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MOT SO DAC DIEM VE SU THANH LAP
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QUAN DOI NHAN DAN VIET NAM
PGS, TS NGUYEN MANH H A "
L
ich suf da'u tranh each mang cua dan toe ta tir khi Dang Cong san Viet Nam thanh lap gan lien voi sir ra dcd, phat trien cua cac luc luong vu trang each mang do Dang trirc tie'p to chirc va lanh dao, trong do, sir ra doi, chien dau va truong thanh cua Quan doi nhan dan Viet Nam (QDNDVN) - doi quan chu lire cua Nha nude dan chu cong hoa, co mot vi tri va y nghia dac biet.Bai vie't nay xin neu may dac diem ve viec thanh lap QDNDVN.
Mgi la, QDNDVN diicfc thanh lap tit rat sam, hinh thanh ve mat td chi'ic td trildc khi co chinh quyen trung uang va lit nhieu dpi qudn tien thdn.
Day la mot sang tao doc dao ciia each mang Viet Nam. Ne'u lay ngay chinh thiic thanh lap, tuc la lay ngay ra ddi ciia Doi Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phong quan (VNTTGPQ) 22 - 12 -
1944, thi QDNDVN co tnrdc chinh quyen (Chinh phu lam thdi nude Viet Nam dan chu cong hoa tuyen bd ra mat qud'c dan ngay 2 - 9
* Vien Lich sir Quan sir Viet Nam
- 1945) gan mdt nam. Cdn ne'u tinh tfir ngay td chiJc cac ddi quan tien than ciia QDNDVN thi thdi gian thanh lap cdn sdm hon rat nhi6u, ke tir nam 1930, khi Doi tir ve cdng ndng duoc thanh lap.
Cac ddi quan tien than duoc td chiic trong mot khoang thdi gian tuong dd'i dai, ra ddi va tdi luyen tir trong da'u tranh each mang gianh chinh quydn tai cac dia phuong, cac khu can cii dia tren ca nude, tap trung chii ye'u d khu vuc mien Blc. Dd la cac td chiic: Ddi tu ve cdng ndng; Du kich BSc Son; Quan du kich Nam Ky, Ciiu qud'c quan; Ddi Viet Nam tuyen truyen giai phdng quan; Du kich Ba To va du kich cac chien khu Quang Trung, Tran Hung Dao; Viet Nam Giai phdng quan. Day la mot di6u kha dac biet va la mam md'ng, eo sd xay dung luc luong vu trang ba thii quan hoan chinh trong hai cudc khang chien chdng thuc dan Phap va de qud'c My xam luoc sau nay.
Hai la, QDNDVN thanh lap tren ca sd thdng nhdt cdc to chdc, dan vi vii trang tren pham vi cd mcac, nhitng co thanh phdn ca cdu to chdc, vai trd, nhiem vu va hodn cdnh ihdiih lap khdc nhau.
TAP CHl LICH SU DANG-SO 12/2008
Doi tif ve cong nong, ra ddi tir trong cao trao Xdviet Nghe - Tinh nam 1930 - 1931.
Day la ten goi chung, theo Nghi quyet Dai hdi dai bieu lan thii nhat cua Dang (3 - 1935) ve Ddi tu ve. Tai nhieu dia phuong d Nghe An, Ha Tinh da td chiic cac Ddi tir ve cdng ndng (cdn goi la Tu ve Dd) lam lire luong xung ki'ch bao ve quan chung cdng nhan, ndng dan trong cac cudc dau tranh, bieu tinh dong thdi la cdng cu bao lire cua cac Xdviet de duy tri trat tu xa hdi, tran ap cac luc luong phan each mang va chd'ng dich khiing bd. Ddi tu ve cdng ndng chinh la mam md'ng dau tien ciia cac luc luong vii trang, la loai hinh td chii'c cd tinh chat nira quan sir cua quan chiing nhan dan lao ddng, trudc he't va chu ye'u la ciia cdng nhan va ndng dan. Bien che cua Ddi tir 5 de'n 9 ngudi, td chirc thanh mot tieu ddi.
Ba tieu ddi td chiic thanh mot trung ddi. Ba trung ddi thanh mot dai ddi.
