NONG NGHIEP-NONG THON
Xudt khdu thuy sdn cua Viet Nam: co hoi, thach thCrc tCf cac tien trinh hoi nhqp hien nay
NGUYEN ANH THU VU VAN TRUNG LE THI THANH XUAN
^Sdi viet phdn tich tiim nang xudt khdu cua thuy sdn Viet Nam qua cdc so lieu thac teve J ^ gid tri xudt khdu, cd cdu ngdnh, cdc chi sd tiim ndng xuat khdu vd phdn tich cu the xudt khdu thuy sdn Viet Nam tqi cdc thi trudng ldn gom: Hoa Ky, EU, Nhdt Bdn, Hdn Qudc, Trung Quoc vd ASEAN; tii do chi ra nhiing cd hgi, thdch thac cua thdy sdn Viit Nam khi xudt khdu sang tiing thi triidng ndy.
TU k h o a : xudt khdu thuy san Viit Nam, thuy sdn, hgi nhdp kinh ti'.
' T ^ b u y s a n dUdc coi la n g a n h kinh te -*- miii nhon, chu lUc va la t h e m a n h cua Vi§t N a m . Tong cue t h u y s a n dat muc ti§u d&i n a m 2020, kinh te t h u y san dong g6p hdn 3% G D P cua n e n kinh t e v6i tong kim ngach xulit k h ^ u d a t 11 ty USD. Thuy san ciing la mot trong nhijtng n g a n h xulft k h a u 16n n h a t cua Vi§t Nam, dem lai gia tri cao dong gop vao n g a n sach n h a nUdc.
Theo Hiep hoi Che bien va x u a t k h a u thiiy san Viet N a m (VASEP), n a m 2013, s a n p h a m thuy s a n xuat k h ^ u cua Viet N a m da co mat tai 156 t h i trifdng t r e n t h e gi6i v6i tong kim ngach d a t k h o a n g 6,8 ty USD, trong do, chiem d e n 7 1 % la cac t h i trUdng chu luc nhU Hoa K^, EU, N h ^ t Ban, H a n Quoc, Trung Quoc. Day deu la cac t h i trUctng ldn t r e n t h e gidi m a Vi§t N a m ky ket cac hiep dinh thUdng m a i tti do k h u vUc va song phUdng.
Moi t h i trifdng deu mS r a nhQng cd hoi va thach thiic rieng vdi thtiy san Viet Nam.
1. T o n g q u a n v e x u a t k h a u t h u y s a n c u a V i e t N a m
1.1. Tinh hinh xudt khdu qua cdc ndm Viet N a m la nUdc co dieu ki§n thien nhien Uu dai, t h u 4 n ^d\ cho hoat dong nuoi trong va d a n h b a t t h u y san. Trong g a n 20 n a m qua (1995-2014), gia tri xuat kh^u cac m a t h a n g t h u y s a n da chtfng kien sU t a n g trudng m a n h me va d a t dUdc nhflng budc tien vUdt bac.
Kim ngach xuat kh^u thuy san d a t 550 trieu USD (nam 1995) va tSng ien mufc 6,8 ty USD (nam 2013) va d a t khoang 7,9 ty USD (nam 2014) vdi miic t a n g trUdng binh quan h a n g n a m khoang 15%. Miic t a n g trudng a n tUdng n h u vay da dUa Viet Nam trd t h a n h nudc dan dau trong k h u vUc cung nhU tr§n t h e gidi ve cung cap nguon thtiy s a n toan c^u.
Nam 2000 gia tri xua't k h a u thuy san d a t g^n 1,5 ty USD va chiing kien miic t a n g trudng ky luc d a t khoang 52%. Ke tii khi Viet Nam trd t h a n h t h a n h vien cua to chflc thUdng mai t h e gidi (WTO), cung vdi viec ky ket h a n g loat cac hiep dinh thUdng mai tU do song phUdng va da phUdng da thiic day toe do t a n g trudng xuat k h a u thuy san dang k e . Ngoai trCt n a m 2009 do nhflng tac dong tieu cUc cua suy thoai kinh t e t h e gidi va nhflng ba't on, k h u n g hoang tren toan cau da lam suy giam dang k e n h u cau n h a p k h a u tfl cac thi trUcIng chu lflc. Vi t h e kim ngach x u a t kh^u thuy san chi dflng lai d mflc khoang 4,25 ty USD, giam m a n h 5,7% so vdi n a m 2008 va la n a m duy nha't trong g a n 20 n a m dat mflc t a n g trfldng a m . Tuy nhien, trong nhflng n a m g^n day, cung vdi nhflng tin hieu tich cflc tfl sfl phuc hoi cua nen kinh te the gidi va nhflng flu d a i t h u e q u a n tfl cac hiep dinh
Nguyin Anh Thu; Vu VSn Trung; Le Thi Tiianh Xuan, Truimg dai hoc Kinh l€, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
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Xuat khau thuy san .
thudng mai tU do ma Viet Nam t h a m gia, xuat de duy tri va tiep tue duy tri vai tro chu dao kh^u thuy san da d i n lay lai da tang tnlSng trong viec cung flng thuy san toan c4u.
