LICH S i ; - VAN HOA - XA HOI PHAU AU
SU xm NHRp cun THUC DAN PHUONG inv vno HN DO air Giurn TH^'KV XVI - GiiTn THC'KV XVIII)
Tir dau the ky XVI, An Dp khdng cdn manh nhu trudc nira. Quoc gia Nam A dang tren eon dudng suy syp va bi cac nudc thyc dan phuang Tay nhdm ngd. Dau tien la nhiing hoat dgng tranh chap ciia cdc cdng ty thuang mai chau Au tai An Do, tiep dd la su vao cudc eiia cac cbinh phu nhung nudc nay.
Va den cuoi the ky XVIII, sy tranh chap giua cac cudng quoc phucmg Tay da dugc giai quyet vdi phan thang thudc ve Anh.
1. Tinh hinh An Dp trirdc khi hi thyc dan phuong Tay xam Iirgc
Trudc khi ngudi chau Au dat chdn tdi Nam A, An Dp la nudc cd nen ndng nghiep va tbii cdng nghiep kha phat trien, ddc biet dudi thdi hodng de Acaba tri vi. Nhung sau khi Acaba qua ddi (1605), nhiing ngudi kl vi nhu Giahanghia (1605 - 1627), Sagiahan (1627 - 1658) la nhung nhd vua tan bao va cd cudc sdng hoang phi, truy lae. Nhirng bit ddng mdi nay sinh trong long dl qudc da lam suy yeu the luc ciia chinh quyen phong kiln tnmg uang. Tim hieu ve dieu nay, cac nha nghien ciiu' cho rdng, day la nguyen nhan co bdn de ddn den viee de qude Mogol thinh
Bui Thj Anh Van « Bai hpc Npi vu Hd Npi vugng dan di vdo suy yeu, khung hodng fren tat ca cac linh vyc kinh te, chinh fri, xa hpi. '5
(3 ndng thdn, ddi sdng ndng dan rit cue khd vd van khdng ngimg bi giam siit. Hien tupng chap chiem rudng ddt, khuynh hudng bien rudng dat edng xa thanh rudng dit tu eiia phong kien vd mdt sd ndng dan trd nen phd bien. Su bat binh dang ve tai san frong cdng xa, su phat trien cae quan he bdc lot va nd dieh, viec tang nhu cau ve tien te cua ndng dan md rdng kha nang boat ddng cua bgn cho vay nang lai^. Trong khi ddi s6ng nhan dan ldm vao tinh trang khd khan lai dien ra viee xay dung lang Taj Mahal ciia Sagiahan, tilp dd la chinh sdeh tan bao va cudng tin ton giao cua qudc vuong Aorengdep. Ndm 1679, Aorengdep cho thilt lap thue than di giao danh vao nhiing nguoi An Dp khdng theo Hdi gido.
Nhung ehinh saeh cudng bao ciia cac qude vuong, ddng thdi su duy tri ehl dg dang cip cdng khiln cho nhimg mau thuan xa hdi frd nen gay git, dua din su bung nl phong frao diu franh a nhilu noi tren dat nudc An Dp. Vdo thi ky XVI, da hinh thdnh ' Xem Nguyen Thira Hy, 1986, ^n Dq qua cdc thdi
dgi, NXB Giao due. Ha Npi. Xem K. Mac, 1953, Tu bdn, T§p 4, tr. 16.
Su Jtunt nhgp. euu thute dun ftltUrfttg. Qag.. 49
ba phong frao ddu tranh rat Idn cua nhan dan:
Phong frao Bokhacti, Makhodixto va phong trao Rdusanit. Cd ba phong frao deu dien ra dudi hinh thiic tdn giao, nhung thye chat la ehdng Iai phong kien vd ehdng sy phan biet dang cap trong xa hdi An Dp. Cdc phong trao dau franh ndi tren deu keo dai hang may the ky, thu hiit nhieu tang ldp nhdn ddn vd din chuyen sang dau tranh vii trang chdng lai giai c i p thdng tri. Nhiing phong trdo ddu tranh eua quan chiing nhan dan rd rang da de dpa true tilp va lam thiSt hai tdi quyen lgi cua nha nudc phong kien. C. Mac nhan dinh:
"Cuong quoc Mongol da co mot the luc rdt lan vd giira thi ky thu XVII da chinh phuc phdn l&n An Do vd mot phdn Apganixtan.