Doi du kich Bdc Sau, ra dci tir cudc khdi nghia vti trang Bac Son nhan thdi co quan Phap rut chay trudc viec phat xit Nhat tran vao lanh thd nude ta. Dem 27 - 9 - 1940, duoc sir hd tro ciia tu ve, quan chiing each mang Bac Son da tie'n danh ddn Md Nhai, chie'm chau ly Bk Son (Lang Son) thanh lap chinh quyen each mang. Ngay sau dd, Trung uong Dang chi thi phai duy tri phong trao khdi nghia d Bac Son, td chii:c quan du kich, thanh lap chien khu each mang. Luc luong tu ve, du kich Bac Son liic dau chi cd 20 ngudi, da nhanh chdng phat trien len de'n gan 200. Day la nhirng chie'n si cd the danh du kich, cd luyen tap nhung khdng thoat ly san xua't. Liic cd viec thi thanh ddi du kich, khi binh thudng van sinh hoat nhu thudng dan.
lI thanh lap chinh thii'c Ddi du kich Bac Son didn ra ngay 14 - 2 - 1941 tai rimg Khudi Noi, xa Vti Ld, huyen Bac Son. Ddi cd quan sd 32 ngudi, thudc cac dan tdc Kinh, Tay, Niing, Dao, la hat nhan trong viec gay dung co sd chinh tri, vii trang a khu can cii Blc San - Vd Nhai.
Qudn du kich Nam Ky, ra ddi tit trudc, trong va sau cudc khdi nghia Nam Ky (ngay 23 -11 - 1940). Day la ten ggi chung cho cac td, ddi du kich tu ve vii trang thudc cac tinh Nam Bo va thanh phd Sai Gdn - Chg Ldn da tham gia khdi nghia, dugc xay dung ve td chiic d cac quy md va hinh thiic khac nhau, cd sd lugng ddng, dugc duy tti hoat ddng va trd thanh ndng cdt cua phong trao dau tranh each mang ciing nhu xay dung lire lugng m trang Nam Bd sau nay.
Cicu quoc qudn, ra ddi trong phong trao van ddng each mang tai cac dia phuang thudc Blc Son, Vd Nhai (Lang Son) va Son Duong (Tuyen Quang) trong nhirng nam tir 1941 - 1944, dugc td chiic tren co sd cac ddi du kich, tir ve ciiti qud'c sin cd. Ciiii qud'c quan cd ba ddi (trung ddi), can cii theo thdi gian thanh lap ma ggi la Ciiu qud'c quan I, II, 111. Day la nhirng don vi vu trang tap trung, cd bien che td chiic rd rang thanh cac tieu ddi, trung ddi, pham vi hoat ddng rdng va cd nhieu can bd, ddi vien dugc hgc tap kha bai ban ve chinh tri va huan luyen quan sir d trong nude cung nhu d nude ngoai. Can bd chi huy la cac trung ddi trudng, chinh tri vien.
Dgi Viet Nam tuyen truyen Gidi phong qudn, dugc td chiic thanh lap tren ca sd lua chgn nhiing ddi vien du kich hang hai, kien quyet each mang va diing cam, chii ye'u d cac dia phuang thudc tinh Q o Bing - noi cd phong trao each mang sdm phat trien va la can cd: dia
TAP CHi LICH SU BANG - SO 12/2008
virng chic. Day la ddi vu trang tap trung chinh quy dugc lanh tu Hd Chi Minh true tiep chi thi thanh lap va dinh hudng \6 td chiic va hoat ddng (chi tie't de cap d dac diem sau). Ddi VNTTGPQ phat trien rat nhanh, cd dia ban hoat ddng rdng khIp va la dan vi cd lien tiep hai tran danh thing ngay sau khi thanh lap.