HINH 1: X u a t k h a u t h u y s a n c u a Viet N a m giai d o a n 1995 - 2014 Bvt: trieu USD
Ngudn: Hiep hOi Chebien va xuSit khiu thiiy san Viei Nam.
Xet ve cd ca'u theo san pham, cac mat hang thuy san xua't kh^u ra the gidi chu yeu tap trung vao cac san pham sd che bao gom: cac loai torn, nhdm hang ca dong lanh, phi le ca va cac loai thit ca khac, mflc, bach tupc va ca ngfl da dfldc che bien. NhU vay mflc do da dang hda san pham con tha'p, tap trung vao cac mat hang sd che va nguyen lieu mang lai gia tri gia tang khdng cao. Trong 5 nhdm mat hang thuy san cd nhu c l u nhap k h i u ldn nhat tren the gidi nam 2009 thi Viet Nam chi cung ca'p hai nhdm hang la ca phile dong lanh va giap xac dong lanh, chie'm tdi 64% tong kim ngach xua't khau thiiy san. Trong khi dd nhu cau the gidi ve 2 nhdm hang nay chi dflng lai d mflc khiem td'n la 26% nam 2009. Nhfl vay c6 the tha'y rang trong nhflng nam qua xua't khau thiiy san cua Viet Nam chUa dat dUdc mflc da dang boa san pham cao va chUa dat dUdc ty trong HINH 2: Kim n g a c h x u a t k h a u c a c loai
xuat khau hai hda vdi n h u cau nhap k h i u cua the gidi. Vi the, nhflng bien dpng tfl thi trfldng nhap k h i u tren the gidi nhfl sfl thay doi ve sflc mua (cau nhap khau), gia ca, cac rao can ky t h u a t va ve sinh hay va'n de canh t r a n h tfl cac doi thu cd anh hudng ldn de'n kim ngach xua't khau thuy san cua Vi§t Nam. Trong do theo bao cao cua Asian Foundation va Vien Nghien cflu quan ly kinh te trung Udng (2011), hien nay Trung Quoc nd'i len nhU mot doi t h u canh t r a n h ldn doi vdi xua't k h i u thuy san cua Viet Nam ve gia ca va hieu qua san xua't vi tan dung dUdc chi phi san xua't tha'p. Theo do, T n m g Quoc cung tap trung vao nhflng san pham thuy san xua't k h i u chie'm ty trong ldn trong tdng kim ngach xua't khau cua Viet Nam va tap trung 3 thi trUdng Hoa Ky, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc cung la 3 doi tac nhap khau ldn cua Viet Nam.
t h u y s a n n a m 2012, 2013 Bvt: trieu USD
Ngudn: Hiep h6i Chfi^bien va xuS't khiu thuy san Viftt Nam.
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Xaat kliau their san
Trong nhflng n a m qua, cac san p h a m tfl nuoi trong chiem ty t r o n g ngay cang ldn trong cd ca'u x u a t k h a u va hien chiem khoang GO^o. Xam 2013, tdm v a n duy tri vi tri dan d a u trong cac m a t h a n g thu\- san xuat k h a u vdi kim ngach d a t 3,1 t y USD (t&ng 39,l"o). Cu t h e : tdm chan t r a n g dat dfldc mflc t a n g trfldng a'n tUdng nha't 113%
vdi kim ngach dat k h o a n g 1,58 t y USD, trong khi do x u a t k h i u tom su dat k h o a n g 1,33 t y USD t a n g 6,3%. Ca t r a tiep tue duy tri vi t r i thfl hai, chiem 28^*0 kim ngach xuat k h a u thiiy san n a m 2013. Mac dii xua't k h a u ca t r a d a t k h o a n g 1,92 ty USD, t a n g 1% so vdi n a m 2012, nhflng day chi dfldc xem la mflc t a n g trfldng on dinh va cam chiing.