Nhiing cuoc kh&i nghia cua nong ddn vd do su khdng cu ngdy cdng tang cua cdc ddn toe
& An Dp chdng lai nhirng ke di chinh phuc theo Hoi gido, nhiing cuoc tranh chdp noi bo vd nhUng khuynh hu&ng phdn lap phong kien len di chi dgi Mongol bat ddu suy tdn vd trong nua ddu thi ky XVIII thi thuc ti tan rd hdn"^
Su suy tdn ndy da diy An Dp frd thanh milng mdi cua thyc ddn phuong Tdy. Trong Phdt hien An DQ, Nehru da vilt: "Ho (nhirng nguai ki tiic su nghiep Acaba) khong nhgn thuc duac rdng co nhieu viec da xdy ra md le ra hg khong biit din hoac bo qua. rdng ngay cd cdi hi?n tgi do a An Do thai ho Id mgt hi$n tgi tri tre, suy tan. No dd mdt tiip xue v&i thi gioi dang thay doi vd bo xa An Dg lgi phia sau. Hg khong ddnh gid duoc rdng mgt
the gi&i m&i day sire song dang noi len a phuang Tdy, dua trin mgt nhan quan m&i.
nhiing ky thudt moi vd mgt the lire moi, nguai Anh dgi dien cho cdi the gi&i md hg mil tit den the"^
Trong bdi eanh xa hdi dd, ehii nghTa tu ban phucmg Tdy timg budc tien hanh cupc chiln franh xdm luge bdn dao Nam A rdng ldn ndy.
2. Sir xam n h a p va canh tranh ciia thu-c dan phirong Tay d An Dp (the ky XVI - XVIII)
a. Sirxu&t hien cdc cong ty thuang mai m& dif&ng cho chu nghia thuc ddn phuang Tay xam nhgp An Do (TK XVI-XVIII)
Sau cde cugc phal kien dia ly (cuoi the ky XV - diu thi ky XVI), chii nghTa lu ban phuong Tdy da trien khai manh me viec khai thac thi trudng phuong Ddng. Cupc tham hilm cua Vaxco De Gama den An Dp (nam 1497) md dudng cho cac ldi budn ngudi Bd Dao Nha xiic tiln viec khai thde thi trudng ddy tilm ndng ndy vdo nhirng ndm dau the ky XVI.
Mpl dilu thuan lgi eho cac thucmg nhan Bd Dao Nha Id vdo thdi diem nay, cdc lieu vuong ban dia dang xdy ra mau thudn het siic gay git. Nhanh nhay ndm bat dieu dd, hp da tan dung ca hgi nay de lap ra cdc cii diem ven biln Mahaba^, rdi sau dd khdng che cae lieu vuong An Do. Mac dii An Do dd lien minh vdi ngudi Arap, Ai Cap dau tranh
' K. Mic, Enghcn, V.l. Lenm, 1975, Ban ve cdc xd h^i tiin tubdn. NXB Khoa hpc xa h$i. Ha Npi, tr. 54.
* Nehnu, 1990, Phdt hi?n An Dp, NXB Van h6a, rr 229.
* Xem Nguyen Thira Hy, 1986. An Dp qua cdc thai dgi, NXB Giao dvc. Ha Npi.
50
NGHIEN Cijru CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013ching lai y dd cua Bd Dao Nha nhung da bi thit bai. Bdng siic ep quan sy va thii doan ngoai giao, Bd Dao Nha da budc cdc tieu vuong phai ky cac hiep ude nhugng bp eho nhilu vimg dit dai de lap thuong diem ciia minh. Tat ca cac thuang diem do deu nam ven bd biln Tay An, nhu: Calicut, Cochin (nam 1505), Goa (nam 1510), Colombo (nam 1518), Negapatam (nam 1519), Diu, Dman (nam 1535) va Khugli (nam 1537)^
Tir khi ay, nhiing hoat dpng thuang mai eua ngudi Bo Ddo Nha day manh, cac cdng ty thuang mai dugc thanh lap.
