VA NHAT BAN-NGHIEN CUfU SO SANH*
N G U Y I N TH! NGOC"
TVTgay nay vdi su phat triln vugt bac Phdn nay se tra ldi cho cac cau hdi: giao 1 • ciia khoa hgc, ky thuat con ngudi due mdi trudng tai cac trudng trung hgc ca ngay cang tao ra nhtrng bien ddi to ldn cua sd d Viet Nam va Nhat Ban trong nhirng gidi tu nhien va xa hdi. Tuy nhien, nhtrng nam gdn day diln ra nhu thi nao? hieu qua bien ddi riay dang dat con ngudi trudc nguy cua nd den dau? thanh cdng va nhiing thdt CO phai ddi mat vdi hang loat cac van de mdi bai, nguyen nhan... Nhiing vdn dk gi dat ra trudng nhu: d nhiem, bien ddi khi hau toan hien nay cho giao due mdi trudng d ca 2 cau, sir ndng len ciia trai dat, benh dich, mii nudc?
lira, sdng than.... Trudc thirc te cd the de Nhu da bilt, ngay tir thap ky 70, giao due doa den sir sinh tdn cua loai ngudi, cac qudc mdi trudng da dugc dua vao he thdng trung gia tren the gidi ndi chung, Nhat Ban va Viet hgc phd thdng d nhieu nudc nhu My.
Nam ndi rieng da cd nhieu bien phap nham Mehied, Lien Xd cii. Nhtrng chu dl moi ban che va ddi phd vdi chiing. Giao due mdi trudng dugc long ghep vao cac mdn hgc co trudng la mdt trong nhtrng bien phap hiiu lien quan den mdi trudng nhu: sinh hgc, dja hieu dugc ca hai qudc gia dac biet quan tam. ly, hoa hgc, giao due cdng dan, dao diic, Nhieu nha nghien ciru giao due Viet Nam tham my.... Trong cac nudc ASEAN, cho rang viec giao due mdi trudng cho hgc Brunei, Indonexia, Thai Lan la nhting nudc sinh trung hgc ca sd d nudc ta cdn nhieu bat dua giao due mdi trudng mdt each co he cap nhat la ve ndi dung chuong trinh va thdng vao cac bac trung hgc ca sd, trung hgc phuong phap giang day.... Trong khi dd giao phd thdng, cdn lai chii yeu la Idng ghep vao due mdi trudng d Nhat Ban da dugc trien cac mdn hgc truyen thdng ve tu nhien va xa khai tir lau va cd rat nhieu kinh nghiem ma hdi. O Viet Nam, giao due mdi trudng dugc Viet Nam cd the van dung. dua vao theo phuang thiic thii hai, tiic long
Bai viet nay tap trung bao tim hieu, phan ghep vdi cac mdn hgc tu nhien va xa hdi.
tich bien trang giao due mdi trudng tai cac De dua giao due mdi trudng vao trudng trudng trung hgc co sd Viet Nam va Nhat hgc, can phai xac dinh cac van de moi Ban, tir dd neu ra nhiing ggi y nham nang trudng gay can can dugc uu tien giai quyet d cao hieu qua giao due mdi trudng cho hgc mdi qudc gia rdi dua khdi kien thiic nay vao sinh trung hgc co sd cua Viet Nam. giao due mdi trudng. Vi du d Inddnexia,
1. Thue trang giao due moi trudng tai Thai Lan, Phillipin, Viet Nam... nan pha cac trudng trung hoc cff sd d Nhat Ban va rirng dugc de cap den nhieu trong khi do d Viet Nam Nhat Ban, Brunei, Singapo, Indonexia, Thai Lan lai la van de chat thai ran, chat thai sinh hoat...
• Bai vi6t nay la mot phSn Ux qua cua dir an nghien ciru i-l- Thuc trgng gido duc moi trw&ng tQl do Sumitomo Foundation tai trg, 2008-2009. cdc triT&ng trung hoC C0 S& & Nhgt Bdn
" Thae sT, Tnrang ph6ng Tap chi, Vien Nghien curu Dong B k A
46 NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C fl. sd 3(97) 3-2009
0 Nhat Ban, trong sudt thdi ky tang trudng kinh tl cao (nhting nam 1960) giao due mdi trudng d cac cdp hgc ndi chung va giao due mdi trudng cho hgc sinh trung hgc CO sd ndi rieng dugc bdt ddu bdng viec giao due chdng d nhiem mdi trudng va bao ve mdi trudng tu nhien. Den nira cudi nhtrng nam 1980, ngudi Nhat bdt ddu y thurc dugc tam quan trgng cua cac van de mdi trudng ddi vdi cudc sdng cua con ngudi. Hg bat dau thue sir quan tam tdi bao ve mdi trudng va liic nay giao due mdi trudng mdi thue sir cd chd dirng trong nen giao due cua Nhat Ban.