Theo VASEP t h i trong n a m 2013, doanh H I N H 3: T y t r o n g c a c l o a i
nghiep xua't k h a u ca t r a gap nhi^u khd k h a n , b§[t on ve ca t h i trfldng tieu t h u va nguyen h e u trong nfldc. Ngoai ra, t a i t h i trfldng n h a p k h a u ldn nha't la Hoa Ky, t h u e chong b a n p h a gia t a n g ra't cao so vdi cac ky trfldc Cling gay can trd dd'i vdi xua't k h a u ca t r a vao t h i trfldng nay. Ngoai trfl h a i san p h i m chu lflc tren, t h i cac san p h a m khac nhfl: ca cac loai, mflc va bach tupc, n h u y e n t h e 2 vd, cua ghe va giap xac khac deu chflng kien sfl suy giam ve kim ngach xua't k h a u lan Ifldt la 26,07%, 10,8%, 5% va 4,3%.
Tuy nhien cac s a n p h i m suy giam ve gia t r i xua't k h a u nay chi chiem khoang 19% tong kim ngach xua't k h a u , n e n n a m 2013 v a n la mot n a m t a n g trfldng k h a q u a n ciia xua't k h i u thiiy s a n vdi mflc t a n g dat 11%.
t h u y s a n x u a t k h a u n a m 2013
Tomkh^
3% \ ^
Tomsu^
19\
Caira 28%
;5g^^v!C
^ssinSil
T6mchan trinq
23%
'«!i!ii Cingfr
8%
Cua, ghe ri\.
giap ldc khac 2%
Cac loai ca k h ^ 10%
Mi/Cvdbach hioch
6%
Nhuy«nthe2 vo 1%
Nguon: Hiep hOi Che bie'n va xuSt k h ^ (hiy san Viet Nam.
Theo VASEP, n a m 2013 s a n p h a m thuy san xua't k h a u ciia Viet Xam da cd mfit t a i 156 t h i trfldng t r e n t h e gidi vdi tdng kim ngach d a t k h o a n g 6,8 ty USD. T r o n g do, chiem de'n 7 1 % la cac t h i trfldng chu lflc nhfl Hoa Ky, EU, X h a t Ban, H a n Qud'c.
T r u n g Qudc. Gia t r i xufi't k h a u s a n g 3 ddi tac ldn nha't la Hoa Ky, EU. X h a t B a n deu t a n g t r o n g nfim 2013 d a t l l n Ifldt 23.8^o, 2.88'*o va 3.4*'o. Ngfldc lai, gia t r i n h a p k h i u t h u y s a n tfl Viet X'am ciia H a n Quoc giam l.S^o. Theo VASEP t h i day la t h i trfldng tieu t h u m a t h a n g mflc, bach tuoc, cha ca va s u r i m i ldn n h ^ t ciia Viet X a m . T u y n h i e n t r o n g n a m 2013. cac m a t h a n g
n a y cd xu hfldng chflng lai va sut giam, lam suy giam kim ngach xua't k h a u c h u n g s a n g t h i trfldng nay. D a n g ehfl y nha't la t h i trfldng T r u n g Quoc ndi len n h u mpt doi tac d a y tiem n a n g cua Viet N a m , vdi toe do t a n g n h a p k h i u t h u y s a n m a n h nha't va Uen t u e gifl d mflc 2 con so'. N a m 2013, gia t r i x u a t k h a u sang t h i trfldng n a y d a t k h o a n g 519 t r i e u USD, t a n g 3 9 , 1 % so vdi n a m 2012 va chie'm 8% tdng k i m n g a c h xua't k h a u t h u y s a n Viet N a m . T r u n g Qud'c hfla h e n la mpt t h i trfldng day t i e m n a n g ciia thiiy s a n Viet N a m , vdi s d lfldng ldn va s a n p h a m da d a n g dac biet vdi nhflng Uu dai t h u e q u a n tfl ACFTA.
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Xuat khau thuy san ,
HINH 4: Thi trfldng n h a p k h a u t h u y s a n V i e t N a m g i a i d o a n 2011-2013 Dvt: triSu USD
1400 1200 1000
• Nim'QU •Nim2012 aNimiOli
Ngudn: VASEP, UN Comtrade va tinh loan ciia tac gia.
1.2. Tiem ndng xudt khau thuy sdn cua Viet Nam
Chi soldi thi'so sdnh hien thi' (RCA) Ket qua tinh toan cho thSy, RCA nhdm hang thuy san cua Viet Nam ra't cao va tfldng dd'i on dinh tfl nam 2001-2012, the hien mat hang thuy san xua't khau cd tiem nang rSt ldn. DiS'u nay phu hdp vdi thfle te la nhflng mat hang thuy san xua't k h i u cua Viet Nam ngay cang dUcfc ua chudng d cac thi trUdng nfldc ngoai. Dong thdi, trong khoang thdi gian nay, viec Viet Nam ky ket hang loat cac hiep dinh thfldng mai tfl do da lam gia tang dang ke kim ngach xuat k h i u thiiy san Viet Nam.