Cuoi the ky XVI, mgt sd thuang nhan phucmg Tay khac nhu Anh, Ha Lan, Phdp cung muon chiem linh thi trudng An Do.
Tuy nhien, viee xdm nhap vao dat nude Nam A nay mudn han Bd Ddo Nha khien chinh phii cac nudc nay phai vdo cupc de hd trg cho cac cong ty thuang mai cua hg tai An Dp. Tren tinh than dd, nam 1602, cdng ty Ddng An Ha Lan dugc thanh lap. Den giua the ky XVII, bang edch mua chupc cac vuong cdng An Dp, Hd Lan dd cudp dugc ciia Bd Dao Nha nhieu thuong diem quan trgng, khien nudc nay chi cdn chiem gift 3 cit diem buon ban la Goa, Diu vd Daman^.
Ngudn lgi thu dugc tir viec khai thdc thi trudng An Dd da dan ehuyen sang tay ngudi Hd Lan.
Vdi su khdn ngoan va xao quyet, de qudc Anh va Phap tuy den dat nude Nam A
Dan theo Nguyen Gia Phu, Nguyen Van Anh, D6 Dinh Hang, 1994, Dgi cirong lich sir ihi giai trung dgi, TSp 11, Cdc nuac phuang Dong, NXB Giao due, H^Npi, tr. 219.
Nguyin Gia Phu, sdd, tr. 220.
nay mudn hon, nhung lai la hai nude thanh cdng hon ea frong cdng cupc chinh phuc An Do. Vdi su khdn kheo, thuang nhan nguoi Anh da mua ebude dugc cac vuong edng ban dia. Den khoang giiia the ky XVII, cdng ty Ddng An Anh vdi su bdo frg cua chinh phii Anh manh dan Ien va ngay cang cd uu the tgi An Dp. Cd thi dan giai den cdc dao luat cua Anh ban hanh nam 1657, 1661, 1686... da eho phep cac cdng ty thuang mai nudc nay cd quyen tuyen chien va ki hda ude, dong tiu chiln, lap tda an xet xu, dugc phep co quan dpi vd ham dgi rieng... Dieu nay da khifin cdng ty ciia Anh tai An Dp cd mdt quyen han rgng ldn, nen chang bao lau da nhanh chong phdt huy dugc the manh cua minh.
Khi mdi vao An Do, de tao dieu kien thuan lgi cho boat ddng budn ban, cac thuang nhdn Anh da tao dyng mdi quan he tdt dep vdi trieu dinh Mongol. Theo tac gia Lich su An Do^, nha vua Giahanghia thufic vuong trieu Mongol da uu dai eae cdng ty, ban du cho cae ldi budn Anh dugc tu do budn ban tren todn de qudc, cho phep cong ly cua Anh dugc lap cdc sd thuong vy va cac hieu budn d nhiing thanh phd ldn, duge mien thue hang hda... Nhieu vuang cdng cdn nho cdng ty Anh diing vii luc can thiep vao nhiing cdng viec ngi bp, hoae giiip danh duoi ngudi Bd Dao Nha. Chinh vi thi cdng ty cua Anh da nhanh chdng md rdng pham vi ihS lyc eiia minh tren toan An Dp. Nam 1613, Anh lap dugc thuang dilm d Xurat va den nam 1640 la thuong dilm Madrat d bd bien
* Xem va Duong Ninh, 1995, L/ch su An DQ, NXB Giao dpc. Ha Npi.
St/xam nhgp. euu thu'e ddn phttettig Qag... 51
vimg Ddng Nam An Do. Viee ngudi Anh cho xay dyng phao ddi kien cd vd lap hdi cdng tai day da tao nen mdt thdnh phd duyen hdi ddng diic va giau cd, mdt dilm chdt bao quat vd dn ngii todn bd mgt vimg bien Ddng Nam An. Nam 1661, Anh lap ra thuang diem Bombay. Cdng ty Ddng An da tien hdnh xay dung eang, thu thue, lap tda an, biln hdn dao nay thanh mdt can cii chinh cua Anh d bd biln phia Tay.