Chinh phii Nhat Ban coi viec thiic day giao due mdi trudng, nhat la cho liia tudi hgc dudng la nhiem vu quan trgng. Giao due mdi trudng khdng chi cung cap cac kien thirc can thiet ve mdi trudng cho mgi ngudi, ma nd cdn tao ca hdi cho con ngudi biet sdng boa hgp vdi mdi trudng. Minh chiing cu the nhat la nam 1993 Luat mdi trudng co ban dugc ban banh trong dd cd mdt chuang de cap tdi van de thiic day giao due mdi trudng. Cu the la, khuyen khich cac boat ddng giang day va nghien ciiu ve mdi trudng va yeu cau mdi ca nhan can tham gia tich cure vao qua trinh giao due mdi trudng. Giao due ve moi trudng dugc thue hien theo hinh thiic "hgc sudt ddi" kl tir khi cdp sach den trudng, cho din liic ldn len va ca khi da d tudi gia. Cach thirc giao due vl mdi trudng ciing rat phong phii va da dang nhu hgc d trudng, d nha, d cdng ddng va d nai lam viec. Ngudi ta khuyin cao rdng, dl giai quylt van dk moi trudng d Nhat Ban, dilu vd ciing quan trgng la mdi ngudi phai tu giac nang cao y thiic tu hgc tap va tich cue tham gia vao cac boat ddng bao ve mdi trudng.
Cac thdy cd giao, nha nghien ciiu, nha hoach dinh chinh sach ... la nhiing ngudi cd nhan thirc sdm, rd rang vl vdn dl nay. Vi vay hg da ciing nhau thanh lap td chiic
chuyen nghien ciiu ve viec xa hdi boa giao due mdi trudng d Nhat Ban vao nam 1989 (The Japanese Society of Environmental Education). Ciing trong thdi gian dd, cac hiep hdi giao due va cac to chirc giao due phi chinh phii NGO khac ciing dugc thanh lap.
Nhd dd viec giao due mdi trudng da dugc trien khai rdng khap tren nhilu ITnh vuc khac nhau d Nhat Ban.
Muc dich ciia giao due mdi trudng cho hgc sinh ndi chung va bgc sinh trung hgc co sd ciia Nhat Ban ndi rieng nham: (1) De bgc sinh cd dugc cac kien thiic chung ve moi trudng, vai trd ciia nd ddi vdi cudc sdng con ngudi (2) Thiic day sir bieu biet toan dien cua hgc sinh ve cac mdi quan he giiia boat ddng eua con ngudi va mdi trudng (3) Giup hgc sinh cd ky nang va iing xir than thien vdi mdi trudng.
Tir nhirng nam 1990 den nay, cac boat dgng giao due mdi trudng dien ra kha da dang. Nam 1991, Bd Giao due, Khoa hgc.
The thao va Du Ijch Nhat Ban da xay dung thanh cdng cudn hudng dan giao due moi trudng. Muc dich ciia viec ra ddi cudn sach nay nham cung cap nhiing kien thiic co ban ve bao ve moi trudng cho cac hgc sinh d cac bac hgc pho thdng ciia Nhat Ban. Ben canh dd, Bd cdn td chiic cac chuang trinh hudng dan cac giao vien each hudng hgc sinh vao cac boat ddng "than thien vdi mdi trudng".
He thing thdng tin trao ddi gitra cac trudng ciing dugc de cao va md rdng. Tai cac trudng bdi dudng cho giao vien su pham ngudi ta cting dua vao chuong trinh nghien ciiu ve giao due mdi trudng. O dd, giao vien cd thi tiln hanh tim bieu, thao luan ve cac y tudng, cac chii de lien quan gitira xa hgi va mdi trudng.