Du kich Ba Ta vd du kich cdc chien khu Quang Trung, Trdn Hitng Dao, ra ddi tiJ trong cudc khdi nghia vii trang d dia phuong va trong qua trinh xay dung cac chie'n khu each mang thdi ky bit dau cudc khdi nghia tumg phan ciia quan chiing, do tac ddng ciia cudc dao chinh Nhat - Phap (ngay 9 - 3 -1945). Ddi du kich Ba To thanh lap gan nhu ddng thdi vdi ngay nd ra cudc khdi nghia, ben canh viec phat trien rat nhanh ve mat td chiiic, luc lugng (quan sd cd liie len tdi 2 dai ddi), ddi cdn cd ca co sd sira chiia, san xuat vii khi, ra td bao rieng. Day la lire lugng vii trang ndng cdt trong cudc Tdng khdi nghia thang 8 - 1945 tren dia ban tinh Quang Ngai, ddng thdi la ddi vii trang chinh quy dau tien d Trung Bd liic bay gid.
Viel Nam Gidi phong qudn, ra ddi ngay 15 - 5 - 1945 tren co sd thd'ng nhat cac don vi Ciiu qud'c quan, Ddi VNTTGPQ va cac td chirc \'u trang each mang khac trong liic tinh the each mang, khdi nghia dang ngay cang chin mudi va can cii' vao Nghi quye't ciia Hdi nghi quan sir each mang Blc Ky hgp tai Blc Giang tir 15 de'n 20 - 4 - 1945. Day la ddi quan chii lire ldn nhat ca nude luc dd, cd he thd'ng td chiic chat che (liic mdi thanh lap cd 13 dai ddi), cd chi huy thd'ng nha't vdi Bd tu lenh gdm ba ddng chi Vd Nguyen Giap, Tran Dang Ninh, Chu Van Tan;
cd hang nghin \'u khi cac loai. Dac biet, trong thanh phan cua Viet Nam Giai phdng quan cd
ca mdt don vi hdn hop Viet - My, tuy chi tdn tai mdt thdi gian ngln nhung cd vai trd va y nghia quan trgng.
Nhu vay, cd the tha'y ring, cac don vi tien than ciia QDNDVN cd nhirng dac thii rieng, trai ra tren ca ba midn Blc, Trung, Nam, nhung cd diem chung la thanh phan tham gia chu yeu la cdng nhan, ndng dan va mdt sd ngudi dan tdc thieu sd cd long yeu nude, ciing chung mite dich danh Phap, dudi Nhat, gianh lay ddc lap, tu do.
Ba la, tuy co nhieu to chdc, dan vi lien thdn, thdnh lap tivng nhdng thdi diem khdc nhau, nhioig QDNDVN xdc dinh co nmt lo chii'c lien thdn ln(c tiep Id Dgi VNTTGPQ vd ngdy thdnh lap Doi duac lay ldm ngdy thdnh lap QDNDVN.
Dieu nay dua vao mot sd can cii' sau:
Thii nhat, day la ddi ra trang chinh quy dau tien do dich than lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qud'c chi thi thanh lap, chi dao thanh lap, xac dinh nguyen tic hoat ddng, nhiem vu va yeu eau phai dat dugc.
Trudc khi cd Chi thi thanh lap Ddi VNTTGPQ, trong budi gap cac ddng chi Vd Nguyen Giap, Vii Anh (cudi 10 - 1944), nghe bao cao ve tinh hinh phong trao each mang va viec chuln bi khdi nghia d Cao Bing - Blc Kan, Lang Son, tinh hinh con dudng Nam tien nd'i vdi khu can cii' Blc Son - Vd Nhai..., lanh tu Hd Chi Minh nhan manh yeu cau: Bay gid nen tap hgp nhiing can bd, chie'n si anh dung nha't, nhirng vii khi tdt nha't, td chirc thanh ddi vu trang de hoat ddng. Ta se diing hinh thii'c vu trang de gay anh hudng each mang sau rdng trong quan chiing... Chung ta se lap ddi quan giai phdng. Ngudi da true tiep phac thao nhirng net chinh vd ddi quan nay, lir td chirc de'n
TAPCHlUCHSUOANG-Sd 12/2008
phuong cham hoat ddng, ve quan he giiia ddi quan chu luc vdi luc lugng vu trang dia phuang, vd bao dam hau can, vii khi; ve tieu chuln can bd, ddi vien tham gia ddi va can dan: Phdi dua chac vdo ddn thi khong ke dich ndo lieu diet ducic ta.
