Nghien ciJu Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
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a n g Ton d viing d u y e n h a i Bo Dien, t i n h Phiic Kien, t u y e t dai bo p h a n ngifdi lao dong n d n g t h d n h a n g n a m toa di k h a p cac t h a n h t h i cua Trung- Qud'c h a n h n g h e k i m h o a n . Ho chi trd ve que mdi dip t e t den x u a n ve, s a u dd lai r a di.Vdng bien ddi t u a n h o a n dd da d a n den sii m a t can b a n g n g a y t r o n g cong dong l a n g xa"*.
Tuy nhien, sii thieu vang nhiing t h a n h nien trai t r a n g vd'n cd vai trd chii the ciia lang xa, da tao dieu kien cho t h a n linh
"nhap cuoc". Quy (hon) vifdt qua r a n h gidi am difdng, t h a n linh ciing b a t chap thdi gian m a the hien t h a n thdng d chd'n p h a m tran. Quy t h a n viia la ddi tifdng tin ngifdng trong q u a n niem d a n gian, lai viia la t h a n h vien cua cdng ddng lang xa, cd quan h e tifdng ho vdi con ngifdi. Tii gdc dp dan lang, quy t h a n la t h a n h vien viia thuoc "thi qua khtf' viia thuoc "thi tifdng lai", ddng h a n h vdi con ngiidi hien tai, t h a m dii mdt each
"dong dai" (Synchronic) vao cac cdng viec ciia cdng dong lang xa. Cho nen, mot m a t nd la sii suy yeu cua thiic the cong dong s a u khi nhiing t h a n h nien trai t r a n g rdi lang r a di, m a t khac la bieu hien cua "cdng ddng dong dai".
Bai viet n a y t r i n h b a y n h i i n g bien ddi trong mdi q u a n h e giiia con ngiidi vdi quy t h a n p h a t s m h vao "Thdi dai h a u Cach m a n g " (cd so s a n h vdi " T h d i d a i P h o n g
NGO TRUNG KHANH *' kien") q u a n g h i e n ciiu t r i i d n g hdp lang Ton, t i n h Phiic K i e n .
1. Ttf " T h d i d a i P h o n g k i e n " d e n
"Thc^i d a i h a u C a c h m a n g "
Cac n h a n h a n hoc nifdc ngoai n h u A r t h u r P.Wolf, E m i l y M . A h e r n , S t e p h a n F e u c h t w a n g , v . v . . . thifdng x u a t p h a t tii gdc do tifdng t r i i n g v a n h o a de n g h i e n ciiu va p h a c h o a ve h i n h t h a i y thiic c h i n h tri a n d a n g s a u ton giao d a n gian T r u n g Qud'c'^'. Hifdng n g h i e n ciiu dd d a d e m t h e gidi q u y t h a n t r o n g q u a n n i e m cua ngiidi H a n t r a t tii h o a . F r e e d m a n ndi: "Bat ke n h i i t h e n a o , chiing t a ciing c a n p h a i diia vao q u a n d i e m s a u d a y de l a m x u a t p h a t d i e m n g h i e n ciiu: Q u a n d i e m va thiic tien t o n g i a o c u a ngifdi T r u n g Q u d c k h o n g
*. TS., Vien Khoa hoc Xa hoi Quang Chau, Trung Qudc.
1. G.William Skinner chi ro: "He thong thi truong trong qua tiinh hien dai hoa da dan den viec md rong pham vi xa giao, dong thai ciing thu hep dan cong d6ng khu virc". G.William Skinner. Ke't can thi truong va .xa hoi ci'ia iiong than Tiling Qiioc. Nxb KHXH Trung Qudc, 1998, tr.105.
2. Duong nhien cQng cd nhiJng hirdng nghien ciiu khac, nhu Valerie Han.sen: "Sir mo rong thi trudng toan qudc da thiic daiy mdi quan he cua con ngudi Phuong Nam, ddn den khdng chi hang hoa, ma than linh cung luu thdng han". "Ngay cang nhidu ngudi bi cudn vao he thdng thi trirdng, than linh ma ho thd cung diroc mang theo vao thi trudng". Xem: Valerie Han.sen. Thdn trong si( bien thien: Tin ngifdng dan gian thai Nam Tong. Nxb Nhan dan Triei Giang,
1999, tr.8,tr.l65.