Cung gidng Anh, ngudi Phdp nudi muu do lau dai d Nam A. Cdc thuang nhan Phdp cung duge Chinh phii trao cho nhiing quy6n han to ldn ddi vdi mien dit ehinh phuc dugc.
Tuy nhien, trong cac the ky XVII, XVIII, su troi huge eua ehinh quyen phong kiln d Phdp vd nhiing bien dgng ehinh tri trong nudc da khifin hoat dgng eiia edng ty Ddng An Phap khfing thuan lgi. Tuy nhien, Phdp cung lap ra mpt so thuang diem nhu nhung can cii d Sangdecnagor, Pdngdisery, Yandng...
Nhung so vdi Anh, quy md boat ddng ciia cong ly Ddng An Phap nhd ban, to chiie kem chat chS ban, it hieu qua hon, ddng thdi lai khong dugc trang bi ham ddi manh, quan linh 6 hgp, chdt lugng sT quan khdng cao.
Mdc dil ttr nam 1690, quan he giiia ngudi Anh va trieu dinh Mongol xau di, nhung bdng siic manh quan sy, nhiing thuang nhan den tir xii sd suong mii van lap thuong diem khac d Cancuta (Ddng Bac An DO). Day la thuang dilm ldn nhdt vd sau nay trd thanh dai ban doanh cda thuc dan Anh d An Dp vdi phdo dai Uyliam (ten mgt nha vua Anh) rit kien cd. Nhimg hogt ddng tich eye kl fren ciia thucmg nhan Anh da khien hp thu
dugc mdn lgi nhuan beo bd ddng kl. Tdi ndm 1729, lgi tiic ciia Cdng ty da tang Ien din 364.000 bdng Anh, gip hem biy lin sd vdn ban dau.
Quyen lyc cua edng ty Ddng An Anh vl CO ban da md rdng frong ca nudc An Do vdi cac Cli diem chien luge quan trpng la Cancutta, Madrat, Bombay. Vdi ba thucmg cang ddng thdi la ba can cii ldn nay, cdng ty Ddng An Anh da ed mdt cho diing khd viing chdc tren toan bd viing duyen hai An Dp, khdng che mat bien va uy hiip nhiing dich thii eua minh de tien tdi dge chiem lieu lue dia^
Nhu vay, khi ma An Dp dang con trong tinh frang tri Ire va lac hdu, thuc dan phuang Tay da d at keo den nudc nay xam ehiem, vo vet cua cdi. Qud trinh xam nhap ciia bpn thyc dan da lam cho toan bd ddt nudc nay bien ddi ghe gdm. Nhu Stalin da vilt: "''CNTB dot nhdp vdo d&i song yen tinh cua cdc ddn toe lgc hgu, lay chuyen vd bat hg chuyen mmh"'".
b. Nhihig cupc dung dp quyet liet giira cdc nir&c thirc dan chduAu a An Dp
Budc sang the ky XVII, khi cdc cong ty Ddng An boat dgng bet siic mgnh mg, ciing Id liic giua cac cudng qudc phuang Tdy xay ra nhiing cudc dung do fren bdn dao Nam A nay. Ddu tien, dd Id sy canh franh gay gdt sudt may chuc ndm lien giiia ba the lyc Bo Dao Nha, Ha Lan va Anh. Ngudi Anh va Hd Lan ra siic khoet sau cdc mdu thuan frong xd
' N t .
'" Xtalin, 1962, Van di ddn IQC vd thu^c dja, NXB-StT"
52 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°10 (157).2013
hdi An Do, nhu mau thuin giiia cac tieu vuong vdi trilu dinh trung uong, giiia eac tilu vuong theo dao Hdi vdi cac tieu vuong theo dao Hindu. Ddng thdi, nhiing nudc nay da diing siic manh ve qudn sy budc Bd Ddo Nha phai tir bd thudc dia An Do. Da tdm chilm An Dp ldm thudc dia cua rieng minh ngay cdng dugc chinh phu Anh theo dudi.