Vdi viec tbflc hien cat giam dang kd thue quan doi vdi cac mat hang thuy san xuat k h i u chu lflc ctia Viet Nam, nganh thuy san cd them nhiiu cd hpi gia tang san lUdng xu^t k b i u sang nhflng thi trfldng khd tinh va yeu c l u cha't Ifldng cao nhfl My, EU, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc. Cac san pham nhfl ca da trdn, tdm, ghe che bie'n ddng lanh va ddng hop dang dan tao dfldc thfldng hieu va cd chd dflng nha't dinh tai nhflng thi trfldng nay vi gia ca hdp ly nhflng v&n dam bao dfldc cha't lUdng, dp tfldi, cd ldi cho sflc khde va dam bao ve sinh an toan thfle p h i m . Nhfl vay, vdi san Ifldng xua't k h i u ngay cang gia tang, hang thuy san Viet Nam dang tao dfldc ldi t h e so sanh cao tren the gidi.
Tuy nhien, chi so' ldi the so sanh hidn thi mat hang thuy san cua Viet Nam cd xu hfldng giam d i n trong giai doan 2001 - 2012, dkc biet tfl nam 2008 do nhflng bien dong ctia nen kinh te toan clu. Suy thoai kinh te the gidi n a m 2009 lam suy giam dang ke sflc tieu thu cua cac thi trfldng xuait k h i u thuy san ldn cua Viet Nam nhfl EU, My. Ddng thdi, Viet Nam cung chiu ap lflc canh t r a n h ngay cang gia t a n g tfl cac thi trfldng xua't khau thuy san ldn tren the gidi n h u Chile, Thai Lan. Hdn nfla, cac rao can ky t h u a t trong thfldng mai dfldc cac nfldc tang cfldng ap dung, dien hinh la cac rao can ky t h u a t ma Trung Qud'c, Han Quoc ap dung ddi vdi tdm Viet Nam. Xua't khiu thuy san sang thi trfldng EU, My chiu nhilu thach thfle ve nhiing quy dinh v6 sinh an toan thfle pham nhfl tieu chuan Global Gap va IUU (Illegal unreported and unregulated fishing) va cac vii kien chdiig ban pha gia h thi trudng Hoa Ky.
1. RCA= (Xij/Xit)/(Xwj/Xwt), trong d6 Xij vi Xwj 1^ lugt la gia trj xuft khiu hang hda j cija nu6c i vl thff gi6i; Xit va Xwt 1^ luot la tdng kim ngach xuSt khiu ciia nu6c i va the" gidi. Neu RCA>1 thi nu6c i c6 Igi Ih^ so sanh bi^u thi v^ hing hoa j ; ne'u RCA<=1 thi nudc i khong c6 lm thf so sanh bi^u thi v^ hing hda j ; RCA cang cao thi hang hda j co lgi thf so sinh cing cao.
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Xuat kh^u thuy san
HINH 5: Chi so' Itfi t h e so s a n h h i e n t h i (RCA) n g a n h t h u y s a n Viet N a m v a m o t s o nvt&e
1 6 14 12 I O S 6 4
2 0 0 1 2002
— • — V i e t N a m
a ^ *
2 0 0 3 2004
— • — X i i t n a Q i i
•
2 0 0 .•;
5
1<,06 Na f y
_ Q -O
2 0 0 - 2O0S
^ • O ^ T l i a i Lau
2009 2010
— » — H o a K y
- ^ ^ >i o o
2 0 1 1 2012
—«—Clii Le
NguSn Tinh todn cua tic gia dua tr€n sff Htu UN Comtrade.
Chi sd'tap trung thadng mqi^ (TI) Chi so' t a p t m n g thUdng mai ciia Viet Nam sang Nhat Ban, My, H a n Quoc, Trung Quoc d^u ldn hdn 1 cho thay xua't k h a u thuy san cua Viet Nam sang cac nUdc nay deu cao hdn mflc trung binh cua the gidi vao cac qud'c gia nay. Tuy nhien, TI cua Viet Nam vao Nhat Ban va My cd xu hfldng giam bdi sfl xua't hien ciia cac dd'i t h u xua't k h i u t h u y s a n ldn ciia
Viet Nam hidn nay nhU Trung Qudc, Mehicd, Thai Lan, Inddnexia, An Dp. Dien hinh nhfl Thai Lan dang la ddi thii xuat k h i u tdm ldn nha't cua Viet Nam tdi My va mot sd thi trudng khac, hay sfl canh t r a n h manh cua Mehicd trong xua't k h a u ca ngfl. Dd'i vdi thi trfldng N h a t Ban, Indonexia la ddi t h u manh nha't ciia Viet Nam khi Ifldng xua't k h a u thuy san tdi Nhat Ban Hen ttic tang manh.
