Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008
TON GIAO - VAN DE Ll LUAN VA THl/C TllN
NHAN THirc VE TON GIAO Nl/A DAU THE KI XX:
TRirCfNG HOP DAO DUY ANH
I i : : i ! u - (
H
oc gia Dao Duy Anh la ngiidi md dau cho nhieu nganh khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van d Viet Nam"'. Tuy vay, c6 mot linh viic ma vi hoe gia nay cung co nhiing dong gop doc dao ma chung ta chiia CO nhutng nghien ciiu day dii, do la nhiing dong gop ciia ong trong viec nghien ciiu eac ton giao d Viet Nam, gep ph^n dat nen meng cho nganh ton giao hoc d niidc ta.Nam 2004, Triidng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van (Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi) c6 to chile cuoc hoi thao ve Dao Duy Anh. Tham gia hoi nghi, chung toi c6 trinh bay tham luan Ndi them mot khia canh trong nghien ciiu cua hgc gid Ddo Duy Anh: Tdn gido. Khi d6, chiing toi rat ban khoan la chiia co trong tay cuo'n sach dac biet ciia Dao Duy Anh ma nhieu nha nghien ciiu trong niidc va ngoai niidc den nay v i n co'gSng tim kiem, do la cudn Tdn gido. Rat may sau do, chiing toi da diidc
nha nghien ciiu Dao Hung tang cho cuon sach nay trong tii sach gia dinh, do nha xuat ban Quan Hdi Tiing ThU d Hue an hanh nam 1929, vdi biit danh Ve Thach*''.
Bai viet ciia chiing toi, can cii vao nhiing dong gop nghien ciiu ciia Dao Duy Anh ve ton giao, diidc chia lam hai phan sau day: Phdn thU nhat, nhiing dong gop
'" D 6 QUANG HUNG'*' trong viec nghien ciiu ton giao d Viet Nam. Phdn thU hai, tac pham Tdn gido va vi tri ciia no vdi sii ra ddi nganh ton
*. GS.TS.. Vien Nghien curu Ton giao.
1. Phan Ngoc trong bai viet GS Ddo Duy Anh: Ngudi md ddu cho nhieu ngdnh khoa hoc xd hdi vd nhdn van d Viet Nam. co nhan xet rang, ft nhat Dao Duy Anh la ngudi sang lap va mo dau cho ba nganh: Van hoa hoc vdi Viet Nam vein hda su cuaiig: Lich sir c6 dai Viet Nam voi cac tac phaim Lich su cd dai Viet Nam. \'dii de An Duang Vuang vd nude Au Lac: Dia ly hpc lich sir voi cuon Ddt nudc Viet Nam qua cdc ddi... Xem: Tien phong clni nhat. so 14/5/2000.
2. Cuon sach Ton gido ciia Dao Duy Anh so di rat ft ngudi biet den vi no co "sd phan dac biet". Trong cudn Cuoc phdng vdn cdc nhd van ciia Le ITianh, Nxb Ddi mdi. Ha Noi 1943. tac gia cho biet ldi Dao Duy Anh khi diroc phdng van: "Ti!r dau nam 1928 den cudi 1929, Quan Hdi Tung Thu da ra duac 19 tap sach nho tii 50 den 120 trang, tuu trung cd 7 quyen ciia may ngudi ddng chf va 12 quyen ciia tdi.
Quyen dau la Tri khdn. quyen cudi cung la Trhi gido". Trong cudn sach ndi tren, Le Thanh cdn ghi rd ngudi duoc phdng van la "Ong Ve Tliach Dao Duy Anh".
Chung ta cung biet rang, cudi 1929 dau 1930, Quan Hai Tung Thu phai ddng cira vl nhi^u If do.
Chfnh vi the. cudn sach T('>ii gido ciia Ve Thach Dao Duy Anh chac chan da khdng duoc phat hanh rdng rai. Gan day, mot sd nha Viet Nam hpc ngirdi My van dang cd gang tim kiem cudn sach nay. Tai ITiu vien Trudng Vidn Ddng Bac Co (EFEO) o Ha Ndi trong thu muc tu lieu Viet Nam ciia D. Marr moi day, cd ky kieu ve cudn sach nay: TV-()7S(i.
Viet.reli-0088.
Nhan day, chiing tdi cung het sire cam an nha nghien cu:u Dao Hiing, vi neu khdng cd cudn sach nay chac han bai viei ciia chiing tdi khdng the goi la nghiem tiic va day dii duac.
4 •
Nghien cuu Ton giao. Sol - 2008
giao hoc. Diicii day la nhiing noi dung cu the:
1. N H 0 N G D O N G G O P C U A D A O DUY A N H T R O N G V I E C N G H I E N C l / U T O N G I A O 6 V I E T N A M
Ciing v6i viec n g h i e n eiiu lich sii, dia li, lich sii v a n hoa Viet N a m , tii lau Dao Duy Anh da co n h i i n g n g h i e n ciiu ve ton giao d Viet N a m r a i r a c t r o n g n h i e u t a c p h a m , k h o n g ke tac p h a m c h u y e n biet la cuon Tdn giao m a chiing toi se de cap d p h ^ n sau. Dii6i day, chiing toi co g a n g he thong hoa lai n h i i n g d o n g gop ay cua ong.
1.1. De CO n g a n h tdn gido hgc Viet Nam, k h o n g t h e k h o n g c6 diidc sii n h a n thiic he thdng ton gido, tin ngUcTng dI ciia Viet Nam. , ., .. • y Ton giao Viet N a m p h o n g phii, lau ddi va tii t h e ki XVI trd lai day, co n h i i n g chuyen bien r a t s a u sac. Trii6c Dao D u y Anh, ngiidi t a chi n h a n m a n h Tam gido ddng nguyen ( K h o n g giao, P h a t giao va Dao giao c h u n g mot n g u o n go'c), k h o n g ai nghi den viec phdn loai cac t h a n h to trong he t h o n g ton giao, tin ngiidng ca.
Cuon Viet Nam vdn hda sii cUctng (1938), trong p h ^ n tin ngUcfng vd te tii (tiet II trong Thien thU ba), co the la lan dau tien CO sii p h a n loai va he thong hoa cac loai hinh ton giao, tin ngiidng d niidc ta.
Cu Dao CO n h a n xet r a t diing ve "tinh phiic t a p " ciia h e t h o n g ton giao, tin ngifdng niidc n h a : "Triidc k h i c6 Cd Dd'c giao du n h a p , ngiidi niidc ta dong thdi Sling bai ca Trdi, P h a t , cac T h a n linh d trong Vii t r u , cac quy th&n h a y linh hdn ngu'di chet. Muo'n chia r a cho de n g h i e n ciiu thi ta co t h e p h a n biet n h i i n g tin ngu'dng te tii t h u o c ve gia d i n h , thuoc ve hiidng thon, t h u o c ve quoc gia va t h u o c ve phiidng thuat"'"'.
L a y doi tiidng t h d p h u n g l a m tieu chi chii y e u de p h a n loai la d i e u ton giao hoc n a y v a n l a m .
Viec p h a n c h i a t o n giao, tin ngiidng t r u y e n t h o n g t h a n h 4 k h u viic nhii vay, CO t h e t o m t a t n h i i s a u :
- Te tii d gia tgc (theo cu Dao, "quan t r o n g h d n ca"): T r o n g dd, "siing bai to t i e n " vdi y n g h i a "lay sii d u y tri chiing toe l a m m u c dich va c6 y n g h i a xa hoi s a u xa la "dn s i n h t h a n h ciia to tien". Ngoai sii siing b a i to t i e n , ngiidi t a con thd Thd cdng va Tdo qudn la t h a n h e p mic.
