din cho dpc gia e t o xiic lang dpng sau xa vira mang den su tri nhan khach quan v l ddi sdng. Dd ciing chinh la muc dich, tu tudng cila Soseki trong sang tac van hpc, dng quan niem "van hpc cd hai yeu td:
tri giac va cam xiic. Tri giac ma khdng e t o xiic thi la tri giac trong nhan thirc khoa hpc, e t o xuc ma thieu tri giac thi do chi la tien - van chuang"
3. Vai trd cua ngirdi tri thu-c Nhat Ban dau the ki XX trong cac sang tac ciia Natsume Soseki
Trudc tien Soseki chi ra thuc trang cua gidi tri thiic duong thdi trong xa hdi Nhat Ban. Cd thl thiy ting ldp tri thiic giai doan diu thl ki XX d Nhat phan hda thanh hai loai CO ban: (1) Logi tri thitc phdng dc hay loai tri thirc loi thdi: nhiing ngudi nay chi b t o liy dao due phong kiln, xa rdi thuc tl, khdng manh dan tilp thu nhirng dilu mdi me, hda minh vao hien thuc dang thay ddi nhu va bao ciia ddi sdng. Loai tri thilc nay rat c h t o tiin, lac hau, khdng nhay ben trudc su thay ddi ciia thdi cudc. Ta cd thl thiy dd la hinh anh dng giao day Anh van trong Toi Id con meo; hinh anh cac nhan vat giao vien va hpc sinh trong Botchan cudc ndi logn ngogn muc. (2) Logi tri thitc bi mdt gdc:
loai nay thudng rai vao nhUng ngudi tre, trong tu tudng h t o chiia su ndi loan, duoc
" Khuong Viet Ha, "Cac khuynh hircrng phan tu nhian chii nghTa trong v3n hoc Nhat Ban dSu thg ky XX, phan 2:
Khuynh hucmg Du du phai va cac dai diSn ciia no (Masaoka Shiki. Natsume Soseki. IVIori Ogai)". Tgp ehi Nghien ciiu vdn hgc, Vien Van hoc, s6 8/2005.
che giau bang ve ngoai cd ve yen binh.
Nhirng tri thiic nay thudng hi thu hut va nhiem dpc bdi tiep xuc vdi phuang Tay ma khdng cd su de khang. Soseki thit vpng vi thdi khinh bac, ich ki cua nhttng ngudi tri thilc tre thl he cua dng. Tit dd, dng keu gpi ngudi tri thiirc trong xa hdi phai biet thay ddi, nhanh nhay vdi cai mdi dS nam bat duac xu hudng phat trien, tiep thu mat tich cue ciia thdi dai, ddng thdi canh tinh hp can cd thai dp tinh tap, de khang trudc con bao van hda phuang Tay de cd cai nhin khach quan, tu do va sang sudt: "Chiing ta, nhiing ngudi tre tuoi khdng the chiu dung su ap biic cua mdt nude Nhat kieu cii. Ddng thdi, chiing ta dang sdng trong bdi canh budc phai tuyen bd vdi the gidi rang thanh nien chiing ta ciing se khdng chiu dung su ap birc ciia mdt phuang Tay xa xdi nao dd. Ciing nhu mpt nude Nhat kilu cii, su ap birc ciia mpt phuang Tay trong ca linh vuc xa hdi lan van hpc nghe thuat, ddi vdi nhiing thanh nien trong thdi dai mdi chiing ta la ndi dau thiu tam can"
Theo nha van, mudn nhu vay, ngudi tri thiirc phai cd dupe su dpc lap, tu chu ttong ddi sdng tinh thin; phai cd dp nhay ben, minh man trong each nhan thuc thdi cudc, ddng thdi phai diing e t o d t o thay ddi, vupt qua gidi han ban than minh. Nhu vay mdi cd the la chinh minh, khdng bi bit ki mpt tu tudng nap din dit, mdi cd thl d t o duomg dupe sir menh cao ca la tao ra cac gia trj nen tang, dinh hudng cho sir tiin bd trong xa hpi. Tit dd giup dat nude phat triin, thoat khdi sir le thudc ve mat tu tudng ddi vdi phuong Tay.