Nhu da bilt, hien nay bac trung hgc ca sd d Nhat Ban bdt ddu tir Idp 7 den Idp 9 (he 3 nam). Giao due mdi trudng d bac hgc nay
dugc long ghep vao cac mdn hgc nhu khoa trudng do cac td chiic, cdng ty, cac trudng hgc, dia ly, sinh hgc, xa hgi h g c . . . va dugc dai hgc... td chiic Cac em dugc giii cac bai cac em hudng iing nhiet tinh. Theo danh gia viet cung nhu dugc trinh bay suy nghT ciia cua cac bac phu huynh va thay cd giao Nhat minh ve chii de nay tai cac hgi thao. Vi du giao due mdi trudng dugc cac em quan tam trudng Dai hgc Tottori da td chiic budi toa trudc bet do ndi dung nay dugc Idng ghep dam ve mdi trudng cho 1423 em hgc sinh rat hgp ly trong cac mdn hgc, phii hgp vdi trung hgc ca sd den tir 22 tinh thanh phd ciia Ilia tudi. Giao vien dugc tap budn rdt ky Nhat Ban vao thang 12 nam 2008 vira qua^^*.
ludng ve ndi dung va phuang phap giao due Tham chi mgt sd trudng trung hgc ca sd con mdi trudng. Dilu can nhan manh la hg dugc mdi ca cac chuyen gia ve mdi trudng ciia cac phep lira chgn thdi gian va chii de mdi vien, cac trudng dai hgc, cac td chirc phi trudng phii hgp vdi mdn hgc dk truyin dat chinh phii, cdng ty den thuyet trinh ve van cho hgc sinh. Co sd vat chdt phuc vu cho dl nay. Vi du trudng trung hgc co sd viec day va hgc ngi dung nay tuong ddi ddy Masugata, thanh phd Kawasaki thugc tinh du. Hgc sinh dugc tilp can vdi cac tai lieu, Kanagawa da mdi chuyen gia ve nang lugng sach bao hudng ddn miln phi tai cac trudng. den giang va hudng dan ve each su dung Ngoai viec nha trudng td chiic cac budi tham nang lugng cho hgc sinh. Trudng cdn dang quan, da ngoai thue tl cho hgc sinh cac td ky ban tin giao due itidi trudng cua thanh chiic phi chinh phii d Nhat Ban ciing tham phd phat bang loa truyen thanh
gia ddc lire vao boat ddng nay. Da cd mdt sd Nang cao nhan thue cdng ddng ve bao ve trudng trung hgc co sd ciia Nhat Ban giri hgc mdi trudng la nhiem vu vd ciing quan trgng, sinh sang Viet Nam tham quan va tim bilu ciing vdi nhiing nd lire mang tinh hanh them vl mdi trudng trong nhting nam gdn chinh, giao due mdi trudng cdng ddng da 4ay. dugc thue hien mdt each rdng rai d Nhat tir Dilu cdn luu y la, tai Nhat Ban ngudi ta nhtrng nam 1990 din nay. Chinh quyln tai xay dung cau lac bd mdi trudng danh rieng cac dja phuang ciing triln khai nhilu ke cho hgc sinh tilu hgc va trung hgc co sd hoach day manh giao due mdi trudng nhu (Junior-Eco-Club). Hang nam cau lac bd da thanh lap cac trung tam giao due mdi trudng, thu hiit dugc sir tham gia ddng dao ciia cac xay dung chuang trinh giao due cho the the em hgc sinh. Theo udc tinh ciia cac nha quan tre dac biet la hgc sinh trung hgc ca sd- ly nam 1999 cd khoang 70.000 din nam nhiing ngudi lanh dao tuong lai, phd cap 2007 con sd nay da tang len khoang 167.466 giao due mdi trudng tdi mgi tdng Idp nhan em tham gia vao cau lac bg^'\ Nhd ngudn ho dan.
trg tai chinh ciia chinh phu va chinh quyln Ben canh dd, boat dgng tu iiguyen bao ve dia phuang, cii vao dip cudi nam cau lac bd mdi trudng ciia ngudi dan, td chirc doanh lai td chirc ll hdi vl giao due mdi trudng nghiep, chinh quyln dia phuang dugc phat danh cho tdt ca nhting thanh vien tham gia. huy mgt each hieu qua. Hg sSn sang ung ho
Ngoai ra cac em hgc sinh trung hgc cdn tai chinh cho cac chuang trinh giao due moi dugc tham gia vao cac hdi thao vl mdi trudng hay tham gia nhiet tinh vao phong trao thu gom rac thai, ve sinh mdi trudng.