- Te tii d huang thdn: gom 3 loai, thd T h a n h h o a n g ( q u a n t r d n g n h a t ) , thd Tho dia va thd P h a t . K h o n g b a n den "lich sii"
T h a n h h o a n g Viet N a m , n h i i n g tac gia co n h i i n g y k i e n s a u sac ve Dinh ldng va Thdn tich, Thdn sdc. O n g ciing r a t t i n h te k h i p h a n b i e t sii k h a c n h a u ve "khong gian t h i e n g " giiia Dinh va Chiia.
- Te tii qud'c gia: H i e u ro sii k h a c biet ve y n g h i a t h a n hoc ciia k h a i niem Thien Chiia (Dieu) ciia P h i i d n g T a y va Trdi ciia P h i i d n g Dong, t a c gia da xep cae loai te tii diia t r e n " t h i e n n h a n c a m iing" va vai tro ciia n h a v u a t r o n g cac h i n h thiic te tii dac b i e t n a y tii t e d a n N a m Giao, d a n Xa Tac, V a n Mieu.
- Te tu trong ddn gian: Vdi n h a n xet r a n g , D a o giao d niidc t a bao triim k h a p t h o n que n h i i n g k h o n g co t a n g ldp dao si m a chi co thay phdp va dao Phii thiiy, dong cot b a n dia. Tii do, s i n h r a cac loai te tii p h o n g phii, d a d a n g va ciing khong it "md me tin n h a m nhi". Tac gia ciing p h a n loai t h d cac To nghe va nhien than ( E s p r i t de la n a t u r e ) .
3. Dao Duy Anh. Viet Nam van hda sif cuang. Quan Hai Tung Thu xuai ban. Hue 1938, tr.203.
D 6 Quang Hung. Nhdn thiic ve ton gido.
T r o n g h e tho'ng cac ton giao. ngoai nhiing y k i e n due ke't ve Tam gido, Dao Duy A n h ciing q u a n t a m den sii du n h a p Cong giao va ca Tin L a n h vao niidc ta m a ong goi la " t h e m mot t h i i ton giao mdi theo nghi thiic La M a Giao hoi'"'".
Dao D u y A n h chiia noi den Cao Ddi trong he tho'ng nay, co t h e bdi vi dao Cao Dai d thdi diem 1937-1938 con xa la, con P h a t giao H o a H a o s a p x u a t h i e n .
"He tho'ng ton giao" ciia Dao Duy Anh n h a n h chong co a n h hiidng den gidi nghien ciiu. L u d n g Diic Thiep, thuoc nhom H a n T h u y e n , t r o n g cuon Xd hgi Viet Nam, x u a t b a n 1944, k h i viet ve Xd hgi sinh hoat, p h a n Hinh thiic tdn gido gkn nhii tiep t h u tron ven "mo h i n h " cua Dao Duy Anh.
Le di n h i e n , Liidng Diic T h i e p ciing c6 nhiing y kien r i e n g ciia m i n h . Ciing thiia n h a n vai tro go'c re ciia da t h a n giao va tin ngiidng quy t h a n , tac gia viet: "Khi them dao Lao, dao P h a t , dao Khdng du nhap, h i n h thiic Tdn giao ciia ngu'di Viet Nam lai c a n g phiic t a p va lan Ion, tiiu t r u n g v i n c6 mot dao go'c la siing bai to tien c u n g h a i dao p h u la dao Lao va dao Phat"'^' va "sd do" ciia tac gia la nhii sau:
- Siing hdi to tien: O n g coi "sung bai to tien la q u a n t r o n g n h a t t r o n g gia toe vi theo l u a n li va ton giao ciia t o a n quoc, cha me liic song la a n h u e Idn n h a t ciia minh".
- Te tii trong gia dinh: Tac gia t r i n h bay cd b a n t h e o mo h i n h ciia ngiidi di trudc. ... .W',,'1 ''.u ,,', -•
- Te tu trong hUdng thdn: Cai mdi cua tac gia la sii p h a n r a 3 loai doi tiidng thd p h u n g ciia T h a n h h d a n g t r o n g d6 nha'n m a n h vao Nhdn thdn (nhii T r a n Hiing Dao va cac vi a n h h u n g d a n toe).
- Te tii ciia qud'c gia: Liidng Duy Thiep chi t h e m n h i i n g chi tiet quy dinh ciia Trieu d i n h ve te N a m Giao.
- Te tii trong ddn gian: Tac gia ciing n h a n m a n h vai tro cua Dao giao, trong d6 dac biet liiu y vai tro cua dao M a u , dao Phil thiiy va dong cot.
Vao nhiing t h a p ki g i n day, co the noi, N g u y e n H u y Lai. n h a n g h i e n cdu Viet N a m c h u y e n viet b a n g tieng P h a p la ngiidi CO q u a n niem tiidng doi de chap n h a n ve he thd'ng tdn gido d Viet N a m . Khi dUdc mdi vie't ve ton giao Viet N a m t r o n g bo TU dien tdn gido Idn do Paul P o u p a r d chii bien. x u a t b a n d P h a p nam 1986, ong viet: "Ngiidi ta co the p h a n biet d Viet N a m : cac ton giao t r u y e n t h o n g c6 h g u o n goc b a n dia, cac ton giao n h a p noi (Khong giao, Dao giao, P h a t giao va Kito giao) va cac ton giao hon hdp (Syncretisme) ton tai d mien Nam Viet N a m la Cao Dai va P h a t giao Hoa Hao""".
T r o n g muc tii cdc tdn gido truyen thd'ng d Viet Nam, Nguyen Huy Lai p h a n loai t h a n h s a u n h o m : thd trdi, thd ciing gia dinh, thd to nghe, thd t h a n h hoang, thd Cling quo'c gia, thd ciing nhien t h a n .
Van de "he tho'ng ton giao" ma Dao Duy A n h gdi r a den n a y chac h a n van cen CO n h i i n g t r a n h luan, nhUng ro r a n g day la mot gdi y d a n g chii y.
1.2. T r d n g n g h i e n cdu ton giao, viec lam ro cae k h a i niem cd b a n nhii tinh tdn gido ( r e l i g i o r i t e ) h a y tdm thiic tdn gido
4. Dao Duy Anh. \ let Nam van hoa su cuang. Sdd.
tr.223.
5. Luong Dire Ttiiep. Xd hdi Viet Nam. Nxb Lien Hiep. Sai Gdn 1950, tr.306.
6. Xem: Dictionaire des religions. Pans 1984. p.
1768-1769. Cd th6 ddi chieii sach ciia tac gia nay qua cudn IJ.I tradition religieiise spirituellc et sociale au \'ielnam sa confrontation aver le Christicinisme.
Pans 1981.
Nghien curu Ton giao. Sol - 2008
(religieuse) la ciic ki quan trong vi n6 la chia khoa de hi§u dac tinh ddi so'ng ton giao ciia cac dan toe va cong dong ngiidi.
Co the noi ve mat nay, Dao Duy Anh cung CO nhiing dong gop rat quan trong.
Vao thdi diem viet Viet Nam vdn hda sii cUOng. chac la Dao Duy Anh chiia co dip doc cac tac pham ciia cac giao si Dong Phan Smh (Itaha) viet ve Tam giao nhii cuo'n Tam gido chU vgng (khoang cuoi the ki XVII, dau XVIII). Nhiing chSc r^ng, Dao Duy Anh da chia se cai nhin ciia Lmh muc M. Bouillevaux giiia the ki XIX: "Ngiidi Nam Ky tin tiidng d cac th^y Phii thiiy nhieu hdn la cac nha sii vi hd sd sieu hnh nhieu hdn la kinh sd Phat..."*''.
Sau nay. dac diem do thuoc tam thiic ton giao ciia ngiidi Viet diidc Linh muc L.
Cadiere khai quat bang nhan xet: "Ten giao thiic sii cua ngiidi Annam la thd Cling cac than linh. quy than (culte des Esprits)'"^".