Cac nghien ciiu cbo biet: "Ndm 1686, cong ty ciia Anh tuyen bo se lap mpt de quoc Anh menh mong, truang ciru tren nhiing ca s&
vUng vdng"". De dat dugc muc dich do, hg da lap nhilu hieu budn d Madrat, Cancutta, Xurat, Bangan va Bombay, rdi ciing xay dyng nhilu thanh liiy, dua quan dpi tdi, eiing gdy chien vd bat cac tieu vuong phai nop thul eho hg. Neu nhiing tieu vuang ndo khdng ddng dii thue thi hp mang quan den danh chiem va bat dan d dd nop thue dien thd tdi 1/2 hoa lgi va rat nhieu thir thue khde.
Su nhu nhugc ciia trieu dinh Mongol dd khiln Anh lap mgt sd thuang diem, xay dyng cdn eii ehuan bi cho viec ddnh chiem toan bg ban ddo An Do. Ddng thdi, thyc dan Anh cdn bupc Bd Dao Nha phai nhugng cdng Bombay cho cbiing va gay siic ep dudi Ha Lan ra khdi An Do. Tuy nhien, su tranh chip d bdn dao Nam A nay cang them cang thang va phiic tap khi Phap xudt hien. Cd Anh vd Phap d i u tim cdeh de logi trir ldn nhau, tir thu doan tranh chap chinh tri den xung dot vii trang.
Ban dau hai cdng ty Ddng An cua Anh va Phdp chua cd sy va cham vi pham vi hoat ddng ciia hai cdng ty la nhung viing rieng
biet: cdng ty Ddng An Anh hoat ddng d Madrat, cdng ty Ddng A n Phdp d vimg Pdngdisery (ttr nam 1674), each Madrat 150km'^ Tuy nhien sau do, Phdp chilm duge Sdngdecnagor va lap ra cac thuang dilm d Mahee, Yandng, Carican thi hai cdng ty b i t d i u canh tranh ldn nhau trong van de thu mua h u a n g lieu, lap thuang d i l m va khu vue dnh hudng. Sy egnh tranh ndy cudi cimg da dua d i n nhung cudc chiln tranh giiia hai nudc d An Dp.
Cugc canh franh da xdy ra ca d trfin bien ldn fren bd. Ve dieu nay, cd thfi dpc thfim cudn Lich sir trung dgi ciia ede nha nghien ciiu ngudi N g a ' ^ Quan Phap d Pdngdisfiry da hgc tap ngudi Hd Lan ve phuong phap xdm nhap khi lap ra mdt dpi quan danh thue ngudi dia phuong (Xipay) do si quan Phdp hudn luyen va ehi huy, lay danh nghia bao ve va giiip do cdc tieu vuong dang franh gidnh quyen luc vdi nhau, tir dd chiing chifim giii eae dge quyen ve dat dai, chinh trj. Bang each do, vao khoang nhiing nam 40 cua the ky XVIII, Phap da kiem sodt nhiing vuong qudc Idn nhu Haidfirabat, Caenatic thupc mien Nam An Dp. Tde dp banh tnrdng ciia Phap khiln Anh lo sg eho sy tdn tai eac can Cli cua hp trudc het la Madrat. Anh dd phai tim each lgi dung mdt sd tieu vuong An Do dfi chdng lai Phap.
De tao lap anh hudng chac chdn d An Dp, Anh va Phap quylt dinh can thifip vdo tinh hinh chinh tri nudc nay. Sau khi quic
" Nguyen Gia Phu, sdd, tr. 220.
Nguyin Gia Phu, sdd, tr. 221.
" Kosminski E.A, Skazkin S.D (Chii bien), 1952, Lich sit Trung dgi, T§p I, NXB sich chfnh tri (bin tiing Nga).