Ngo Trung Khanh. Quan he giiia con ngifdi va guy, thdn. 7
phai la sii tifdng hdp cac nhan to' ngau nhien... Dang sau ve ngoai da dang, tdn giao (dan gian) Trung Qudc cd trat tii cua chinh nd"'''.
Thap nien 60 the ki XX, Arthur P.Wolf diia vao ket qua dien da lang Tam Hiep, ngoai d Dai Bac, viet nen tac pham Thdn, Quy vd To tien (1965). Ong coi the gidi quy than trong quan niem ciia ngifdi Trung Qud'c la hinh anh cua cd cau xa hoi Trung Qud'c thdi dai Phong kien. Ndi mot each cu the. thdn linh tifdng trifng cho quan lai; quy tifdng trifng cho ngifdi la, xau xa; to tien tifdng triing cho sii than thuoc'". Ke thiia Wolf, Emily M.Ahern nhan manh them; "Nghi le trong tdn giao Trung Qud'c la md phdng he thdng quan che phong kien va phifdng thiic the hien quyen uy cua nd"'^'. Stephan Feuchtwang difa ra thuyet "Sii thdng tri mang tinh an du De qud'c" (imperial metaphorical domination), cho rang tdn giao dan gian Trung Qud'c khdng thuan tuy la md phdng the che phong kien (trong thiic tien nghi le dan gian mang dac trifng viing mien), nhung nd phan anh phan Idn logic ve y thiic he ciia the che phong kie'n'^*.
Nhiing quan diem dd cd diem tifdng thdng: Thii nhat, cho rang tdn giao dan gian Trung Qudc phan anh quan niem xa hoi ciia tin dd. Thii hai, chii y den ranh gidi giiia dia phifdng va trung ifdng thdi Phong kien; suy nghi den md'i quan he ddi ling giiia than linh vdi he thdng giai tang phong kien; cho rang than linh cd tinh each theo cap bac khoa cii va phat huy difdc chiic nang dd. Arthur P.Wolf rat tin vao dac trifng cap bac quan che ciia the gidi than linh. Ong ndi: "Loai quan diem coi the gidi t h i n linh nhif he thd'ng quan che la rat cd siic thuyet phuc, dan den bat cii tranh luan trai chieu nao ciing deu sii dung vd'n tif viing trong he thd'ng khoa cii"'^'. Tifdng tii nhif vay, nha nhan hoc Dai Loan Ly Diec Vien vdi nhiing
kinh nghiem dieu tra dien da trong cdng dong ngifdi Han Dai Loan ciing cho rang:
"O Trung Qud'c, he thd'ng sieu nhien ton tai hoan toan khdng chi do mot vi than chu nao dd thd'ng linh "sat hach" hanh vi con ngifdi, ma la he thdng gom nhieu tang bac "khao hach" khdng che Ian nhau, cho du than linh cap thap nhat nhu Tao quan hay Thd dia,... ciing cd trach nhiem khao hach hanh vi loai ngifdi, can cii vao dd de bam bao len bac cd tham quyen cao nhat"'*'.
Van de d chd, quan niem xa hoi cua tin do tdn giao dan gian Trung Qud'c lai khdng nhat thiet bao gom ca nhan thiic ve mot de qud'c cap bac hoa, bdi vi trong thdi dai Phong kien khdng cd du phifdng tien ki thuat de khdng che va tri li xa hoi, trong vd sd' cdng dong lang xa cd lap va heo lanh, con ngifdi khdng cam thay du sii ton tai cua mot de qud'c quan che cap bac hoa.
Nhu the, xuat phat til dau de ndi "tdn giao dan gian Trung Qud'c da phan anh quan niem xa hoi ciia tin dd"? cd sd nao de xay diing trat tii quan che cua the gidi than linh? d day, cd le nha lich sU tu tUdng lai nam rd thiic tinh tdn giao dan gian Trung Qud'c hdn nhieu so vdi nha nhan hoc.
Giao su! B.Schwartz viet trong phin Idi bat sach The gidi tii tudng Trung Qud'c Co dai: "The gidi than linh la do liic lifdng khong the dien ta bdng Idi va quy thdn tao
3. Maurice Freedman. On the Sociological Study of Chinese Religion, in: Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. Arthur Wolf ed., Stanford and California,
1974.pp.20-21.