De CO nhan dinh ay. ro rang la Dao Duy Anh c6 ddng gdp quan trong khi nam 1938, cu da viet: "Cac tin ngu'dng ay (ban dia-DQH) ve sau chiu anh hiidng ciia nhiing dieu tin ngiidng quy than cua Trung Quoc ma thanh nen ton giao niidc ta"'«'.
Dac biet, Dao Duy Anh cdn la ngu'di di dau trong viec cat nghia cac khai mem lien quan den ddi song tam hnh, tdn giao ciia ngUdi Viet. Do la mot viec lam het siic kho khan. Budc dau, vi hoc gia nay da diia ra sii cat nghia mot so' khai niem vo'n rat phiic tap nhU: hdn, vong hdn, phdch, via... ma nhieu khai niem den nay ciing khong de chuyen ngii sang tieng Phiidng Tay.
Nhan ro dac tinh da than d ngiidi Viet, Dao Duy Anh da riit ra mot so' nhan dinh quan trong khac. Vi tinh each dung hda
ve ton giao, ngiidi Viet da tao ra "md tin ngiidng va te tii Ion xon, trong ay khong the nao phan biet diidc phan nad thuoc ve loai nao", la mot vi du.
Ciing giong nhii nhan xet tren. trong cuo'n Xd hgi Viet Nam. Ludng Diic Thiep da cd mot ke't luan dang chii y: "Thai do liing chiing va thiet thiic lam ho dung hoa diidc cac ton giao va vi vay ho khong bao gid trd thanh nhiing tin do ciic doan nhii nhieu dan toe lac hau khac. Ve ton giao ngiidi Viet Nam van heai nghi: Xem bdi ra ma, quet nhd ra rdc; De Idm hdn ddt, cdt nen dng Biit (tuc ngii). Cho nen, sud't trong lieh sii Viet Nam. nhiing ngiidi khac dao song sat canh nhau, van yen dn la mot hien tiidng xa hoi rat thong thiidng: va chiia tving xay ra mot cuoc xung dot nao ve ton giao dan den dam mau do phan dan chiing tii y gay nen.. "(10)
1.3. Khi trinh bay ve cac ton giao, tin ngiidng cu the. Dad Duy Anh khong nhiing td ra bao quat, hieu kha sau sac giao li, giao luat, can go'c t\i tifdng cac hien tiidng tdn giao ay ma cdn chi ra rat tmh te', so'ng dong ddi so'ng thiic hanh ton giao.
Chi neu vai vi du. Vi thay ro vai trd va y nghia ciia "khdng gian thieng" trong triidng hdp cdi Dinh ("lang nao ciing cd mot cai nha chung viia la ndi thd than, viia la ndi hoi tu ciia dan") vdi ngdi Chiia.
nen tac gia ke't luan rat tmh te: "Vi Dinh la quan he mat thiet vdi lich sii va sinh"
7. M. Bouillevaux. Cudc hdnh trinh sang Ddng Duang. Bail tieng Phap. Paris 1858, tr.4.
8. L. Cadiere. Tin ngifdng vd thuc hdnh tdn gido ciia ngudiViet. Ban tieng Phap, tap 1. Paris 1992, tr. 6.
9. Dao Duy Anh. \ let Nam vdn hda sif cuang. Sdd.
tr.202.
10. Lirang Dire Thiep. Xfi hgi \ let Nam. Sdd. tr. 327- 328.
D 6 Quang Himg. Nhdn thifc ve ton gido. 7
h o a t ciia hiidng t h o n , n e n l a n g n a e ciing cd; cen chiia t h i b a t t a t mdi l a n g moi cd, vi sii thd P h a t k h o n g p h a i la viec cdng ciia lang. C h u a P h a t ed khi do d a n lang xay diing d cho p h o n g c a n h t h a n h u, each xa v u n g n h a d, roi giao cho mot t h a y chiia trdng giii: cd k h i thi do tii n h a n hoac mot ngifdi giau cd, mot dng q u a n , mot t h a y tu, lay t u each ca n h a n m a thiet lap, roi chieu mq t a n g ni den d...""".
Nghien ciiu P h a t giae, tac gia lUu y ca gidi tdng ni lan gidi cU si deu q u a n trong
trong cdng dong n h a P h a t . Hda ra, y kien nay cua Dao Duy A n h da tien lieu mot van de r a t thdi sii trong nghien edu cau true Giao hoi P h a t giao Viet N a m hien nay.
Dao Duy A n h chifa cd n h i e u cii lieu ve Nam Tdng va Phfit gido Khmer ( T h e r a v a d a ) d Viet N a m . NhUng bii lai, cu lai cd n h i i n g y kien r a t bao q u a t ve Bac Tdng (Dai Thiia) va Thien Tdng Viet Nam''''\ ' • '
Mot sii kien q u a n trong la viec Dao Duy A n h cho x u a t ban b a n dich cuo'n Khda hu luc (Nxb K H X H , H a Noi, 1974).
T a t n h i e n , trUdc Dao D u y Anh, d Mien Nam da cd h a i b a n dich: mot ciia Thieu Chiiu (Nxb H u n g Long, Sai Gdn, 1961) va mot b a n cua N g u y e n D a n g Thuc (Nxb Khudng Viet, Sai Gdn, 1972)"^^'. . ,,
C) day, c h u n g t a k h o a n chUa b a n den chat lUdng cua cac b a n dich nay so vdi ban dich cua Dao Duy Anh. NhUng du sao, b a n dich cua cu Dao da dUdc thii thach q u a thdi gian. T r o n g cuo'n hdi ki Nhd nghi chieu hdm (Nxb Tre, 1989), Dao Duy Anh khi b a n ve "Nghien ciiu Khong giao, Lao giao va P h a t giao" (chUdng XII), cd ndi rd ve sii c h u y e n bien t h a i do cua minh ddi vdi P h a t giao q u a viec d a n h nhieu t a m siic cho b a n dich Khda hU luc.
Chiing t a biet r a n g , ngay nhiing n a m 1932-1935, k h i p h o n g t r a o chan hUng P h a t giao len cao, ciing nhU nhieu t r i thiic Tay hoc cd ten tudi dUdng thdi. Dad Duy A n h ciing bdc Id q u a n diem "duy v a t t h a i qua" cua m i n h t r o n g cai n h i n ddi vdi dao P h a t , dac biet la viec x u a t hien hai cudn sach Vi sao tdi cdm dn dao Phdt ciia sU Thien Chie'u (1936) va cudn Phe binh Phdt gido cua Nguyen An N m h (1937).
Dao Duy A n h cd n h a n xet, Nguyen An N m h luc dd "diing ve lap trUdng duy vat bien chiing m a phe b i n h P h a t giao. Di xa hdn tac gia sach Vi sao tdi cdm dn dao Phdt, N g u y e n An N i n h da phe binh moi li t h u y e t cd b a n cua P h a t giao vdi con m a t ciia ngUdi da t h d a n h a n nhiing luan diem cd ban cua chu n g h i a Mac"""". Dao Duy Anh cung t h a n g t h a n cho rang, luc dd dng ciing chiu a n h h u d n g cua thdi quen d a n h gia cd n h i i n g d i n h kien vdi P h a t giao, coi dao P h a t la mot tdn giao yem the, chdi bd n h a n sinh hoac dao P h a t la mot thii tdn giao chUa diing thU triet li duy tam, nhieu me tin gid'ng nhU nhiing tdn giao khac, the hien ngay t r o n g cudn sach ndi tieng Viet Nam vdn hda sii cUOng.