( I ) www .unescap.org/esd/environnient/soe /2000/
documents/CHI S.PDF '^' http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/028619.html
48 NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C fl. sd 3(97) 3-2009
Mdt minh chirng cd the k l den dd la no lire nang cao nhan thirc ve mdi trudng cho bgc sinh phd thdng ca do cdng ty Shap tien hanh tir nam 2006. Cdng ty nay da tap hgp mdt sd lugng ldn hgc sinh tir 50 trudng trung hgc tren ca nudc ciing tham gia hgc tap ve cac van de mdi trudng hien nay: sir ndng len toan cau, d nhiem mdi trudng, van de rac thai.... Sau khi ket thiic chuang trinh hgc bg da nhan dugc tren 400 biic thu tir cac em bgc sinh va thdy cd giao tai cac trudng nay.
Nhung birc thu chii yeu ndi len cam nghT cua cac em khi tham gia khoa hgc, cac em mudn lam mdt dilu gi dd cd y nghTa de bao ve mdi trudng*^'.
Cdng tac truyin thdng, giao due mdi trudng ciing dugc chinh phii va chinh quyen dia phuang rdt quan tam day ciing la mdt ndi dung quan trgng ciia chuong trinh giao due mdi trudng cho hgc sinh trung hgc ca sd d nudc nay. Hang nam d Nhat ngudi ta td chiic rdm rd ngay mdi trudng tren khdp ddt nudc;
trao giai thudng mdi trudng cho tap the, ca nhan, hgc sinh... vi du giai thudng v l giao due nang lugng cua td bao Denki Shimbun da trao cho 55 trudng trung hgc ca sd k l tir nam 2006 din nay; phat ddng phong trao sir dung gidy tai chi, phong trao tieu thu xanh;
phong trao sir dung gidy bao gdi cu....v.v.
phong trao nay cung dugc dua vao chuong trinh ngoai khoa cua hgc sinh trung hgc ca sd. Cd thi ndi, d Nhat Ban viec giao due ly thuylt kit hgp vdi boat ddng thue tien cho hgc sinh ca sd la mdt trong nhung phuang phap giao due mdi trudng cd hieu qua va la bai hgc kinh nghiem quy cho Viet Nam.
1.2. Time trgng gido due moi trw&ng tgi cdc trw&ng trung hgc eg s& & Viet Nam
Giao due mdi trudng la ITnh \irc nhan dugc nhieu sir quan tam cua chinh phii Viet Nam, the hien qua mdt sd van van ciia nha
nudc nhu Luat Bao ve mdi trudng 1993 dugc sura ddi va thdng qua nam 1998, Chi thi 36-CT/TW cua Bd Chinh tri ngay 25-6- 1998, Quylt dinh 1363 QD-TTG ciia Thii tudng Chinh phu ve viec dua ndi dung giao due mdi trudng vao be thdng giao due quoc dan nam 2001...
C) Viet Nam, he thdng cac co sd giao dye va dao tao tir mdm non den dai bgc phat trien tuang ddi rdng khdp d mgi viing mien vdi nhilu binh thiic da dang. Cho din nay, s6 lugng cac trudng trung bgc co sd d Viet Nam khoang 9.041 trudng vdi 8.980 trudng cdng lap cdn lai la cac trudng tu thue; sd lugng bgc sinh trong bac bgc nay khoang 6.100.000 bgc sinh*''^ chilm 22,5% ting dan sd. Hgc sinh cac trudng trung hgc co sd d Viet Nam cd do tuoi trung binh tir 10 den 16 tuli va cac em phai trai qua 4 lan chuyen Idp thi mdi kit thiic bac bgc nay.
Mdt vai nam gdn day tai cac nha trudng THCS giao due mdi trudng da dugc cac trudng quan tam va cd sir chi dao tuong ddi rd rang. Hdu hit cac tinh da hoan thanh ke hoach hanh ddng giao due mdi trudng din nam 2010.
Tai cac trudng, trudc nam 2007 GDMT dugc dua vao vdi thdi lugng 1 tilt/1 tuan vdi bgc sinh tilu bgc, 2 tilt/tudn vdi hgc sinh THCS bao gdm ca thdi gian ngoai khoa. Tuy nhien yeu cdu giao due vdi mdn hgc nay chua cao va chua dugc thue hien ddng bd d tdt ca cac trudng hgc.
Tir nam 2007 din nay thue hien nghi quylt cua chinh phii giao due mdi trudiig dugc dua vao chuong trinh hgc theo kieu Idng ghep thugc cac mdn sinh bgc, giao due
<" http: 'sharp-world.coni corporate ecocsr report/2007
pdf/sharp2 l_23e.pdf <"' http://www.moet.gov.vn/?page= 11.9&view-5361
cdng dan, dia ly, cdng nghe d cac Idp 6 (giao due cdng dan, sinh hgc), Idp 7 (dia ly, cdng nghe, giao due cdng dan), Idp 9 (sinh hgc).