4. Arthur P.Wolf. Gods. Ghosts, and Ancestors, in:
Religion and Ritual in Chinese Society. Ed. By Arthur P.Wolf, Stanford University Press., 1974.
pp.131-182.
5. Emily M.Ahern. Chinese Ritual and Politics.
Cambridge University Press, 1981.
6. Stephan Feuchtwang. The Imperial Metaphor:
Popular Religion in China. London, Routledge.1992.
7. Arthur RWolf. Sdd.
8. Ly Diec Vien. Ton giao vd than ihoai. Nxb Dai hoc Su pham Quang Tay, 2004. tr. 55.
8 Nghien ciiu Ton giao. So'6 - 2008
nen, bat cii he thd'ng trat tii difdc xac lap s i n nad (bat ke la than linh hay con ngifdi) deu khdng the de dang bao ham diidc nd"'^'.
Difdng Niem Q u i n thi phan dd'i viec "phu thuoc qua nhieu vao khung danh gia tdn giao dan gian diidc diing bdi cd sd phan tich, phan Idai y thiic thifdng tang". Ong nhan manh "ke't cau cam tinh dia phifdng"''"', va chi rd, tinh phiic tap ciia tin ngifdng tdn giao cong dong ngUdi Han Dai Luc khdng chi quyet dinh bdi tinh viing mien, ma cdn bdi sii diit quang truyen thd'ng difdi nhiing bien cd'cua thdi dai.
Cho dii trong tdn giao dan gian Trung.
Qud'c thdi dai Phdng kien thiic sii tdn tai mot the gidi than linh quan che hoa, thi ciing rat cd the khdng chiu ndi sii tan cdng cua trao lifu each mang keo dai g i n tram nam. Theo each ndi cua Lloyd E.Eastman, ngay tii cuoi the ki XIX, mot liic lifdng each mang manh me da tran vao Trung Qud'c, tdn giao dan gian bi tan cdng toan dien"". Dd Tan Ky ciing da phan tich cdn chan ddng xa hoi bdi
"phong trao bai trif me tin" do "nha nifdc"
phat ddng vao thap nien 20 the ki XX'^^'.
Sau nam 1949, d viing ndng thdn cua Trung Qud'c Dai Luc, "Cach mang" nhU nhiing ddt thuy trieu trd thanh sdng Idn, moi hinh thiic thd ciing deu bi p h i n ddi.
mieu mao bi pha bd. tdn giao dan gian ciing dong nghia vdi "hoat ddng me tin"
va bi cam doan. Bao tap each mang da vd tinh xoa nhda ki lic xa hoi cua cdng dong ngifdi Han. Arthur P.Wolf tiing ndi: "Bdi vi moi than linh ban dia deu la mot phan ciia de che. da bao ho cho sii ton tai cua he thd'ng chinh tri", day "cd le la nguyen nhan cac cuoc each mang Trung Qud'c deu nhd vao khai niem va tUdng trifng cua tdn giao nudc ngoai nhif Phat giao, Kitd giad de thiic day phong trao""^'. Cau ndi nay cung cd the cho thay each mang da lam tan ra the gidi t h i n linh vd'n cd trong dan gian Trung Qud'c. Do tac ddng sau sac va lau dai ciia phong trao each mang tdi xa hdi ndng thdn Trung Qud'c, ngifdi ta
cam thay can p h i i danh gia lai tinh hinh mdi ciia tdn giad dan gian Trung Qud'c dien ra trong cong dong lang xa ngifdi Han Dai Luc sau khi trai qua phong tra'o
"Cach mang". Day ciing chinh la nguyen nhan de bai viet nay difa ra tieu de "Thdi dai hau Cach mang".
Neu coi viec khoi phuc lai cac hoat ddng cua tdn giao dan gian cdng dong ngifdi Han Dai Luc bat d i u tii nhiing nam 1980 la khdi d i u "Thdi dai hau Cach mang", vay tdn giao dan gian rdt cuoc da cd cau lai he thdng t h i n linh quan che, hoac phuc hoi lai ki lie xa hoi d miic do nao. Hdn nuta, sii tifdng tifdng, tham chi nhao nan lai the gidi t h i n linh da dien ra d miic do nao trong dan gian? Phai chang.
cd the ndi rang da hinh thanh mot
"truyen thd'ng mdi" trong hoat ddng tdn giao dan gian d cdng dong ngifdi Han"^'.