Vdi viec dich va cho m cudn Khda hU liLC, tac p h a m tieu bieu cua Thien tdng thdi T r a n , lai cua chinh vua T r a n T h a i Tdng, ngUdi diing len n h a T r a n hien hach d nUdc ta t h e ki XIII, t r o n g tUa de t a p sach dich. Dao Duy Anh viet: "Tran T h a i Tdn la v u a s a n g n g h i e p n h a T r a n , lai la
11. Dao Duy .Anh. \'iei Nam van hda sir cifoiig. Sdd.
tr.209-210. '
12. Xem: Phot hoc. Thien thu tu. trong: Dao Duy Anh. \'iet Nam vdn hda sif cucrng. Sdd. tr.228-244.
13. Xem: Dao Nguyen. Ddo Duy Anh vd sdch
"Khda hu luc ". Nguyet san Giac ngd, sd 6/2004.
14. Xem: Dao Duy Anh. Nhd nghi chieu hdm. Nxb Tre. 1989. tr.l90. Cd the tham khao them bai viei ciia chiing tdi v6 Nguyen An Ninh vd ton gido. l"ap c h f T r i e i h o c s d 11/2003.
8 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008
tac gia sach Khda hU luc, la tac pham tieu bieu cua Thien tdn d ddi Tran, va Tran Nhan Tdn la vi vua anh hung cua nha Tran, ma lai la Td thii nhat ciia phai Triic Lam trong Thien tdn Viet Nam, cd hai ngUdi deu ke't hgp mot cdch td't dep hoat ddng tu hdnh vd hoat ddng kinh bang tetht^'-'".
NhUng y kien ciia cu Dao ve Khong gido Viet Nam, Lao hgc... ciing lap lanh rat nhieu tri tue va sU gdi y.
1.4. NhUng y kien ve Kitd giao (Dao Duy Anh goi la Cd Dd'c giao, hdp vdi' dUdng thdi) d Viet Nam. Mac dii chi danh tren 3 trang ndi ve sU truyen ba dao PhUdng Tay nay vao Viet Nam td the ki XVI, nhUng Dao Duy Anh ciing cd dUdc mot sd y kien rat dang quy.
Thii nhat, vao nhiing nam 1960 cd y kien ciia ThUdng tda Thich Nhat Hanh, nhan dan lai nhan xet ciia cu Dao rang, anh hudng cua Cd Dd'c giad d Viet Nam
"ciing khdng manh lam" vi nhan dan ta phan Idn cho rang dao Cd Dd'c khdng thiia nhan cung bai td tien la trai vdi luan li va van hda cd' hiiu cua ta, cho nen dem long ki thi va trong so' nhiing ngUdi theo Cd Ddc giao thdi ay, "mot phan rat Idn la vi ldi ma theo chU khdng phai la tin ngUdng sau xa"*^*^'. Vi thien sU nay hudng mot nhan dinh, trach rang: "Dao quan da thay dUdc nhUng nguyen nhan thudc pham vi van hda tin ngUdng, nhUng dng da khdng de cap den nhiing nguyen nhan thuoc ve pham vi chinh tri"""'.
Chung tdi nghi rang, ldi trach cd ciia Thich Nhat Hanh cd phan khe khat. Mot cay but sii hoc lao luyen nhU cu Dao, chdc khdng the "quen" yeu to' nay. Ndi each khac, Dao Duy Anh chdc biet rat ro, trong lich sii truyen giao, yeu to'chinh tri ngay cang quan trong, cang dam net. Va lai, vdi mdt cuo'n
sach thudc the loai Lich sii vdn hoa, eu Dao ed the khdng can phai di sau vao khia canh chinh tri ciia sU truyen giao ay.
ThU hai, bii lai, Dao Duy Anh khi phan tich ve sii chuyen bien manh me ciia van hda Viet Nam trong viec tiep xiie, dung do vdi van minh PhUdng Tay da cd nhung y kien rat dang chii y cd lien quan den viec truyen giao. cu the la van de chU Qud'c ngii.
Ve mat lich sU, vdi kha nang tU lieu d thap ki 30 the ki XX, Dao Duy Anh di nhien chi cd the khang dinh: A. de Rhodes la thuy td chii Qud'c ngii, nhan manh dung dan qua trinh che tac chii Qudc ngii non 200 nam (tii A. de Rhodes, qua P. de Behame den L. Tabert). Cu Dao ciing khdng quen nhan manh (thiic chinh xac va tinh te) vai trd ciia nhiing nhan vat Cdng giao nhU TrUdng Vinh Ky, Huynh Tinh Cua, Nguyen TrUdng To cho den hoc gia ngoai Cdng giao nhu Phan Ke Binh, Nguyen Ba Hoc, Tan Da, Pham Duy Ton, dac biet Nguyen Van Vinh va Pham Quynh trong viec hoan thien va
"thd'ng nhat Viet ngii". Danh gia dUdi day cua Dao Duy Anh ve nhan vat Dac Lo van cd y nghia thdi sii: "Ong nay la ngUdi sang tad ra chii Qud'c ngii nen ddi vdi cuoc Au hda nUdc ta cd cdng rat Idn: ma ddi vdi sU nghiep ciia de qud'c chii nghia d nUdc ta, vi nhiing sach dng ay viet ve ngdn ngii, dia li va lieh sU Viet Nam, dng ay ciing la ngUdi dai cdng than""*'.
15. Xem: Nhd nghi chieu hdm. Sdd. tr. 193-194.
Chung ta cung liru y rang, day la mot quan di^m diing ddn mdi me ngay d dau nhirng nam 1970 vi trirdc do gidi hpc thuat 6 Mien Bac ndi chung cd nhirng quan die'm "cimg rdn" kieu duy vat co gidi vdi tdn giao. ke ca vdi dao Phat.
16. Dao Duy Anh. \'iet Nam vein hda sif cuaiig. Sdd.
tr.224.
17. Thi'ch Nhai Hanh. Hoa sen trong bieu Ufa. Hoi Phat tir hai ngoai xuat ban. Paris 1966. tr.61.
18. Dao Duy Anh. Viet Nam vdn hda su cuang. Sdd. tr.320.
D 6 Quang Hung. Nhdn thifc ve ton gido...
N g h i a la, Dao Duy A n h cd cai n h i n k h a t o a n dien, cap n h a t t r o n g viec d a n h gia mot v a n de n h a y cam: nhUng ddng gdp cua v a n h d a Cdng giao vdi t i e n trien ciia v a n hda d a n toe, t h d n g q u a mdt sd n h a n d i n h cd b a n m a n g a y nay c h u n g ta van cd t h e tiep t h u dUdc. v ;. cj ; .-i u';
2. TAC P H A M TON GIAO, MOT D O N G G O P D A C B I E T CHO S U RA D O l N G A N H T O N GIAO HOC 6 N U O i C T A ' '• '•-''-
NhUng ddng gdp ciia Dao Duy A n h ve viec n g h i e n ciiu dich t h u a t , gidi t h i e u mot sd tdn giao chinh d nUdc ta c u n g nhU mot sd h i n h thUc tin ngUdng d a n gian rd r a n g la k h a dac b i e t " " .
Tuy vay, t h e o c h u n g tdi, tac p h a m Tdn gido x u a t hien n a m 1929, cudn sach duy
n h a t cua Dao D u y A n h b a n triic tiep ve nhUng van de li l u a n lien q u a n den tdn giao hoc mdi cd y n g h i a dac biet trong sU ddng gdp cua dng. • , • , ( ; ; . - •
Ndi d u n g cudn Tdn gido gom hai p h a n : Phdn thU nhat, Dao Duy Anh t r i n h bay mot sd' suy tU ve nhUng nguyen n h a n ra ddi ciia tdn giao (ma dng goi la "uyen nguyen tdn giao"); tdn giao va vai trd cua nd t r o n g lich sii, dac biet la van de tdn giao vdi dao diic. • • r Phdn tha hai, Dao Duy A n h lUa chon hai bai tieu bieu de dich va xem nhU p h a n " P h u luc" cua t a p sach nhd nay, mot la bai ciia B. R u s s e l Vd'n de tdn gido; mot la bai ciia T h a i N g u y e n Bdi Dem mi diic thay cho tdn gido. Ngoai ra, dng cdn d a n h p h a n Tii khao (mot s d t h u a t ngU chon loc lien q u a n den ten giad hdc). ; • - - - -
2.1. N h i i n g q u a n diem, n h a n thiic cua Dad D u y A n h ve tdn giao.
2.1.1. TrUdc het, t a c gia de cap den t h a i do cua n h a n loai vdi va'n de tdn giao.
Theo dng, thiic tai tdn giao d a n g la "mot v a n de r a t t r o n g dai" t r e n t h e gidi luc dd va t r o n g n h a n thUc thiic te loai ngUdi da bi p h a n chia t h a n h hai xu hudng: •• >
' - N h i i n g ngUdi theo "thuyet t a n t h a n h tdn giao": Xu h u d n g nay, theo tac gia, lai cd h a i cap do k h a c n h a u . Nhdm thii nha't "la phai n h a n tdn giao tUc la dao diic"*^°*. N h d m thii h a i "la p h a i n h a n tdn giao cd t h e duy tri dao diic".