Ngoai ra, GDMT ciing dugc Idng ghep vao mgt sd mdn hgc chinh nhu la nhiing vi du minh boa hay nhiing bai tap thue hanh.
Nhieu chu de mdi trudng da dugc giao vien chii nhiem hoac tdng phu trach trien khai thue bien theo cac boat ddng ngoai khoa nhu: sinh boat cau lac bd, sinh boat ddi, bieu dien van nghe, thi ve tranh, cac cudc thi tim hieu ve moi trudng (d day phai ke den cudc thi ve tranh do doan thanh nien cdng san Hd Chi Minh khdi xudng)....
Nhieu trudng trung hgc co sd cdn cd ke hoach xay dung trudng xanh - sach - dep theo tirng nam. Mdi nam tap trung lam mgt sd viec Vi du nam dau tudng tap trung cho viec xanh boa, hgc sinh va phu huynh dugc huy dgng trdng cay. Nam tiep theo tap trung vao trang tri trudng Idp.
Hgc sinh trong trudng dugc bgc va thue hanh cac bai hgc lien quan den thue hanh tiet kiem nhu: tiet kiem dien, nudc, giay vd, do diing hgc sinh, thu gom phe thai tai che, thi tim bilu ve cay thuoc dia phuong....Vi du nhu trudng Trung hgc ca sd Le Hdng Phong- Hai Phdng, cac trudng Trung hgc co sd cua Thira Thien Hue, cac trudng Trung bgc CO sd tinh Hai Duong....
6 mdt sd trudng cdn td churc ddng loat hgc tap cac chu de mdi trudng vao thang 4 hang nam. Cac thay cd giao thi dang ky giang day nhiing tiet giao due mdi trudng xudt sdc nhat. Hgc sinh day manh cac boat ddng ngoai gid ve bao ve mdi trudng nhu thi bat, ve, sang tac va bieu dien tieu pham ve chu dl nay. Tai dia phuong cac em tham gia vao cac chuang trinh lam sach dudng phd, thdn xdm, thu rac thai Dien hinh la cac trudng Trung hgc ca sd tai Ha Ngi, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Hai Phdng, Da Nang,
Quang Ninh....va nhiing phong trao nay nhan duac sir quan tam ciia bac phu huynh.
Ddi vdi nhtrng trudng hgc d cac dia ban mien mii xa xdi giao due mdi trudng dugc tien hanh timg bude cimg vdi cac du an ho trg phat trien giao due trong va ngoai nudc
Ben canh nhting thanh cdng dat dugc, giao due mdi trudng cho hgc sinh co sd tai Viet Nam cdn bgc Id nhting diem yeu. Mot vai tinh chua hoan thanh ban ke hoach banh ddng ve giao due mdi trudng do thieu sir thdng nhat ciia 3 ca quan Sd Giao due Dao tao, Sd Tai nguyen Mdi trudng, Tinh Doan thanh nien. Viec chi dao giao due moi trudng ddi khi cdn thieu sat sao, cu the. Lanh dao mdt vai trudng chua thue sir quan tam tdi van de nay. Dgi ngii can bg giang day cdn yeu ve chuyen mdn, hieu biet ve moi trudng. Tai lieu giang day thieu, kinh phi cho giang day cdn ban hep
Khac vdi Nhat Ban, tai nhieu trudng trung hgc CO sd d Viet Nam van chua coi trgng van de giao due mdi trudng cho hgc sinh. Ho coi day la nhtrng mdn hgc phu, khdng quan trgng. Hgc sinh va thay, cd cd the giang, hoc qua loa, dai khai. Tham chi mdt sd trudng cdn de hgc sinh tu tim hieu bai hgc dd d nha ma khdng cd kiem tra hay ddn ddc cac em.