Kieu "truyen thdng mdi" nay la sii ndi tiep truyen thd'ng tdn giao dan gian Trung Qud'c thdi dai Phdng kien ma cac nha cac nha n h a n hoc - Han hoc ngoai qud'c da n h a n dinh, hay la de thich iing vdi nhu cau hien thiic cua "Thdi dai hau Cach mang" d Dai Luc?
Sau nam 1949, bdi c i n h lich sii cua tdn giao dan gian Trung Qudc, Hong Kdng va Dai Loan la het siic khac nhau, khien cho tinh tifdng dong giiia hien thiic va the gidi t h i n linh cua cdng dong ngiidi Han ba ndi nay da khdng the san lap ndi
9. B.Schwartz. The giai tir ticang Trung Qudc Co dai.
Nxb Nhan dan Giang Td. 1995, phan Ldi bat.
10. Duong Niem Quan. Si( kien - Ki uc - Ke chuyen.
Nxb Nhan dan Triei Giang, 2004, tr.219.
11. Lloyd. Eastman. Family. Fields, and Ancestors:
Constancy and Change in China's Social and Economic history. 1550-1949. Oxford Universiti Press, 1998, pp.59.
12. Prasenjit Duara. Ci'ni vat Lich si'f tic Nha nitac - Dan IOC Nxb Van hien KHXH, 2003.
13. Arthur RWolf. Sdd.
14. Helen F.Siu. Hoat dong van hoa vd si( phat trien kinh te .xd hoi khu vuc. Tap chi Nghien curu Lich sir kinh te xa hoi Trung Qudc, sd 4/1990.
Ngo Triing Khanh. Quan he giiia con ngudi va quy, than...
ranh gidi do nhiing bien cd' thdi dai cua Dai Luc tao nen. O day, cac nha nhan hoc - Han hoc h i i ngoai da difa ra quan diem tren cd sd ke't qua dien da trong cong dong ngifdi Han d Dai Loan va Hong Kdng vao nhiing nam 60 va 70 the ki trifdc. Quan diem dd khdng triing khdp vdi tinh hinh mdi vdi sii hoi phuc hoat ddng tdn giao dan gian Dai Luc vao thap nien 1980. Day la van de cin phai chii y khi nghien ciiu hoat ddng tdn giao dan gian va phan tich quan niem tdn giao trong cdng dong ngifdi Han Trung Qud'c Dai Luc.
2. Cting c a n h ngo lang t h a n g cd n h d Arthur P.Wolf da phan biet "pham tru quy bao gom ca linh hon tat ca ngUdi chet ngoai gia toe""", to tien da mat cua mot nha nao dd se la "quy" dd'i vdi nha ngifdi khac. Dd'i vdi mot gia dinh, to tien va quy cd sii phan biet ro rang. NhUng trong
"tieu truyen thd'ng" ciia van hoa Trung Qud'c, quy va to tien thUdng bi l i n Ion ve mat khai niem. Khong Tii tiing ndi: "Phi ki quy nhi te chi, siem da" (Khdng phii quy cua minh ma di thd ciing, la ninh bd quy nha khac) {Luan NgU. Vi chinh). Quy d day la chi to tien. Cdn d sii thd ciing chinh thd'ng, each phan biet ciia Arthur P.Wolf ve quy va td tien ciing khdng k h i thi, bdi vi cdng dong ngifdi Han p h i n da la cdng dong gia toe, ddi khi mot cdng dong la mot gia toe cd ciing td tien, vay
"ndi" va "ngoai" ciia "gia toe" phan biet lam sao day? Cd phai ngifdi trong cong dong nay chet di deu khdng phai la quy cua cdng dong nay? Tif dd suy ra, cd phai cac vong hon ciing ddng ho deu khdng phii la quy ciing ddng ho dd? Cho nen, cin phai han che lai dieu kien pham vi cua "gia toe", neu khdng each phan biet cua Arthur P.Wolf ve quy va to tien se khdng hdp li.