Su " p h a n loai" n a y cua Dao Duy Anh d a n g chu y d chd, t r o n g bdi canh dau t h e ki XX, khi m a k h u y n h hUdng duy vat, duy khoa hoc d a n g t h d n g the, ngUdi ta ra't it ndi den "dao ddc tdn giao". SU
"phan loai" nay cua Dao Duy A n h n h e n h a n g , k h a c h q u a n nhUng ciing la sii
"nhac nhd" ve sii t h i e u sdt trong n h a n
thiic a'y. ' ' - N h u n g ngudi theo " t h u y e t p h a n dd'i tdn giao": Theo Dao Duy A n h dd la nhUng ngUdi coi t r o n g tri thUc khoa hoc, de cao nhUng p h a t m m h khoa hoc ve v a t li, thien v a n hoc, s m h vat hoc... Nhiing ngUdi nay da ddn p h u n h a n "moi gia tri t h d n h n h " vd'n la mot t r o n g nhUng xua't p h a t diem nay sinh y thUc tdn giao. Hdn t h e nUa, c u n g vdi sii p h a t trien cua nhieu mdn khoa hoc khac, sii phe p h a n tdn giao ngay cang m a n h me toan dien hdn. Tac gia viet: "Sau tU-nhien khoa hoc thi lich- s d - h o c , t d k h i p h a t d a t g d n d a y , cCing
19. Gan day, gidi nghien ciru chii y den ddng gdp ciia Dao Duy Anh trong viec suu tam, gidi thieu hinh thirc gidng biit trong tin ngudng va van hpc dan gian.
Tham kliao: NguySn Thi Thanh Xuan (phien am va chii thich). Kmh dao Nam. (Dao Duy Anh sUu tiim va khao chii-c). Nxb Lao Ddng, 2007; va bai gidi thieu cudn sach nay ciia Dang The Dai, Tap chf Nghien cii-u Tdn giao, sd 8/2007,
20, Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd, tr. 1.,
0 Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd 7 - 2008
p h a n ddi tdn giao Idm. Lich-sii-hqc p h a n ddi tdn giao lai m a n h h d n tU-nhien k h e a hoc nUa, vi r d n g tdn giao la cdt giai q u y e t van de sinh b o a t cua loai ngUdi. m a lich sii thi bieu thi cai k m h n g h i e m ve s i n h hoat. cho nen sU p h a n ddi cua lich sii lai cang nguy h i e m hdn. N h u n g tdn giao cao dang deu xem n h a n v a t s a n g giao n h u Cd-dd'c (Christ), P h a t - d a ( B o u d d h a ) , Ma- hd-me (Mahomet) la eiic t r o n g , cho r d n g cai n h a n each va k i n h n g h i e m ciia ho la cai bieu hien cua c h a n li t u y e t dd'i...
Hudng chi t h e gidi la tien bo k h d n g ngiing, mud'n cho t h e gidi n g a y n a y tien bq thi ta p h a i tdn t r o n g cai tii do ca t i n h , khdng t h e lay cai k m h n g h i e m dac t h u n h a t thdi ay m a l a m quy p h a m cho vd sd ngUdi, k h i e n ai na'y deu hi xua Ida vao mot con dudng m a k h d n g t h e tU do p h a t trien dUdc"'"".
Dao Duy A n h k h d n g ndi rd m i n h u n g ho phai nao. NhUng rd r a n g q u a sii t r i n h bay lap l u a n cua h a i xu hUdng ay da cd the tha'y la dng u n g ho p h a i " p h a n dd'i tdn giao", ma doan k e t cua p h a n n a y dng da viet mot each kin dao: "Tdm lai, n h a tU- nhien k h o a hoc va n h a lich-sii-hqc cho r a n g cai kien giai cua tdn giao la md hd lam lac. t r o n g thdi dai hoc t h u a t xudng- minh, khoa hoc p h a t t r i e n . vd l u a n dd'i vdi van de gi, deu p h a i giU t h a i do p h e b i n h nghien cUu. de cau cai giai d a p cho thiet thiic. chu k h d n g t h e giai quyet b d n g tdn giao dUdc"'""'.
2.1.2. Trinh bay ve n h u n g "uyen nguyen cua tdn giao". Dao Duy A n h cd cai nhin bao quat. dac biet dng thuoc so' nhiing hoc gia Viet N a m dau tien bdc Id cam t i n h vdi n h u n g q u a n diem macxit ve tdn giao cdn ra't mdi me d Viet N a m luc dd.
TrUdc day, khi n g h i e n cUu n h u n g ddng gdp ve m a t n a y cua N g u y e n An N i n h ,
chiing tdi d a cd n h a n xet: N h a each m a n g cd vi t h e "linh h o n " ciia p h o n g t r a o yeu nUdc d a u t h e ki XX d Mien N a m , n h a bao.
n h a b o a t d o n g c h i n h tri xa hdi ndi tieng n a y da "kin dao" gidi t h i e u q u a n diem cua Mac ve tdn giao khi dng dich n h i i n g doan q u a n t r o n g t r o n g cudn s a c h ndi tieng Gdp phdn phe phdn triet hgc phdp quyen cua Heghen.
T h a t thii vi. trUdng h d p ciia Dao Duy A n h ciing nhU vay. S a u k h i n e u m e t vai q u a n diem c u a n h i i n g hec gia nhU kieu Lucrece vdi l u a n diem: "Tdn giao sinh ra bdi long sd h a i " (La religion est nee de la p e u r ) , Dao D u y A n h da d a n h mdt doan dai de ca ngdi q u a n diem c h i n h lodi ngUdi dd sinh ra tdn gido ciia Cac Mac (theo ldi Viet cua tac gia). O n g viet: "Ong Cac Mac ndi r a n g : "NgUdi t a lam ra tdn giao chd k h d n g p h a i tdn giao lam r a ngudi ta.
Thiic r a t h i tdn giao la cai y thUc t h a n m a t , va cai c a m t i n h b a n t h a n cua ngUdi t a . k h i ngUdi t a chUa den dUdc cai n h a n each h o a n toan""""".
N g a y n a y . n h i i n g cau v a n q u a n trong n a y cua M a c d a dUdc dich "hien dai" hdn, n h u n g cai h o n ciia l u a n diem thi van nhU vay. >'y]i
Dao D u y A n h c u n g td r a r a t thich t h u vdi phUdng p h a p phdn dnh ludn mdcxit.
gdn lien vdi l u a n diem ndi t i e n g k h a c cua Mac: "Tdn giao c h d n g q u a la sii p h a n a n h h u ao...". Tac gia viet vdi mot giong van khiic chiet, b a m r a t c h a t n h u n g "menh de gd'c" cua Mac: "Cai "the gidi tdn giao"
c h d n g q u a la cai p h a n a n h cua "the gidi t h u c t a i " vay" (Le m o n d e r e h g i e u x n'est que le reflet du m o n d e reel)'"^'.
21. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. tr.67.
22. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. tr.67.
23. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. tr.8.
24. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. Ir. 1 1.
D6 Quang Himg. NImn thifc ve ton giao...
T r e n ed sd q u a n diem duy v a t lich sii va p h a n a n h l u a n macxit ve hien tUdng tdn giao, Dao Duy A n h ciing la mot trong nhiing ngUdi d a u tien da p h a n tich sii ra ddi cua tdn giao trong lich sii va ddi sd'ng xa hoi luc dd. Tac gia n h a n m a n h "hoan canh xa hoi" eiia tdn giao (tinh lich sii cu the theo l u a n diem cua Mac "Nha nUdc a'y, thdi dai a'y, d a n tdc a'y sinh r a tdn giao a'y"). Dao Duy Anh r a t luu y den trUdng hdp nhflng dan toe lac h a u , nhflng nhdm xa hdi "vdn dfldng n a m s a u trong hoan canh tfl nhien"
la nhflng k h u vflc de nay sinh tdn giao, t h a m chi sfl me tin tdn giao...
2.1.3. Vai trd c u a tdn giao t r o n g lich sii la mot v a n de q u a n t r o n g k h a c trong tac p h a m Tdn gido cua Ve T h a c h . TrUdc het, tiep t h u y k i e n cua A n g g h e n ve sfl tien t r i e n cua cac h i n h thflc tdn giao trong lich sii, Dao D u y A n h da p h a n biet sfl chuyen bien tfl tdn gido da thdn (tfldng flng giai doan che do m a u quyen) chuyen s a n g quan niem ddc thdn (khi loai ngfldi c h u y e n s a n g che do p h u quyen, tu trUdng, q u a n chu c h u y e n che).
Hdn t h e nfla, Dao Duy Anh ra't q u a n t a m den sfl tien t r i e n cua ddi sd'ng tdn giao thdi can dai t r o n g cac xa hoi Au-My k h i ma cac k h u y n h hfldng tfl tfldng ve tfl do ca n h a n , chu n g h i a duy li... p h a t trie'n trong cac cuoc each m a n g tfl s a n . Ve sfl xua't h i e n dao T m L a n h d Phfldng Tay luc dd (Dad D u y A n h dich chfl
" P r d t e s t a n t i s m e " la "Tan giao", "tdn giao each mang"), dfldc dng coi "la cai bfldc d a u t r e n con dfldng giai p h d n g ciia tfl tfldng t r o n g tdn giao", k h d c p h u c dfldc mot sd h a n che cua Cdng giao La Ma ma dng goi la "CUu giao".
Dao Duy A n h cdn t r i n h bay r a t rd vai trd ciia cac n h a k h a i s a n g P h a p va Tay Au t r o n g tie'n t r i n h ciia "phe binh tdn
giao". O n g viet: "Nhflng n h a triet hoc duy v a t l u a n hoi ay nhfl Diderot, Holbach.
nhflng n h a t r i e t hoc chinh tri nhfl Voltaire, M o n t e s q u i e u , deu la nhflng n h a phe b i n h tdn giao ra't kich het, cung la nhflng n h a tien k h u cho cuoc Dai Cach m a n g P h a p . Cudc tdn giao each m a n g , va cuoc Dai Cach m a n g P h a p la hai cai giai doan d a u t r o n g sfl giai p h d n g t i n h t h d n cua loai ngfldi""^^'.
Dac biet, Dao Duy Anh td rd sfl khach q u a n tinh tao khi n h a n xet rdng: The gidi loai ngfldi ke tfl the ki khai sdng da cd nhflng bfldc tien dai ve kinh te, xa hdi, n h a n thflc luan, va ngay cang cd n h a n thflc dung ddn hdn ban chat van de tdn giao.
Nhflng dng khdng cd cai lac quan qua mflc, cang khdng cd sfl ndn ndng mud'n "khdc phuc tdn giao" nhfl khdng it cac nha tU tudng, chinh tri xa hoi dUdng thdi. T h a t doc dao khi chinh dng canh bao rang, tuy chUa m a n h Idm, nhUng tren the gidi: "cudi the ki XIX trd lai day, ta lai thay cam tinh tdn giao phuc hung, ma nhieu nhd tU tudng n h u Victor Cousin, Auguste Comte, Spencer, K a n t lai toan chu trUdng khdi phuc the lflc ciia tdn giao de giao cho tdn giao cai trach nhiem chi phdi xa hdi'"''''.
Ngay nay, khi da bfldc vao the ki XXL chung ta cang tha'y sfl "canh bao" cua Dao Duy Anh la het sflc thflc tien khi da quen vdi n h a n dinh "the ki XXI la the ki cua tam linh hoac se chang la gi ca" (A. Malreaux).
Nhflng Dao Duy A n h trong logic cua m i n h cung k h d n g lan trd'n mot cau hdi q u a n trong khac: "NgUdi ta khi nao mdi t h o a t li h d n dfldc cai me tin tdn giao?". Rat de hieu la, cung nhfl n h i e u tri thflc cd cam t i n h vdi c h u n g h i a M a c , D a o D u y A n h 25. Ve Thach. Ton gido. Sdd, tr. 12.
26. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. tr.l2.
12 Nghien cun Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008
cung chi cd the nhdc lai cai logic "li tfldng"
ciia Mac khi con ngfldi muo'n khdc phuc tdn giao: "Ngfldi ta ma dfldc giai phdng ve kinh te. khdng phai canh tranh ma mflu ca nhan smh ton, the thi cd the thoat khdi cai tinh trang smh hoat day du ciia "loai ngfldi", nhan loai se dfldc hoan toan tfl do, ddi vdi tfl nhien nhan loai se hoan toan chien thdng, vay thi cai quan niem tdn giao cung se theo dd ma tieu diet"'"''.
2.1.4. Tdn giao cd nhieu mdi quan he cd ban vdi ddi sd'ng chinh tri xa hgi va van hda. Nhflng trong tac pham nay, Dao Duy Anh chi liia chon pham trfl "tdn giao vdi dao dflc". Vi sao vay? Theo thien y cua chung tdi, cd le tac gia cuo'n sach tdn giao biet rat rd rdng, "tdn giao vdi dao dflc"
trong ddi sd'ng thflc tien d nfldc ta luc dd van la cau chuyen dfldc ban dinh nhieu nhat. Va lai, pham tru dae dflc la mot diem nhan cua mdi quan he "tdn giao va van hda" cung rat phd bien trong nhan thflc xa hgi va thflc hanh tdn giao.
Trfldc het, tac gia trd lai phe phan phai "tan thanh tdn giao thfldng cho rang tdn giao tflc la dao dflc hoac tdn giao cd the duy tri dfldc dao dflc". Ddng thdi, dng cung dfla ra quan niem rieng cua minh:
"Tdn giao la dflng ve cai quan he cua ngfldi ta ddi vdi quy than, dao dflc la dflng ve cai quan he cua loai ngfldi ddi vdi nhau trong xa hoi". Rd rang, Dao Duy Anh, mot mat van theo ldi hieu Phfldng Tay quen thudc ve dinh nghia tdn giad
"religion", mot khai niem Phfldng Tay da bat ddu quen d Viet Nam luc dd; mat khac va quan trong hdn Dao Duy Anh mud'n phan tach "dao dflc tdn giao" ndi rieng vdi dao dflc xa hgi ndi chung.
Dieu quan trgng la d chd, d thdi diem dd, cung nhu nhieu t n thflc hi chi phdi bdi "chu nghia duy vat cd gidi", Dao Duy
Anh cho rdng, tdn giao va dao dflc la nhflng gia tri thflc tai chd'ng ddi nhau, khdng the dung hda.