Tai mdt sd trudng can bd quan ly va giao vien trong trudng chua cd nhan thiic dung dan va day du ve giao due mdi trudng. Ban giam hieu chua cd su chi dao rd rang va thdng nhat ciing nhu sir quan tam thoa dang ddi vdi viec dua ndi dung giao due moi trudng vao giang day. Ndi each khac, boat ddng giao due mdi trudng chua nam trong ke hoach ciia cac td chuyen mdn, td chii nhiem. Trong khi dd, giao vien nhiing ngudi true tiep trien khai lai thirc hien theo kinh nghiem, theo kha nang ciia minh. Cac boat dgng chii yeu mang tinh be ndi, chua dam bao chieu sau va hieu qua giao due
50
NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C fl. sd 3(97) 3-2009Dieu bat cap rd ret nhat la, nhieu giao vien cdn liing tiing trong viec xac dinh muc tieu cua giao due mdi trudng. Giao vien gap kho khan trong viec lira chgn va xac dinh muc tieu diing va phii hgp vdi ddi tugng hgc sinh, phii hgp vdi dieu kien thue hien. Vi vay hg td ra liing tiing khi thiet ke chuong trinh va ke hoach boat ddng ciing nhu thue bien cac boat dgng dd.
Thilu kit hgp giiia ly thuyet va thurc hanh. Mac dii dugc trang bi ve kien thiic ve mdi trudng song viec td chiic cho hgc sinh tham quan ve mdi trudng dac biet la nhtrng dia dilm bj d nhilm rdt it dugc cac trudng quan tam tdi. Vi vay ma hieu qua cua giao due cdn chua cao. Mgt sd trudng td chiic cho hgc sinh di da ngoai nhung muc dich cua chuyin da ngoai lai khdng dugc xac dinh rd rang va chi tilt. Viec lira chgn hinh thiic td chirc, ndi dung cho cac hoat ddng cdn don dieu, hay cd khi lai qua cdu ky, khdng phii hgp vdi Ilia tudi hgc sinh trung hgc. Tren thirc tl, nhilu boat ddng giao due mdi trudng cdn qua chung chung, khdng cd muc tieu cu thi, d l cap din vdn d l mdi trudng rdng ldn, khdng phii hgp vdi thirc tl, do dd hieu qua thudng khdng cao.
Ngoai ra boat ddng giao due mdi trudng cdn thilu sir phdi hgp gitra gia dinh, nha trudng va xa hdi. Thilu sir tham khao kinh nghiem cua nudc ngoai d | c biet la nhung nudc cd nln kinh t l phat triln nhu Nhat Ban.
Thilu tai lieu, cdng cu, phdng thi nghiem, phuang tien nghe nhin, cac trang thiet bi phuc vu giang day cho giao due mdi trudng tai cac trudng trung hgc ca sd
Nguyen nhan chinh cua thurc trang tren la xudt phat tir viec thilu kiln thirc tai chinh cung nhu ky nang cdn thilt v l cdng tac giao duc ndi chung va giao due mdi trudng ndi rieng. Mac dii, k l hoach hanh dgng qudc gia vl giao due mdi trudng da nhan manh den
viec dua ndi dung nay be thdng giao due qudc dan, song viec trien khai trong thue te cdn gap nhieu rao can. trong dd khd khan ldn nhat chinh la nang lire va trinh do cua dgi ngii giao vien. Dieu nay doi hoi phai cd nhtrng bien phap va sang kien de thao gd .
2. Giai phap thiic day giao due moi trudng d Viet Nam t u kinh nghiem cua Nhat Ban
+ Nhiing diem tuang ddng, khde biet trong gido due mdi tnrdng d Viet Nam vd Nhdt Ban:
Rd net nhdt la tuong ddng ve coi ngudn van hda A Ddng; Ca bai nudc deu anh hudng manh me ciia van minh Trung Hoa, cua Khdng giao. Bdi vgy, tam ly nhin ngudi lai ngdm din ta, nhd nhe bao nhau, ton ti trat tu tir gia dinh ra xa hdi...v.v. trd thanh net van h6a truyin thdng va phd bien. Dilu nay cho ta ggi y rdng, nhtrng giai phap gan vdi truyin thong, giao due va boat ddng tinh nguyen bao ve mdi trudng ma ngudi Nhat Ban thue thi cac trudng Trung bgc co sd d Viet Nam cd tbi ap dung bdi nd dl di vao Idng cac cdng chiing tre tudi.
Tuy nhien, cd nhung khac biet ve trinh do phat triln, kha nang kinh tl, tai chinh van boa, giao due, tinh cam gitra ngudi Nhat Ban va ngudi Viet Nam. Dilu nay bam y rdng, viec van dung kinh nghiem trong giao due mdi trudng tai cac trudng trung hgc co sd d Nhat Ban vao Viet Nam cdn phi linh boat, xet ca d each thiic, quy mo va Id trinh thue thi cac giai phap dd.