SiiJO&in nhgp. eua thi/fe ilan phWifng Q'dg... 53
vuong Nhidam un Munk (1743 - 1748) bdng ha, cd hai de qudc nay deu tham gia vdo cudc tranh chap ngai vang d An Dp. Anh iing hd hodng tu Naxia Jiang cdn Phap hau thudn Mudappha Jang. Vific Mudappha Jang Ien ngdi sau dd da giiip ngudi Phap lam ehii ca vimg Ddng Nam cao nguyen Deean. Ngudi Anh hifiu rang dia vi ciia hg bj de dpa vd da quyet dinh ra tay. Ldp tiic, Mudappha Jang bi gifit, Naxia len ngdi vua. Su kien nay difin ra ddng nghTa vdi viec ngudi Phdp budc phai tii bd cac tinh phia Bac An Dp.
Cudc dau tranh gianh An Dp giiia Anh vd Phdp Hen tue dien ra vd keo dai tu 1756- 1763 (cudc chifin franh nay duge ggi Id cugc chiln tranh Bdy ndm)''*. Phap da lgi dung viec tifiu vuong Bengan mudn cung cd nin dpc lap oia minh, nen dd ra tay day liii Anh va giiip Bengan chiem lai Cancutta ndm 1756. Nhung sau khi ciing cd lyc lugng vd dugc sy giup siic ciia chinh qudc, Anh quay lai ddn dp. Ngay 26 thang 3 nam 1757, Iran Platxay dien ra het siic dc Het, bay van qudn Bengan chien dau kien eudng, nhung trudc siic manh ciia quan ddi thye dan Anh, hg da hi thit bai. Sy kien nay dugc coi nhu mdc danh ddu viee ngudi Anh chinh thiic dgt ach do hO d An Dp. Nam 1759, luc lugng qudn Anh tir Madrat keo den Cancutta kfit hgp vdi npi ling ciia 900 linh Anh ciing vdi 2.000 Hnh Xipay, dd danh lgi dao quan 90.000 ngudi eiia lien minh eac lieu vuong An Dp dugc Phdp giiip da. Mac dii cd vien binh, nhung quan Phdp van bi thdt bgi.
Sau sy kien d Cancutta, nam 1761, qudn Anh tin cdng Pdngdisery eiia Phap. Sau mdt ndm cam cu, rdi kiet que vi ddi khat, quan Phap phai ddu hang'*. Sy kien nay ddng thdi eiing cham diit cudc chiln franh Bay nam giiia hai cudng qude phucmg Tay. Nam 1763, Hda ude Pari dugc ky kit, theo dd Phdp ehi cdn chiem giii nhung miln dit thudc Phdp trudc day vdi nam thanh phd nhd ven bien: Pdngdisery, Sangdecnagor, Cancan, Mahfi, Yandng. Phap dugc duy tri viec budn bdn vdi An Do, nhung vimg dat dai rdng Idn cua Nam An vTnh vien tudt khoi tay Phap. Anh thdng tri hoan toan Bengan va hoan thanh viec xdm chifim toan bp An Dp.
Ve sy kien nay, K. Mdc da nhan djnh;
'''NhUng su kien cua cupc chien tranh Bdy ndm da bien Anh tir mpt cu&ng quoc thuang mgi thdnh cuong quoc qudn su vd ddt dai.
Chinh liic ndy ca s& cua de quoc Britten &
phuang Dong ngdy nay duac xdy dung len"'\
Nhu vdy, trong sudt hai the ky (TK XVI - XVII), cac cudng qudc phuang Tay da sir dyng mpi bifin phap, mpi thii doan dfi tranh chap An Dp. Di ddu la thye ddn Bd Ddo Nha va sau dd Id cac nude khac (Ha Lan, Phap, Anh). Tuy nbien, bang siic mgnh kinh te vd tiem lyc qudn su ciing nhiing thu doan ehinh tri, cudi ciing thyc dan Anh da chiem duge An Dp (1763). Nhan ddn An Dp tu ddy phdi budc vdo cugc dau tranh giai phong dan tgc Idu dai vdbfin bi.
" Dpc th6m Kosminski E.A, Skazkin S.D (Chu bien), sdd.
'* Kosminski E.A, Skazkin S.D, sdd.
" Dan theo Pham Gia H4i, \97S, Ljch sii the giai c4n dgi (giaidogn 1640 - 1670). QI, t^p 2, tr. 229.