Arthur P.Wolf cdn ndi: "Tinh each cua quy quyet dinh bdi hoan canh xa hoi va kinh te ciia nd"'"^'. Neu difdc con chau thd Cling deu dan thi quy viia long, bang
khdng se phat y. Can cii vao viec thd ciing ciia con chau de phan biet quy lanh va quy dii, dieu nay dai the la phii hdp thiic te va cd y nghia. Van de d cho, neu la to tien khdng dUdc con chau thd ciing dinh ki (tuyet tii), hoac to tien ddi thii ba trd di thUdng khdng diidc thd ciing niia"'', tinh each cua Idai "to tien" nay cd the g i n gid'ng vdi "quy". 6 lang Tdn, ngifdi ta thifdng ndi "quy dng ba" (to tien) ciia nha
"ddi chdt" (ddi thii trd di) nad dd den "vdi an", nghia la den quay nhieu tac quai, thu doan thUdng la lam cho con chau mic benh. Trong tinh hinh dd, each phan biet to tien vdi quy la k h i thi, nhifng ching cdn nhieu y nghia niia. Bdi vi, ve logic, tat ca "td tien" deu cd kha nang bi con chau lang quen do thdi gian, khdng dUdc thd Cling va trd thanh "quy dng ba" ve
"vdi an", trd thanh "thii dich" ciia con chau, nhu quy, nhu "ngUdi dUng" den quay nhieu con chau. Neu thifa nhan vong hon cd chii the thi khdng nen diia vao tieu chi quan he huyet thd'ng xa gin giiia vong hon va con ngUdi de phan dinh quy vdi to tien.
Cho nen, viec coi quy tifdng iing vdi ngi/di diing d tran the va dinh nghia nd la
"linh hon tat ca ngUdi chet ngoai gia toe, thi khdng b i n g danh dong quy vdi "ke lang thang" va dinh nghia quy la "tat ca cac linh hon khdng difdc con chau thd phung (tuyet tii), con chau khdng thd phung (cd con chau nhung khdng dUdc thd ciing), va con chau thd phung khdng chu dao (chet bat thudng hoac chet tha hu:dng)". Ba trUdng hdp nay cd the quy la
"chifa dUdc con chau thd phung dinh ki", nhu vay mdi cd the dinh nghia quy la
"vong hon chifa difdc cdn chau thd phung dinh ki". Thee dd, cai goi la quy, chinh la
15. Arthur FWolf. Sdd.
16. Arthur PWolf. Sdd.
17. Xem: Trinh Chan Man. Tong toe vd ton giao^
viing dong bdng Bo Dien. Hoc bao Nhan hoc Lich sir, sd5/2006, tr.5. n!»i) .;vt infii t, • ., i •..,..
10 Nghien cufu Ton giao. So 6 - 2008
chi "cd hon" (da quy), khdng nhat thiet p h i i phan biet la quy lanh hay quy dii niia. Nhu the cd le phii hdp vdi li giii va tifdng tifdng cua moi ngifdi ve quy. ciing cd le tranh difdc van de n i y sinh nhif khi Arthur P.Wolf phan biet ve quy va to tien.
Quy la "cd hon". vay thi tinh hinh t h i n Hnh 'Thdi dai hau Cach mang" nhif the nao?
Den Vinh Tien trong lang Tdn, la ndi te tho t h i n cd tif ddi Minh. ngifdi lang thich gdi nd la "cung". D i u ddi Minh quy dinh cac lang p h i i lap mot Xa dan de te t h i n Ngii thd Ngii cd'c, ngoai ra lap Le dan de te quy t h i n vd thiia nhan. Niia cud'i ddi Minh trd di, td chiic giap, li (thdn) giii tan, viec te tii dd ciing giim din, Le dan, Xa dan trd t h a n h t h i n mieu (van giii lai danh xUng "xa"). Trong den Vinh Tien thd tam tdn "Dai Bo Tat"
(ngudi lang quen gdi than linh la Bo Tat), d giiia la "Tii Te Chan quan". ben p h i i la
"Difdng Cdng Thai sif" (Difdng Ngii Lang), ben trai la "Tdn Chu Minh vifdng"
(Thd than), r i m thang Gieng hang nam deu cd le rifdc "Difdng Cdng Thai sif" di
"tuan canh". Ngoai ra cdn cd hdn chuc vi t h i n nhd khac, trong dd ed "Td t h i n Thanh vUdng" Tdn Ngo Khdng, t h i n b i o ho nghe hat "Dien Cdng nguyen soai" cua doan kich Bo Tien (mot loai kich truj'en thd'ng ciia huj'en Bo Dien va huyen Tien Du, tinh Phiic Kien), va mot sd' t h i n linh khdng rd lai lich khac.