HINH 6: C h i s o t a p t r u n g t h f l d n g m a i h a n g t h u y s a n x u a t k h a u v o l m o t s o t h i t r f l d n g e h i n h ( g i a i d o a n 2001-2012)
-..
6 1 )
4 ( 1 3 0 2 0
J I O O l ZOOZ 200A
— • — N l i . i t B a i l
"^•^ t —
• H...,!
2'->Oo 2IM'~ 2UUS ly — O ^ S a i i Q u o c
i l . o o 2 0 1 0 J i O l l - — • — T t l u i s : Q u o c
2.01Z
Ngudn: Ttnh loan ciia tac gia dua tren s6 lieu UN Comtrade.
2. TI= (Xij/Xit)/(XwJ/Xwt). trong dd Xij va Xwj la gia tri xuSt khSu hang hda cua nudc i v l th£ gidi d^n nu6c j ; Xit va Xwt la l6ng kim ngach xuSt khiu cua nudc i va the gidi. TI xac dinh lieu gia tri thiKmg mai giiia 2 nudc la 1(^ hay nho so vdi tiim quan trong ciia cac nudc niy trong thucmg mai th^ gidi. Gia Hi ldn hon dem vi cho bifi't c6 the' cd ddng chay thuong mai ldn hon.
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Xuat khau thuy san
Nhfl vay, bang viec tinh toan va p h a n tich cac chi so tiem nang tdng quan nganh thiiy san Viet Nam, cd the theTy nganh thuy san la nganh cd ldi the so s a n h va tiem nang xuSi^t k h i u ldn, dac biet cd k h a nang xam n h a p cao vao cac thi trfldng ldn nhfl Hoa Ky, EU, N h a t Ban, Han Quoc, Trung Quoc. Vi vay, viec ky ket cac hiep dinh thfldng mai du do se cd tac ddng tich cUc giup cac doanh nghiep xua^t k h i u , gia t a n g kim ngach xuat k h a u thuy san sang cac thi trudng nay.
2. Ctf h o i v a t h a c h thfle c u a q u a t r i n h h o i n h a p
Thi triidng Hoa Ky
Hoa Ky dUdc coi la mot trong nhflng thi trfldng ha'p d i n vdi xua't k h i u cua Viet Nam.
Ke tfl nam 2000, Hoa Ky da trd t h a n h thi trudng xua't k h i u ldn nha't, tiem nang nha't nhUng cung n h i e u t h a c h tbflc n h a t doi vdi cac mat hang xua't k h i u cua Viet Nam. Xdt rieng vdi nganh thuy san Vidt Nam, Hoa Ky cung la qudc gia n h a p k h a u ldn nhSt, dac bi§t tfl khi Hiep dinh thfldng mai Vidt My (BTA) cd hieu lflc. Theo sd' lidu thd'ng ke tfl UN Comtrade, nam 2012 gia tri xua't k h i u thuy san cua Viet Nam sang thi trfldng nay dat g i n 1,17 ty USD, nam 2013 dat g i n 1,01 ty USD. Theo thdng ke cua Bo Cdng thfldng, trong 11 t h a n g dau n a m 2014, toan nganh thuy san dat 7,22 ty USD gia tri xua't k h i u , trong dd thi trfldng Hoa Ky chiem 21,85 %. Cd the ndi, Hoa Ky la dd'i tac quan trpng, cd sflc anh hudng m a n h den kim ngach va gia tri xua't k h i u thuy san cua Viet Nam.
Nhin chung, xua't k h i u thuy san Viet Nam sang Hoa K;y khdng ngflng gia t a n g qua cac nam. Xua't k h i u thuy san sang t h i trUdng nay dem lai ngudn t h u ldn, nhd nhidu vao nhflng dieu kien thuEin ldi tfl quoc gia nay, cung nhfl tac ddng tfl hdi n h a p kinh te. Hoa K^ la qudc gia giau m a n h vdi tdng san pham qudc npi (GDP) ldn nha't the gidi trong nhieu thdi k ^ l Day cung la thi trfldng cd sflc m u a va nhu c l u ldn vdi mat h a n g thuy san. Kinh te Hoa Ky dang dan phuc hdi, la cd hpi de Viet Nam day manh kim ngach xuat khau.