Tac gia dfla ra mot vi du, "Phat giao thi giang cai dao dflc ca'm due va bd' thf,
"Khdng giao thi giang dao dflc nam tdn nfl ti, cung dao dflc tam cfldng ngu thfldng", hay "Giad Cd dd'c thi giang dao dflc doe thdn, dao dflc kho hanh cflng dao dflc phuc tflng tieu cflc"... de di den ket luan rang nhflng thfl dao dflc tdn giao ay khdng cd ed sd xa hdi vflng vang.
Ngay nay chung ta da vfldt qua nhflng nhan dinh ed phan phien dien nhfl the.
NhUng chung ta cung khdng quen rang trong thdi ki Chien tranh lanh, the ki XX nhu la "the ki ciia nhflng thai cflc", ve mat khach quan chfla that thuan ldi de con ngfldi ed the binh tinh nhin nhan nhflng gia tri tich cUc ciia dao dflc tdn giao.
Mot khia canh gay nhieu tranh cai dUdng thdi la va'n de khoa hgc vd tdn gido, it nhat cung trong mdi lien he vdi van de tdn giao va dao dflc.
Dao Duy Anh cung cd cai nhin "tien bo va kha pho bien" trong gidi tri thflc luc dd la "khoa hgc tfl nhien phat trien chflng nao thi quan niem tdn giao giam sdc di chflng a'y" (dng da vien dan tfl Kopernic. Galilee, Newton, Darwin de chflng minh them dieu ay) va mot luan de cd tinh he luan la "nhd khoa hge ma con ngfldi cd the tfl chii, thdng tri dflde thien nhien", theo dd "eai quan niem tdn giao khi a'y khdng phai danh ma cung phai tieu diet"'^*^',
Cd le chung ta khdng phai binh luan them gi d chd nay.
2.1.5. Tac gia cung da danh 2 trang cho nhflng Ket ludn cua minh.
27. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. tr. 14'.
28. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. lr.21.
D6 Quang Himg. Nhdn thifc ve ton gido..'. 13
- Ke't l u a n d a u t i e n ciia Ve T h a c h : tdn giao la mot p h a m trfl lieh sii, con ngfldi
"che tao" r a tdn giao trfldc h e t de cd mot
"hfldng vi t i n h t h d n " n h u mdt loai v a n hda rieng, gid'ng n h u cae phUdng dien xa hdi k h a c , n h u k h o a hgc, n g h e t h u a t . . .
Ket l u a n n a y ciia Dao Duy Anh ndi c h u n g la cd gia t r i bdi vi dng t r e n thflc te da eoi tdn giao la mdt he gia tri t m h thdn, n h a n thflc va mdt thflc tai xa hdi, dieu m a d t h a p ki 20-30 t h e ki XX chfla p h a i da de d a n g dfldc thfla n h a n .
- Ket l u a n tiep t h e e , cd t h e ndi" la mot van de ddc dao m a tac gia neu r a la
"khdng p h a i la tdn giao chinh d a n g h a y k h d n g c h i n h d a n g , cai v a n de ta n e n xet bay gid la tdn giao cd cdn thich hdp vdi cai t r i n h dd tien hda cua n h a n loai ngay nay h a y khdng?" - ••' r,•_'/
Logic cua tac gia la: xa hgi dfldng thdi cen ngfldi v a n chfla dfldc hoan toan giai phdng. NhUng cai q u a n niem "tdn giao"
t r u y e n thd'ng "ddi vdi xa hgi ngay nay n h u cai ao cua t h d n g be m a n g khi cdn nhd, den k h i nd da Idn thi mac k h d n g vfla". Hdn the nu'a, mac dfl tdn giao cd chflc n a n g "an ui nha't thdi", can thiet vdi n h a n leai nhflng da den luc con ngfldi cdn den k h o a hgc de p h a t trien, de giai phdng loai ngfldi "thi tdn giad k h d n g cdn cd the ki t h a c vao ndi n a d nfla vay"'"^^'. •
Ngay ca ke't luan thfl hai nay cung nhfl ddng chfl cudl cung cua tac phdm den nay cd nhieu khia canh da bi vfldt bd khi chung ta tha'y rd r i n g "tdn giao vdn la mdt nhu cau eua mot bg p h a n n h a n dan va cdn ton tai lau dai" (Nghi quyet sd 24/NQ-TW, t h a n g 10/1990 ciia Bd Chinh tri Ban Chap h a n h Trung fldng D a n g Cdng san Viet Nam),
Van de la d chd, c h u n g ta coi trgng nhflng s u y n g h i n h i e u m a t va k h d n g it
nhflng "la'p l a n h s a n g tao" ciia tac gia, t h a m chi t r o n g tac p h a m n a y da cd nhflng y kien cd t i n h dfl bao cho v a n de tdn giao hdm nay.
Va day nfla. c u n g t h e m mot li do de c h u n g t a k h d n g d i n h tac p h d m Tdn gido cua Dao Duy A n h la mot trong nhflng vien gach hiem hoi d a u tien tao diing n g a n h tdn giao hgc cua nfldc ta.
2.2. C h u n g t a da cd t h e k h e p lai cudn sach. Tuy vay, de h i e u rd t h e m tac p h a m nay, chflng tdi c u n g mud'n gidi t h i e u t h e m p h a n " P h u luc" cua tac p h a m , • • •
2.2.1. Ve bai Vdn de tdn gido cua B. Russel.
Mac du k h d n g n e u gd'c bai viet, nhflng nhflng ngfldi n g h i e n cflu tdn giao deu biet b a n gd'c cfla bai viet q u a n trgng nay cua B. Russel. P h a i c h d n g " t h a m y" cua Ve T h a c h la mud'n mfldn ldi cua mdt hgc gia uy tin n h u B. Russel de li giai t h e m mot so' van de li l u a n ve tdn giao. Vdi gan 20 t r a n g dich, bai viet n a y cua Russel da de cap den n h i e u va'n de ra't "thdi sfl" luc dd lien q u a n den tdn giae d nfldc ta.
- Thfl nha't, bai viet cua B. Russel da de cap den "va'n de d i n h nghia tdn giao", mot v a n de ra't mdi me d Viet N a m lflc dd.
Ddng thdi, tac gia lai gan van de dinh nghia tdn giao vdi mot so' k h a i niem hien dai ve xa hgi hgc tdn giao luc dd nhfl:
p h a n biet hai loai tdn giao, tdn gido the che (religion institutionelle) va tdn gido cd the (religion individuelle).
- Thfl h a i , n h i e u k h a i niem q u a n trgng k h a c ve xa hgi hgc tdn giao cua bai viet nhfl k h a i m e m "tdn giao t h e gidi" (Kitd giao. P h a t giao, I s l a m giao), ben canh cac tdn giao k h u vflc, tdn giao d a n tgc (Dao D u y A n h d i c h la "tdn g i a o c h u n g tgc");
29. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd, lr.22.
14 Nghien curu Ton giao. Sdi - 2008
dac biet la sfl p h a n biet gifla tdn giao Phfldng Tay va tdn giao Phfldng D d n g . . . la nhflng v a n de c u n g ra't mdi me ddi vdi khoa hgc xa hdi d nfldc ta luc dd.
Nhflng y k i e n cua B. R u s s e l ve tdn giao phUdng Tay, dac biet la Do T h a i giao. Kitd giao va I s l a m giao cd y n g h i a rat cd ban ddi vdi ngfldi Phfldng Ddng k h i lam quen vdi he thd'ng tdn giad dgc t h a n Phfldng Tay. dac biet q u a nhflng dac diem, nhflng mdi h e n h e m a t t h i e t ve t h a n hgc gifla cac tdn giao dd,
Ben c a n h dd, nhflng c a m t i n h ciia B.