Ngoai viec hieu rd t h i n tich cua "Difdng Cdng Thai sif" nhd vao viec diidc xem kich Bo tien Diicfng Mon nH tiidng va hang nam diidc xem rifdc va thd phung vi than nay, dan lang khdng biet rd gi them. Dd la viec xa dan chuyen thanh den Vinh Tien tif ddi Mmh da khien cho he thd'ng t h i n linh trong Ming xao tron va trd nen phiic tap, nhUng nguyen nhan quan trong hdn la sii
"tai xuat" ciia hang loat vi t h i n "vd pha he"
til' sau "Thdi dai hau Cach mang". •' i Nam 1958, trong phong trao xay diing hop tac xa r i m rd. den Vinh Tien bi dd bd
de phuc vu ddi s i n xuat, tifdng t h i n trd t h a n h cui dun cho hep an ciia hdp tac xa.
Hoat ddng te le chung ciia xdm lang bi ngifng tre, nhifng thd ciing td tien va t h i n linh trong mot bd phan cac gia dinh van tiep tuc. Tham chi, nam 1976. khi
"Dai Cach mang Van hoa" sap ke't thiic, nhiing hoat ddng "me tin phong kien" lai dien ra am t h i m , nhu dong ke"*', goi hon, thd bai vi cac vi t h i n treng cac nha dng ba ddng. Trifdc va sau nam 1979, cac dng ba ddng va "Ban Quan tri" do nhiing con nhang de tii cua ho lap nen da len ke hoach phuc diing lai den Vinh Tien. Nam
1982, cdng viec hoan thanh, ngoai viec thd Cling mot sd' vi t h i n cdn trong ki lic nhan dan, cac dng ba dong va ngifdi lang cdn "thinh" them cac vi t h i n vdn difdc
"thd chui" tai gia trong nhiing ngay thang
"Cach mang". Tru sd cua t h i n thanh, den Vinh Tien, g i n nhu la diem hoi ngo cac t h i n linh vd'n mat lien lac vdi "td chiic" - the gidi t h i n linh trong thdi ki Cach mang d i y bien ddng. Ngay nay, hai vi than "Dien Cdng nguyen soai", mot so' vi
"Bo Tat" difdc thd trong den Vinh Tien chinh la "nhan chiing lich sii" ciia giai doan "quy tap" t h i n linh nay.
Trong quan niem cua dan lang, t h i n linh dang kinh nhifng khdng dang gin.
Khdng nhiing vay, t h i n linh cdn rat nhd nhen, con ngifdi chi mot chiit sd suat la p h i i tdi'^^', tiic la "xung pham". Mdi ngifdi khi thd Cling t h i n linh phai sach se, nhif khdng the xach do xii ue di ngang gian dat ban thd, phu nuf den thang hoac ndng cu tiep xiie vdi phan gio deu khdng diidc g i n ndi thd t h i n linh. Diing nhif each ndi cua dan lang: "Nan ra t h i n thi de nhifng
18. "Ke" la bdc van (bdi). Thdi cd, ngudi bdi deu la Ddng (thieu nien), nen goi la Ddng ke. Dong ke trd thanh ke trung "gian thieng lieng. dugc than linh nhap vao. truyen dat y ciia than.
19. Theo Wolf, than linh dugc coi la kieu ngao, nhay cam vdi dac quyen minh cd dugc. Bai cu su mac pham nao ddi vdi "ho" cung dau dan den phan iing gian du-. Arthur P.Wolf. Sdd.
Ngo Trung Khanh. Quan he giita con ngudi va quy, thdn... 11
thd t h i n thi khd". Nha nad thd t h i n thifdng gap khd khan trong viec diing vd g i chong cho con cai, vi nha thdng gia se sd rang con cai ho them ganh nang ciing te kia. Cho nen, ddi vdi t h i n linh, nen
"kinh nhi viin chi", tiic la giii khoang each nhat dinh, t r a n h thd ciing trong nha. Nhifng, khdng nhiing "thd t h i n thi khd", ma "tong tien t h i n " ciing khd.
Nhiing nam 1990 trd di, den Vinh Tien cham diit "chinh sach dung nap t h i n linh", nen tham c i n h cua mot sd' t h i n linh bi "day ra khdi ciia" chang kem gi dam "cd hon".