Ngoai ra, nhflng flu dai tfl hiep dinh BTA va Hiep dinh xuyen Thai Binh Dfldng (TPP) da va dang cd tac dong dang ke dd'n xua't k h i u t h u y san Viet N a m vao Hoa Ky. Chi 2 nam sau khi BTA dfldc ky ket*, Hoa Ky da trd t h a n h thi trfldng xua't k h i u ldn nha't cua Viet N a m . Vdi TPP, khi Hiep dinh nay dfldc ky ket va cd hieu lflc se md ra cd hpi ldn cho h a n g hda Viet Nam sang thi trfldng Hoa Kf, do Hoa Ky la n h a n h a p k h a u khdng lo va h a n g hda gifla hai nfldc khdng canh tranh trflc tid'p ma mang t i n h bd sung cho nhau^.
Theo du t i n h cua Trung tSm nghien cflu Ddng-Tay, nhd t h a m gia TPP, ddn n a m 2025, xua't k h a u cua Viet N a m t a n g th§m 25,8%.
Vdi nhflng flu dai c i t giam t h u e quan, hang rao phi t h u e q u a n va cac trd ngai thfldng mai, TPP dfldc ky vpng giup cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam d i y m a n h xua't k h i u thuy san vao thi trfldng Hoa K;^. Vi du d i n chflng theo Marybeth Turner^, khi chfla cd TPP hai san ddng hop dfldc Hoa Ky ap dung thud \%n tdi 35%, tuy nhien sau khi TPP ky kdt, thu^
sua't n h a p k h i u mat h a n g nay se ve 0%.
Hoa Ky la thi trfldng dem lai ngudn thu ldn cho doanh nghiep Vidt Nam. Tuy nhien, nhflng thach thfle tfl thi trfldng khd tinh nay la bai toan khdng ddn gian. Hoa Ky dat ra nhieu rao can ky t h u a t trfldc sflc dp canh t r a n h ngay cang gia tang, chu yeu trong nganh cdng nghiep che' bie'n. So' Ifldng dang ke cac san p h i m thuy san cua Viet Nam bi t r a iai ngay tfl khi dfldc n h a p tai cang cua My do khdng p h u hdp vdi ydu c l u ve yeu to mdi trfldng, an toan tbflc phdm... gay ra nhieu
3. Nam 2014, theo th6ng ke tit Quy Ti^n tft qu6c 1^
(IMF), Trung Qu6c da vugt Hoa KJ trd th^nh n^n kinh l i CO quy mO ldn nhft xet theo chi s6 GDP.
4. BTA dugc ky kg^t vao ngiy 13-7-2000 va chinh thiic cd hieu luc vao ngay 10-12-2001.
5. Theo Tdng cue Hai quan, Viet Nam chu y^u xuSl kh^u cac mat hang thuy san, det may, d6 g 6 . . . sang Hoa Ky va nhap khiu tii thi trudng niy c i c mat hing cdng nghe cao nhu mdy tinh, linh kien dien t&, mdy mdc...
6. Marybeth Turner la chuyfin gia kinh t^ cua Dai sU quan Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam.
5 4 Nghiin cdu Kmh iff sff 446 - Thing 7/2015
Xuat khau thuy sdn ...
thidt hai cho cac n h a san xua't va xua't k h a u cua Viet Nam. Cac vu t r a n h cha'p cho th^y, cdn khoang each k h a xa de Viet Nam dfloc hfldng quy che' thfldng mai cua My mdt each thfle sfl. Rao can ve thue' chdng b a n pha gia tai Hoa K;? vdi t h u y san Viet N a m la thach tbflc ldn. Tinh rieng tai thi trfldng My, trong 10 n a m da cd tdi 8 vti didu t r a chdng p h a gia va trd ca'p vdi cac san p h i m xua't xfl tfl Viet Nam, nha't la t h u y san. Ca t r a va tdm la hai mat h a n g chu lflc cua Viet N a m xuat vao My nhflng thfldng xuydn bi khdi kidn, cd t h e dfldc xet nhfl mot sfl kidn h a n g n a m . Gifla nam 2013, Bp Thfldng m a i My cd quyet dinh khdi kien con tdm ctia Viet Nam vdi mflc t h u e ra't cao, tfl 1,15% den 7,88%. Ca t r a cflng thfldng xuyen phai chiu canh tfldng tfl nhfl tdm, ddt ap t h u e lan 9 vao t h a n g 9-2013 da tang len ga'p 3 l l n . Dau t h a n g 7-2014, My tiep tue ap t h u e l l n 10 vdi ca tra. Ngoai ra, canh t r a n h ngay mdt gia t a n g vdi cac quoc gia cd ldi thd' tfldng ddng ve xua't k h i u thuy san cung la thach tbflc khdng nhd vdi Viet Nam. Cd the ndi, Hoa Ky la thi trfldng ha'p d i n ddng thdi cung nhieu rui ro. \ ^ vay, vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam, de t a n dung cac flu dai, giam td'i da trd ngai de cd dfldc ngudn thu ldn tfl qua t r i n h xuat k h a u thuy san sang thi trfldng nay la va'n de khong dd dang.
Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can chu trpng den chat Ifldng san pham, trfldc he't la dap flng ta't ca ydu cau kiem t r a d ciia k h i u cua My nhfl cac quy dinh ve kich cd, ddng gdi, nhan mac... Cac n h a chd'bien can chu trpng tang cfldng cac chfldng t n n h phdng chong rui ro thong qua vide d a n h gia sfl p h u hdp vdi HACCP trong san xua't va che bie'n. Trong xu the hpi n h a p hien nay, cac doanh nghidp cung can tim hieu sfl t h a n h cdng cua cac doEinh nghidp cung nganh trdn t h e gidi, cac vu kien cung nhfl flu dai tfl cac Hiep thnh de giai quye't cac bai toan thach thfle de dang hdn.
Thi tradng EU
Trong nhflng n a m qua, EU v l n duy tri la thi trfldng n h a p k h a u thuy san chinh cua
Viet N a m . Theo t h d n g ke cua VASEP, n a m 2013 EU la dd'i tac n h a p k h i u t h u y san ldn thfl 2 vdi kim ngach dat khoang 1,17 ty USD, chid'm 17% tdng gia tri xua't k h a u nhdm h a n g nay cua Viet Nam. Ddng thdi, EU dfldc d a n h gia la mpt thi trfldng d i y tridn vpng va tiep tue cd tiem n a n g cho cac doanh nghiep xua't k h a u thuy san tid'p tue xam n h a p , dac biet khi hiep dinh thfldng mai tfl do gifla Viet N a m va EU hoan ta't dam p h a n va chinh thfle cd hieu lflc.
Hidp dinh Thfldng mai t u do gifla Viet Nam va EU (VEFTA) khdi dong dam phan tfl t h a n g 6-2012 va hien da di dd'n nhflng bfldc cuoi cung cho viec ky ket. EFTA cd hieu lflc se cd khoang 90% hang hda Viet Nam xua't k h i u sang EU dfldc hfldng mflc thue 0%. Trong dd, cac san p h i m thuy san ma Viet Nam cd ldi the' so sanh cao la mdt trong nhflng hang hda se hfldng ldi nhieu nhSit tfl qua trinh tfl do hda thue quan nay mang lai. Tuy nhien, mot thach thfle ldn dat r a ddi vdi cac doanh nghidp che' bien x u i t k h i u thuy san la vide dap flng dfldc cac tieu c h u i n vd ve sinh an toan thfle p h i m va cac hang rao phi thue quan khac. Trdn tbflc te, cac quy dinh ve tidu chuan mdi trfldng, vd sinh an toan thfle p h i m cua EU d mflc ra't cao va la thach thfle ldn ma cac doanh nghidp ddi mat khi xua't k h i u sang thi trfldng nay. Ngfldi tidu dung EU ngay cang cd nhu cau cao doi vdi cac san pham sach, than thidn vdi mdi trfldng va an toan cho sflc khde. Dau n a m 2014, nhflng Id hang tdm xua't k h a u sang EU tiep tue bi phat hidn dfl Ifldng oxj^tracycline vfldt mflc gidi h a n cho phep va ap dung che dp kiem t r a 100% Id hang. Ngoai ra, EU cung cd quy dinh ro r a n g ve ngudn goc xua't xfl cua hang hda, trong dd tidu c h u i n Global Gap va IUU (Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing) la nhiing tidu chuan ma EU ap dung dra vdi cac san pham thuy san n h a p k h i u tfl cac nfldc.
Vi vay, vide nang cao chat Ifldng hang thuy san xua't khau dd dap flng cac tidu chuan ve dfl Ifldng chat khang sinh, cac tidu c h u i n vd sinh khac la can thiet de thuy san Viet Nam tiep can dfldc thi trfldng EU.
Nghiin cdu Kinh Iff sff 446 - Thing 7/2015 5 5
Xu^t khau thAy san ..