Russel ddi vdi tdn giao Phfldng Ddng
"each xa c h a u Au. k h d n g p h a i chiu cai anh hfldng tdn giao c h i e n t r a n h cua c h a u Au". nhfl sfl gdi y v a kich thich gidi nghien cflu tdn giao luc dd. neu k h d n g mudn ndi nd cdn kich thich sfl tfl h a o ve truyen thd'ng v a n hda tdn giao cua t h e gidi Phfldng Ddng.
- Thfl ba. B. R u s s e l t r o n g bai viet n a y cung dac biet c h u y den v a n de tdn gido vd dao due va tdn gido vdi khoa hgc, cflng la nhflng van de m a Ve T h a c h lflu t a m trong tac p h a m cua m i n h .
Le di nhien, each t r i n h bay nhflng va'n de nay cua B. Russel r a t cd b a n . Dac biet.
B. Russel cdn cd sfl v a n d u n g nhflng pham t r u xa hgi hgc tdn giao (hai loai tdn giao ndi tren) khi p h a n tich mdi q u a n he nay. C h a n g h a n R u s s e l k h d n g chi tha'y sfl
"xung dot" khoa hgc va tdn giao m a cdn tha'y sfl "giao hda" gifla h a i h i n h t h a i y thflc t r a i ngflgc n a y ("khoa hgc vdi tdn giao cd t h e tiep can vdi n h a u " ) , sfl p h a n biet sau sdc gifla dflc tin, tin ngfldng cua tdn giao vdi "thai do tin ngUdng cua k h o a hoc"'"".
La n h a t r i e t hgc ndi tieng, t r o n g bai viet nay, B. R u s s e l q u a thflc da cd nhflng
n h a n d i n h , dfl b a o vflgt thdi dai khi dng viet t r o n g ke't l u a n : "Theo tdn giao Cd dd'c t h i t i n h yeu a'y chi d t r o n g tdn giao Cd dd'c m a thdi; nhflng cai ldng yeu ngfldi dong loai, thflc la eai dflc td't ciia ngfldi ta ai c u n g s a n cd, chfl k h d n g p h a i r i e n g gi cua ngfldi t h e o Cd Dd'c, nhfl P h a t giao cung la c h u sfl yeu ngfldi, vi t h e chi nen bao rdng cai h a n h vi eua nhflng ke yeu dong loai la cao thfldng, chfl h a t a t xem dd la cai dac sac cua tdn giao m a bao r a n g giao do cua tdn giao ng, h a y giao dd cua tdn giao k i a . . . " " " .
2.2.2. Bai Dem mi diic thay cho tdn gido ciia T h a i N g u y e n Boi dfldc Ve Thach
chgn dich cd le bdi day la tieu bieu cho nhflng s u y tfl c u a ngfldi Phfldng Ddng ve dao dflc va mi hgc t r o n g tdn giao.
T h a i N g u y e n Boi cd y thflc ngay rdng, b a n ve tdn giao vdi cac xa hgi Au-My da la c h u y e n "xfla cu". T h a m chi, khoa hgc tdn giao eua hg cflng da p h a t t n e n r a t m a n h , k h a l a u ddi t r o n g viec tao dflng nhflng c h u y e n n g a n h n g h i e n cflu rieng biet, n g h i e n cflu s a u sdc tflng loai hinh tdn giao. T h a i N g u y e n Boi cflng tha'y rd ddi vdi ngUdi Phfldng Ddng, ngfldi T r u n g Hoa " k h d n g cd cai t a p q u a n nhfl the^', ke ca sfl c a m n h a n ve ddi sd'ng t a m h n h tdn giao.
C h i n h vi t h e , k h i de cap den van de dao dflc, mi hgc vdi tdn giao Phfldng Ddng, T h a i N g u y e n Bei cd n h a n xet kha dgc dao; "Trong mdn mi hgc dai de chia ra thfl dep dd-le va thfl dep s u n g - h o a n h (ngfldi N h a t B a n dich la Uu ml va trdng mi) m a cai dep bi kich p h u thudc vdi cai dep s u n g - h o a n h , eai dep b o a t ke phu t h u d c vdi cai dep dd-le d e u dii p h a t a n cai 30. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd, tr.32-33.
31. Ve Thach. Tdn gido. Sdd. tr.36.
D6 Quang Himg. Nhdn thifc ve ton gido. 15
y kien chia m i n h vdi ngfldi, bd dfldc cai dieu se s a n h ldi h a i dac t h a t , thdi nhflng dieu cdt de dao dfldng t i n h linh k h i e n cho ngay c a n g tien len den bflc cao thfldng, lai can gi p h a i k h o e cai p h u c dflc, ma p h a i cdng kich nhflng tdn giao phia k h a c de kich thich long ngfldi, k h i e n cho ddn d a n ma't ca eai mi cam t h u a n tuy kia di'"^^^'.
C h u n g tdi mud'n k h d n g d i n h t h e m r a n g , cuo'n Tdn gido xua't hien t r o n g bdi c a n h nfldc t a d a n g cd nhflng bien ddng chinh tri, xa hgi, tdn giao ra't Idn, ke ca trong h n h vflc li l u a n hgc t h u a t vi t h e hgc gia Dao D u y A n h da k h e o leo d u n g ldi
"lay ngoai ndi t r o n g " vay.
2.3. Cudi cflng, chflng tdi cung mudn neu vai n h a n xet ve muc TU khao cua cudn sach nay.
La hgc gia, ngfldi s a n g lap nhieu bg mdn cua khoa hgc xa hgi va n h a n van nfldc ta, Dao D u y A n h cdn la mdt chuyen gia ciia n g a n h TU dien hgc. Trong tac p h a m nay, m u c tfl k h a o cua dng t h a t d a n g quy.
K h o a n g t r e n dfldi 50 muc tfl cd tinh t h u a t ngfl chgn Igc ve tdn giao cua tac p h a m nay chac c h a n k h d n g chi giup ngfldi dgc h i e u t h e m tac p h a m ma cdn cung cap nhflng kien thflc s a u rdng hdn ve t r i e t hgc va tdn giao hgc. 0 day cd nhflng tfl ra't d a n g lflu y ve tdn giao hgc nhfl ddc thdn, huyen sieu, nguyen thiiy
•J '.\ . -.• ••. \
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trixy lac (nay ggi la tdi td tdng), uyen nguyen, tieu nhd,... vdi nhflng giai thich n g a n ggn, bd ich va cdn t h i e t khi ma d nfldc ta cho den thdi diem dd chfla he xua't h i e n b a t cfl mot cudn tfl dien tdn giao, tfl dien t h u a t ngfl tdn giao h a y xa hdi hoc n a o . . .
. . •- . \ .. 1 vm
Cudn sach Tdn gido ciia Dao Duy Anh thflc sfl la mot cdng t r i n h nghien cflu c h u y e n k h a o ve tdn giao, xua't hien tfldng ddi sdm d nfldc ta, Dieu dac biet la, cung vdi nhflng hgc gia nhfl Nguyen An N m h , P h a n Van H u m , Nguydn Tii Thflc..., Dao Duy Anh da gdp mot tac p h a m q u a n trgng trong viec h i n h t h a n h xu hfldng nghien cflu tdn giao hgc theo k h u y n h hfldng macxit d nfldc ta tfl cudl nhflng ndm 1920.
Le di nhien, nhflng cd'ng hien cua Dao Duy Anh t r o n g n g h i e n cflu tdn giao d nfldc ta k h a phong p h u vdi nhieu tac p h a m , dich t h u a t bao gdm n h i e u t h e loai khac n h a u . Nhflng du sao, cuo'n Tdn gido van la tac p h a m tieu bieu va cd gia tri nha't, dac biet gdp p h a n tao nen mdng cho sfl r a ddi n g a n h tdn giao hgc d nfldc ta./.
32. Ve Thach. Ton gido. Sdd. tr.46. Ban dich Dao Duy Anh sir dung mot sd tir ngu ma ngay khdng cdn duoc diing, tuy vay chiing tdi \'an nguven ban de' tham khao.
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