+ Gidi phdp thue ddy gido due mdi tnrdng tgi cae trudng trung hgc ca sd d Viet Nam tir kinh nghiem eiia Nhdt Bdn:
Thir nhdt la, nang cao nhan thire cua can bd quan ly va giao vien. Kinh nghiem ciia
^^^ http://www.nea.gov.vn/thongtinmt'noidung'gd 11 05.htm
Nhat Ban cho thay viec nang cao nhan thiic ve mdi trudng cho ddi ngii can bg quan ly va giao vien la vd cimg quan trgng. Dd la mgt trong nhung yeu td giiip thurc hien thanh cdng giao due mdi trudng tai cac trudng.
Nhan thiic cua can bd quan ly va giao vien cac trudng se dugc nang len khi nhan dugc sir chi dao, quan tam va iing hd cua cap quan ly true tiep tir Bd Giao due Dao tao, Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, den cac Sd Giao due, sd Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng va lanh dao cac trudng trung hgc co sd. Hon niia viec chi dao, hudng dan thue hien cdng tac GDMT trong trudng hgc phai thdng nhat, cu thi. GDMT phai trd thanh ndi dung trong ke hoach nam hgc cua cac nha trudng.
v l phia Chinh phu va Bd Giao due Dao tao can coi trgng ban niia khau dao tao, bdi dudng giao vien day ve mdi trudng thdng qua nhting budi tap huan cdng tac nghiep vu, kiim tra ddn ddc cac trudng thue hien cdng tac giao due mdi trudng.... mdt each thudng xuyen.
Thu hai la, phat huy vai trd san cd ciia nha trudng va cac thay cd giao trong viec xay dung mdi trudng canh quan hgc dudng dat tieu chuan qudc gia; ket hgp giao due mdi trudng vdi giao due kien thirc van boa....
Ci Nhat Ban ngudi ta de cao vai trd ciia nha trudng va cac thay cd giao trong viec xay dung va dao tao the he tre. De td chiic cac boat ddng giao due ndi chung va giao due mdi trudng ndi rieng dat ket qua, nha trudng va giao vien can xay dimg he thdng td chirc hgp ly tir xac dinh muc tieu ciia boat ddng din viec thilt kl chuong trinh va ke hoach td chirc hoat ddng, tir ky nang triln khai boat ddng din ky nang tiep can va huy ddng hgc sinh tham gia...
Q Viet Nam khi xac dinh muc tieu ciia cac boat dgng giao due can can cir vao muc tieu chung cua sir nghiep giao due dao tao
ma Nghi quyet Hdi nghi lan thii hai BCH TW Dang (khoa VIII) da neu; yeu cau, nhiem vu ciia nam hgc; dac diem, tinh hinh ciia dia phuang; tinh trang cua trudng, lap va nang lire ciia hgc sinh. Vi du ddi vdi giao due mdi trudng can dat ra nhtrng muc tieu cu thi, cd tinh thue tl va phii hgp vdi lira tuoi hgc sinh trung hgc. Quan trgng nhat can phai tim bilu hgc sinh da nhan thiic dugc gi sau khi hgc vl giao due mdi trudng nhtrng kho khan, vudng mac can giai quyet. Day la mgt nhiem vu khdng de ddi vdi giao vien ciia cac trudng. Nd ddi hdi sir nd lire va gan bo het minh vdi hgc sinh va cac thay cd giao.
Thii ba la, thilt kl va td chiic cac boat ddng giao due mdi trudng mang tinh thue tien.
Co sd khoa hgc ciia phuang phap nay dua tren quy luat tam, sinh ly ciia liia tudi: cai mdi dugc hinh thanh va phat trien dua tren nhiing kinh nghiem san cd ciia ban than moi hgc sinh. Thdng qua boat ddng giao due de hgc sinh tu hoan thien nhiing khai niem da cd hoac hinh thanh khai niem mdi. Day cung la bai hgc ma ngudi Nhat da rat thanh cong trong viec nang cao nhan thiic cua Idp tre ve bao ve mdi trudng.
+ Td chiic cac cudc thi: Cac cugc thi tim bilu cd the khai thae theo nhieu chu de khac nhau ve mdi trudng xung quanh, ve tranh, viet bao, hiing bien, van nghe, ddng vai, bieu diln... Hoat ddng nay cd thi kich thich boat dgng tam ly tich cue ciia hgc sinh, vi cac em rat mudn cd ca hgi khang dinh minh.