A XUdng la mot ngifdi het siic sung tin t h i n linh. Sau khi den Vinh Tien bi dd bd, dng vung trom thd mot vi t h i n trong nha. Vao nam 1970, dng qua ddi, trach nhiem thd ciing rdi vao anh con c i la A Td'ng. Cud'i nhiing nam 1970, A Tong lap mot ban thd d s i n h difdng, diing tam kinh khoanh lai, cho la de giii gin phiic Idc. Den nhiing nam 1990, trong nha cd chuyen chang lanh, nghe ndi la do dac tdi vdi t h i n linh, A Tdng mudn rudc t h i n vao den, nhifng dan lang khdng dong y. Sau khi hdi y kien ngUdi than, anh danh lap mot ngdi mieu nhd g i n nha, rot cuoc ciing
"thinh" dUdc vi t h i n no ra khdi nha.
Ngifdi lang Tdn thUdng ndi "Cd t h i n da quy (thin, cd hon khdng ngUdi thd Cling)", loai quy, t h i n nay cd dia vi thap kem. "Cd t h i n " la nhiing vi t h i n khdng ro lai lich, khdng dang thd ciing. Vifdng Tu Phiic diia vao kinh nghiem dien da d Dai Loan cho r i n g "thin" tUdng trifng cho
"siic bao quat" (inclusion) va "siic hifdng ndi"(interiorizing)'^'" cua xa hdi dd'i vdi cac thanh vien xa hdi. Li giii triiu tUdng dd ve thdn hoan toan khdng phii hdp vdi thiic te cdng dong ngifdi Han Dai Luc.
Quan niem va thai do dd'i vdi "cd t h i n " da phan anh thiic trang mot sd' t h i n linh
"Thdi dai hau Cach mang". Khdng nhiing quy bi lifu lac tii phifdng, ma thdn ciing khd tim difdc chd'n nifdng than, cang khd
ma gia nhap the gidi t h i n linh quan che hoa theo each mieu ta ciia Arthur P.Wolf.
Nha nhan hoc ngifdi Nhat Yuko Mio ndi:
"Cd rat nhieu truyen thuyet ve t h i n linh, khdng gid'ng nhu md hinh dang tdi cao hay md hinh quan che, nhiing truyen thuyet dd phan anh mdi quan he cang thang giiia quy pham noi tai vdi hien thiic trong xa hoi ngUdi Han"'^".
Trong "Thdi dai hau Cach mang", quy ciing nhu thdn "ciing luu lac tii phudng".
Dudi Ian sdng Cach mang, hang ngii than linh tan ra. Sau khi trdi yen bien lang, thin linh van nhu di dan lifu tan, mieu thd trong lang van cd quanh. Than linh khdng nhd noi dang cap tdn ti niia, deu nhu- la "trUdng dac khu hanh chinh". Dan lang Tdn vao 23 thang Chap hang nam van tien cac thin trong den Vinh Tien len chiu trdi, gid'ng nhu quan dia phUdng triic tiep "ve kinh bam bao cdng viec", khdng cdn theo each bam bao theo thii bac niia. Cho nen, dang chii y la trong quan niem cua dan lang Tdn, t h i n dien khdng phii la quan che hoa, ma deu mang trach nhiem t h i n thanh cao hdn the. Nhif vay, t h i n linh vdi than phan "di dan" da hdi nhap mot each yen on vao cdng dong lang, trd thanh thu linh cdng dong.
Neu ap dung quan diem ciia Arthur P.Wolf vi than linh nhU quan lai phong kien, thi quan lai (thin linh) dd da ve huu chd'n dien vien, trd thanh than si lang.
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(Ki sau dang tiep)
Ngiroi djch: Tran Anh Dao
20. Stephan Feuchtwang. Domestic and Communal Worship in Taiwan, in: Religionand Ritual in ChineseSocieti. Ed.by Arthur RWolf, 1974. Stanford Universiti Press., 1974.pp. 105-130.
21. Nhat Yuko Mio. Nghien ci'tu tin nguang dan gian Ddi Loan, trong: Truang Quan, Giang San Dang (chii bien). Tam nhin mdi vd tu duy mdi trong ton giao bdn dia Ddi Loan. Nam Thien Thu cue xuai ban, 2003, tr.307. nil u n t j ; j i . - ' i .. i ..;:; j