Xet tir gdc dp mpt nha van - ngudi nghe Sl trong linh vuc van hpc nghe thuat,
" Natsume Soseki (2017), Tidd. tri90.
NGHIEN Cdd DONG BflC fl, SO 2(228) 2-2020
59
Nghien cicu khoa hpc
Natsume Soseki ciing da cd nhiing ddng gdp dang kl ttong viec dinh hinh phuang phap sang tac cho van hpc, trong dd phai ke den su ddng gdp ciia dng cho tu tudng tien bd ciia Du du phdi (Yoyuuha ^^4W.) - mdt ttudng phai ket hijp tinh hoa van hpc truyin thdng Nhat Ban vdi phong each hien dai, chdng lai tu nhien chu nghia liic bay gid, cdn gpi la "trudng phai van chuong t t o li cao sang" do chinh Natsume Soseki la mdt trong nhiing ngudi sang lap. Ban ve chirc nang ciia van chuong trong su phat triin xa hdi, Soseki cho rang: "Van hpc khdng phai la ky thuat. Cling khdng phai la kinh doanh. Van hpc la ngudn ddng lire gdc cua xa hdi, tac dpng rat nhieu tdi cac nguyen li co ban cua cudc sdng con ngudi"'^ Vi vay, nha van keu gpi nhimg ngudi e t o but tte - nhOng ngudi dang rat ham hd nghien ciru nen van hpc phuang Tay can cd su canh giac, phan biet giita nghien cuu va le thudc: "Chung ta khdng nghien ciru van hpc phuang Tay de bi le thupc vao nd, ma nghien cim van hpc phuang Tay dl giai phdng nhirng khdi t t o nao dang bi cim tii"". Cd thl thiy tu tudng cua Soseki rat nhat quan tir li luan cho den thuc tiin sang tac, nhit quan trong thai do va phuang phap hpc tap van hda phuang Tay.
Theo dng, ngudi tri thiic trong thdi dai mdi cin hpc phuong Tay nhung khdng phai de biln Nhat Ban hoan toan theo md hinh phuang Tay ma hoc phucmg Tay dl giai phdng tu tudng ca nhan va phat trien thien tinh cd sin ciia ban than minh. Tren phuang dien van hpc, nghe thuat, Soseki duac ghi nhan la mdt trong sd it ngudi di diu trong
« Natsume Soseki (2017), Tidd. tr 191.
" Natsume Soseki (2017). Tidd. tr. 190.
viec ddi mdi tu tudng nghe thuat va phuong phap sang tac. "Ong da thilt lap mot phong each van hpc phucmg Tay tai Nhat Ban dua tren su hiiu biit t t o li hpc hien dai va truyen dat nhiing y tucmg nay din khan gia Nhat Ban theo each khiln hp e t o thiy cd mdi lien he va hiiu dupe chiing. BJng each nay, dng da tao ra mdt cay cau giiia phuang Ddng va phuang Tay"" Thuat ngir "trudng phai Soseki" ra ddi vao thdi dilm ay de chi mpt nhdm nhiing nha van chju anh hudng tu tudng va phong each sang tac cua Soseki.
Van chuang Soseki khdng ehi duac yeu thich d "thdi dai Soseki" ma cdn tac ddng sau sic den the he eac nha van tre Nhat Ban sau nay, dae biet la trong thdi ki Taisho, t h t o ohi nhiing kiet tae eua Soseki van cdn anh hudng den mdt sd nha van Nhat Ban cho din ngay nay, trong do cd nha van ndi tieng thl gidi hien nay Murakami Haruki.
Sdng va vilt trong giai doan dae biet cua nude Nhat: giai doan can hien dai, giai doan Nhat Ban phai ttai qua rat nhieu nhiing sir kien Idn, mac phai nhitng sai I t o nghiem trpng trong lich sir, Soseki chiing kien cudc ddi dau khde liet giira hai nln van hda Ddng va Tay; truyen thdng va hien dai; ehu nghia ca nhan va chu nghia qudc gia, dan tpc...