+ Td chiic cac boat dgng nghien cuu dan gian: hgc sinh vdi vai trd nhu mdt nha nghien ciiu trien khai cac bude: xac djnh muc tieu, dia diem, phuang phap, thu thap va xu ly thdng tin, dua ra cac quyet djnh ve mdi trudng. Mgt sd nghien ciiu cd the keo dai vai ngay, vai tudn, tham chi vai thang, co thi tiln hanh ngay trong trudng hoac dja
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NGHIEN CflTU OdNG B^C fl. sd 3(97) 3-2009phuong, nhu: quan sat cdn triing, chu trinh bien thai sau bg, do tieng dn, d nhiem va bui, rac thai tren dudng phd, xung quanh trudng...
+ Td chiic cac boat ddng xanh: Thanh lap cau lac bd xanh, ddi banh ddng xanh, trdng cay xanh... Cac loai hinh cau lac bd trdng cay, cham sdc cay, khdng an thit thii hoang da... se dat hieu qua cao, neu dugc td chuc khoa hgc va thurc hien mdt each cd ke hoach.
+ Td chiic cac chien dich: Hinh thirc chiln dich khdng chi tac ddng tdi hgc sinh ma tdi ca cdng ddng. Thdng qua cac hoat dgng nay, tir dd hinh thanh va phat triln y thirc "minh vi mgi ngudi, mgi ngudi vi minh". Cac chiln dich thudng mang tinh dinh hudng cao nhu: "Sdng tiet kiem vi mdi trudng bin vung", "Vi mau xanh que huong", "Hay bao ve va tilt kiem ngudn nude"...
+ Td chirc boat ddng giao due mdi trudng ngoai trdi: hgc sinh cd ca hgi dugc quan sat, thue nghiem, dugc tham gia vao cac boat dgng tim hiiu v l mdi trudng thien nhien tir dd phat triln tinh yeu va sir gdn bd vdi thien nhien. Day la kinh nghiem kit hgp giiia hgc ly thuylt va thurc hanh giao due mdi trudng ma ngudi Nhat Ban rdt thanh cdng.
v a thii tu la, phat huy vai trd cua phu huynh va cac doan thi va d l cao vai trd ciia hgc sinh.
Ddi vdi mdt boat ddng giao due ndi chung, boat dgng giao due mdi trudng ndi rieng ndi rieng mudn dat dugc hieu qua thi ngudi thirc hien cu thi la hgc sinh phai cd nhan thirc dung ddn tren ca sd dugc trang bi nhtrng kiln thirc va ky nang cdn thilt ve mdi trudng. Gia dinh va cac td chiic doan the cung ddng vai trd hit sire quan trgng trong viec thuylt phuc, dgng vien, giup dd cac em tham gia vao cac boat dgng giao due mdi trudng.
Tom lai, de thirc bien thanh cong cac muc tieu giao due mdi trudng tai cac trudng trung hgc co sd can cd sir chgn Igc nghien curu ky ludng cac giai phap neu tren; ket hgp mgt each linh boat vai trd cua to chuc Dang, chinh quyen, cac ban, nganh. trudng hgc.
hgc sinh va cac td chiic doan the dua tren tinh binh dia phuong noi ma cac trudng dat dia diem day va hgc.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Luu Duc Hai, (2004). Background on Environment. Hanoi national university publishing house.
2. Environment Agency, Government of Japan (2005, 2004, 2003, 2000), Quality of the Environment in Japan, Tokyo.
3. Nguyen Thi Ngoc, (2006). Vietnamese women with envirorunental protection. Review of the steering committee for externally oriented information. No 1, pp 30-34
4. Nguyen Thi Ngoc, (2005). Environment and sustainable development: a political factor in the 2P' century. Review of the steering committee for externally oriented information.
No 8, pp 31-36.
5. Nguyen Thi Ngoc, (2005). Environmental education and sustainable development in the 21" century. Human Geography Review. No. 1, pp 44-52.
6.http://\\v\'W'.nea.gov.vn/luat_bvmt/
DONGOP /IOnamLuat.htm.
7.hUp: www.dosl.hano.gox .vn/view' vn/cate_ details.asp?code=1.04&id= 1257)
8.http://www.agenda21 .monre.gov.vn /Defauh. aspx?tabid=339&ItemID=3041
9. http://ww\v.alerlnet.oig/ihenevvs'nc\ssdcsk /T268724.htm
10. http://w\\v\ .env.go.jp/en/
11. Japan Environmental Hducation Forum.
2002. 2004 http://\v\\\v.Jccf.or.jp cnglish 12. http://\v\v\v.cn\.go.jp'en index.iitml