Nhu vay, nhung yeu td tien de ve mdt ddi quan giai phdng chii luc da dugc lanh tu Hd Chi Minh phac thao va chi thi cho cac ddng chi cua Ngudi td chiic thuc hien. Dai tudng Vd Nguyen Giap sau nay cho ring, cho den luc nay, he tudng vi lap dgi qudn chit lite mai dugfc xdc dinh ro vd trd thdnh hien ihitc.
Trong mdt budi gap sau dd vdi cac ddng chi Vd Nguyen Giap, Le Quang Ba, khi nghe bao cao dir kien ten ggi cua ddi la Ddi Viet Nam Giai phdng quan, lanh tu Hd Chi Minh yeu cau them vao hai chir tuyen truyen de mgi ngudi ghi nhd nhiem vu chinh tri liic nay cdn trgng han quan su, tuyen truydn trgng hon tac chie'n. Ngudi da trao ban Chi thi thanh lap Ddi VNTTCPQ eho ddng chi Vd Nguyen Giap, trong dd nhan manh: "... mudn hanh ddng cd ket qua thi vl quan sir, nguyen tic chinh la nguyen tie tap trung lire lugng, cho nen, theo chi thi mdi cua Doan the, se chgn Igc trong hang ngii nhiing du kich Cao - Blc - Lang sd can bd va ddi vien kien quyet, hang hai nha't va se tap trung mdt phan ldn vii khi de lap ra ddi chii lire.
Vi cudc khang chien cua ta la cudc khang chien ciia toan dan can phai ddng vien toan dan, vii trang toan dan, cho nen trong khi tap trung luc lugng de lap mdt ddi quan dau tien, can duy tri luc lugng vii trang trong cac dia phuang cung phdi hgp hanh ddng va giiip dd vd mgi phuang dien. Ddi quan chii luc trai lai
cd nhiem vu diu dlt can bd vii trang ciia cac dia phuang, giiip da huan luyen, giiip da vu khi neu cd the dugc, lam cho cac ddi nay trudng thanh mai len"'.
Khdng chi cd the, Ngudi cdn cd nhiing chi dan cti the vd chie'n thuat tac chien cho Ddi, ve phuong cham hoat ddng "tuyen truyen trgng hon tac chie'n", ve thdi gian hanh ddng va yeu cau phai danh thing ngay tii tran dau... Ngudi xac dinh vai trd va tien doan tuang lai cua Ddi
"la ddi quan dan anh, mong cho chdng cd nhiing ddi dan em khac. Tuy luc dau quy md ciia nd cdn nhd, nhung tidn dd cua nd rit ve vang. Nd la khdi diem ciia giai phdng quan, nd ed the di sud't tir Nam chi Blc, khIp dat nude VietNam"l
Can cii thii hai la, ndi dung ban chi thi thanh lap Ddi va qua trinh hoat ddng cua Ddi VNTTGPQ sau khi thanh lap da the hien quan diem co ban ve tu tudng quan su ciia Ngudi va dudng ldi quan su ciia Dang ta tir rat sdm.
Dd dugc coi la Cuong llnh quan su dau tien ciia Dang ta bdi miy diem ndi bat ma QuIn ddi ta da tha'm nhuIn va thuc hien may chuc nam qua:
- Dd la tu tudng ve khang chie'n toan dan, ddng vien toan dan, vti trang toan dan, xay dung quan ddi tir trong quan chiing nhan din.
- Dd la tu tudng vd phuang thiic hoat ddng, ve nghe thuat tac chien, ve phdi hgp hanh ddng giiia ba thii quan, ke't hgp quan sir vdi chinh tri...
- Dd la cac bai hgc ve sir lanh dao cua Dang
"Ddi lay chi bd lam hat nhan lanh dao"; vi quye't tam "danh thing tran dau" de gay dung niem tin va xay dung truyen thd'ng da ra quan la danh thing; vd "dua chic vao dan, cd dan la cd ta't ca"; v6 giao dtic y thiic giac ngd chinh tri va
TAP CHl U C H S U O A N G - S O 12/2008
ky luat cho ddi vien (tai Id thanh lap ngay 22 - 12 - 1944, ta't ca 34 can bd, ddi vien da ddng thanh dgc 10 dieu ky luat. Sau nay, 10 dieu ky luat dd duge bd sung, phat trien thanh 10 ldi the ciia QDNDVN).