Bang su quan sat tinh te thdi dai, nhirng trai nghiem cua ca n h t o mot "cai diu lanh" va mpt trai tim chSn thanh, hon nhieu nha van khac, Soseki da nhan ra nhirng thang trim ve nhan thitc va xa hdi, nhiing thay ddi dang lo ngai xay ra trong eupc sdng ciia chinh dng va cua ngudi Nhat duong thdi. Tit ca nhttng
" Marta Fllldp, Tidd.
60 NGHIEN Cdu DdNG BflC A. SO 2(228) 2-2020
Nghien cicu khoa hoc
dieu iy da nhao nan mdt Natsume Soseki vita uu thdi min thl, vira hai hudc cham b i t o , vira hiing trang trang nghito trong tu tudng, vira mang mot t t o hdn nghe si tai hoa, man cam va tinh t l trong each cam nhan cai dep va eupc sdng. Ndi bat an an chiia trong t t o li cac nhan vat cua Soseki cung chinh la ndi bat an cda con ngudi trong tidu thuydt hien dai va hau hien dai ve sau.
Di vao the gidi ciia Soseki, ngudi dpc vira e t o nhan dupe chat van chuang ttto tu, sau ling cua mpt Nhat Ban tinh te, mong manh ddng thdi cung thi n g h i t o mpt hien thuc sdng ddng, chan thuc cua xa hdi Nhat Ban dau the ki XX, duoc dng truyen dat bing ldi van phong day nhiet huyet, sang td, vira mang tinh phe phan vira mang tinh than xay dung. Soseki sang tao van hda Nhat Ban tren nen ciia nhiing dd nat, bat an va mat mat. Di san van hpc ciing nhu tu tudng ciia dng da ttd thanh tai san tinh than quy bau ciia ngudi Nhat. Natsume Soseki la cai ten dupe gidi nghien ciiu khip thi gidi tran trpng va ngudng md. Tim hieu su nghiep, tu tudng Soseki la viec can thiet de hiiu biet con dudng di len cua Nhat Ban, tit dd cd the hpc hdi nhimg bai hpc gia tti, khdng chi cho cdng cuoc ddi mdi van hoc Viet Nam ma edn giiip cho viec suy tu ve con dudng phat triin dit nude dua tren nen tang ciia nhirng gia trj nhan van, tien bp ciia con ngudi./
dau the ky XX, phan 2: Khuynh hudng Du du phai va cac dai dien cua no (Masaoka Shiki, Natsume Soseki, Mori Ogai)", Tgp chi Nghien citu vdn hoc, Vien Van hgc, s6 8/2005.
3. VTnh Sinh (2015), Nhat Bdn can dgi, Nxb Lao dpng & Cong ty Thai Ha (Tai ban lin thii nhit). Ha Noi.
4. Natsume Soseki (2017), Sanshiro (D6 Huong Giang dich) (Tai ban lin thii nhit), Nxb Van Hpc & Cong ty sach Tao Dan, Ha Noi.
5. Natsume Soseki (2018), Long ngudi (Dang Lucmg Mo dich va chu thich), Nxb Tdng hop TP H6 Chi Minh, TP H6 Chi Minh.
6. Marta Fiildp, "Culture Shock and the Birth of the Modem Japanese novel: Natsume Soseki", https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2511 80573_Natsume_Soseki_Culture_Shock_and_th e_Birth_of_the_Modem_Japanese_Novel.
7. Natsume Soseki (2009), "My Individualism" (translated by Jay Rubin), in Theory of Literature and Other Critical Writings (Edited by Michael Bourdaghs, Atsuko Ueda, and Joseph Murphy), Columbia University Press, ISBN: 9780231518314.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Suzuki T. Daisetsu (2019), Thiin vd vdn hda Nhdt Bdn (Nguyen Nam Tran dich va chit thich), Nxb Hdng Diic.
2. Khuong Viet Ha, "Cac khuynh hudng phan tu nhien chu nghia trong van hoc Nhat Ban
NGHIEN Cdu DONG BflC A, SO 2(228) 2-2020