Su ra ddi cua Ddi VNTTGPQ da danh dau budc phat trien nhay vgt ve hinh thiie td chiic cua lire lugng vti trang each mang liic dd.
Bdn Id, cdc td chdc, dan vi tiin thdn cm QDNDVN diu do Ddng true tiep to chite, lanh dao vi mgi mat.
Ngay trong Chdnh cuang van tat (2 - 1930), Liuin cuang chinh tri (10 - 1930), Dang ta da de ra mdt trong nhitng nhiem vii ciia each mang la
"td chti:c ra ddi quan cdng ndng", "td chiic ddi tu ve cua cdng ndng" trong thdi ky dau tranh chinh tri va khi chuyen len khdi nghia gianh chinh quydn thi "vd trang cho cdng ndng". Dai hdi lan thii: nhat cua Dang (3 - 1935) cd riSng mdt nghi quyet ve Ddi tu ve, xac dinh nhung nguyen tic co ban trong xay dung luc lugng vii trang each mang.
Ddi du kich Blc San duge Trung uong Dang ra nghi quye't duy tri, phat trien va true tie'p la cac ddng chi Tran Dang Ninh, sau dd la cae ddng chi Trudng - Chinh, Hoang Van Thu giao due huan luyen, giao nhiem vu.
Quan du kich Nam Ky dugc Xii uy Nam Ky va tinh uy cae tinh true tie'p td chiic, lanh dao.
Cac ddi Ciiu qud'c quan cung vay. Ddng chi Phiing Chi Kien, phu trach quan su ciia Dang, sau Hdi nghi Trung uong lan thii 8 (5 - 1941), dugc cir xudng true tiep lam Chi huy trudng Trung ddi Ciiu qud'c quan I. Ddng chi Hoang Qud'c Viet duge Ban Thudng vti Trung uong cir xud'ng true tie'p ehi dao td chiic lire lugng tu ve, du kich va ciiu qud'c quan d chau Vd Nhai, dua
den su ra ddi cua Trung ddi Ciiu quoc quan II (15-9-1941).
Ddi VNTTGPQ ra ddi cd hat nhan lanh dao la ehi bd Dang trong Ddi, do ddng chi Duong Mac Thach (tii:c Xich Thing) lam Chinh tri vien kiem Bi thu, ddng chi Lam Kinh (Lam Cim Nhu), phu trach chinh tri.
Ddi du kich Ba To dat dudi su lanh dao, chi dao true tie'p ciia Tinh uy lam thdi Quang Ngai, do ddng chi Nguydn Ddn lam Chinh tri vien, da vugt qua mudn van gian khd, nhanh chdng phat trien thanh ddi quan chii luc cua dia phuong va ciia khu vuc Trung Trung Bd.
Ban Thudng vii Trung uong Dang da td chiic Hdi nghi Quan sir each mang Blc Ky, ra quye't nghi cap bd Dang d cac dia phuang, cac chie'n khu phai xay dung va true tiep lanh dao cac ddi du kich lam ndng cdt cho phong trao cac tinh phia Tay Nam va vilng duyen hai Blc Bd. Viet Nam Giai phdng quan la td chiic thd'ng nhat cac luc lugng vti trang each mang chii ye'u liic bay gid, cung do Trung uong Dang lanh dao, tnxc tie'p chi huy la ddng chi Vd Nguyen Giap, Uy vien Thudng vii Trung uong.
Cae ddi quan tien than eting nhu QDNDVN sau nay, la vdn quan su quy bau ciia Dang, dugc Dang td chiic va lanh dao bing dudng ldi chinh tri va dudng ldi quan sir. Sir lanh dao ciia Dang dugc the hien tren cac mat hoat ddng xay dung va chien dau. Nhd dd, QDNDVN da ldn manh nhanh chdng, trd thanh cdng cu die lire bao ve To qud'c, bao ve Dang va nhan dan, khang chien chd'ng xam luge gianh thing lgi.
1,2. Ho Chi Minh Todn tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T.3, tr.507,507-508.
TAP CHi UCHSUOANG-SO 12/2008