• Thi triidng Nhut Ban
Xua't khau hang hda ndi chung va cac san p h i m thuy san ndi rieng cua Viet Nam sang Nhat Ban da khdng ngflng gia tang trong nhflhg nam qua. Nam 2013, Nhat Ban la mdt trong 3 thi trfldng nhap k h i u thuy san ldn nhitt tfl Viet Nam, chid'm khoang 17% tong kim ngach xuat khau thuy san. Ngay 1-12- 2008, Hidp dinh Dd'i tac kinh te toan dien ASEAN-Nhat Ban (AJCEP) chlnh tbflc cd hieu lflc. Sau dd, Hidp dinh Doi tac kinh te gifla Viet Nam va Nhat Ban (VJEPA) b i t dau cd hidu lflc tfl ngay 1-10-2009. Vide thfle hien VJEPA va AJCEP da md r a nhieu cd hoi cho xua't k h i u thuy san cua Viet Nam vdi viec tfl do hda thue quan vdi h i u het cac mat hang thiiy san x u i t k h i u sang thi trfldng nay.
Cu the, AJCEP dem lai nhieu ldi ich cho cac mat hang thuy san nhfl tdm, ca, cua ddng lanh cua Viet Nam khi xuat k h i u sang thi trfldng Nhat Ban. Trong dd, 61 mat hang thuy san (chie'm 70% gia tri xua't k h i u thuy san cua Viet Nam) se dfldc hfldng mflc thud nh^p k h i u 0% ngay khi Hiep dinh cd hidu lflc; 144 mat hang ndi chung (chie'm 83%) gia tri xua't k h i u se khdng cdn chiu thue nhap khau trong vdng 10 nam; 95% sd ddng thud' (chid'm 94,5% gia tri xua't khau san p h i m cdng nghiep) x u i t k h i u tfl Viet Nam sang Nhat Ban se cd mflc thue' 0%. Ddng thdi, cung vdi ldi ich nhd giam thud', hang thiiy san cua Viet Nam se cd dieu kien tiep can thi trfldng Nhat Ban thuan ldi hdn, mpt khi chfldng trinh hdp tac ve vd sinh, an toan thfle p h i m dfldc trien khai theo dung muc tieu.
Ngoai ra theo cam kd't ciia VJEPA, thuy san n i m trong nhdm hang dfldc hfldng flu dai manh nha't tfl tfl do hda thue' quan. Theo bieu phan loai hang hda hai hda (HS), mat hang thuy san cua Nhat Ban bao gdm 330 ddng thue trong dd cd 188 ddng dfldc cam kd't c i t giam thue trong vdng 10 de'n 15 nam. Theo cdng bd ciia Bo Cdng thfldng (2009), ngay khi VJEPA chinh thfle cd hieu liic thi cd 64 mat hang trong sd 330 mat hang thiiy san dfldc ap dung mflc thue sua't 0%. Tuy nhien, ve thfle
cha't thi chi 28 m a t hang dfldc giam thud' ve 0% vi trfldc dd 28 m a t hang hfldng mflc thud suat MFN 0% va 8 mat hang dfldc ap dung mflc thue suat GSP la 0%i. Mac dfl vay thi theo danh gia tfl Bd Cdng thfldng, vide tti do hda thue quan ddi vdi 28 mat hang thuy san nay cd y nghia ra't ldn dol vdi xuat k h i u thuy san cua Vidt Nam khi chiem den 71% kim ngach xuat k h i u nhdm hang nay sang thi trfldng Nhat Ban, trong dd dang kd nha't la tdm su, tdm che bid'n, ghe, cua. Ngoai ra, thi cd 8 ddng thue hfldng mflc thue MFN ban d i u tfl 3,5 ddn 7,2% se dfldc giam thue theo lp trinh trong vdng 3 nam. Ddng thdi, trong vdng 5 ddn 10 nam thi cd 96 mat hang thuy san se dfldc Nhat Ban tfl do hda thud' quan. Xet ve dai ban thi cac ddng san p h i m nay cd cd hdi rai: ldn khi xam nhap thi trfldng Nhat Ban khi kim ngach xua't k h i u cac san pham nay hien nay cdn kha khiem ton.
Tren thfle te, cac tieu chuan cha't Ifldng, ve sinh an toan thfle p h i m ciia Nhat Ban thfldng ra't cao, d mflc tfldng dfldng hoac t h a m chi cao hdn ca nhflng tieu chuan qud'c te' thdng thfldng. Trfldc khi xua't k h i u vao Nhat Ban, hang thiiy san phai thUc hidn kiem tra chflng nhan nha nUdc ve dfl Ifldng hoa cha't, khang sinh ca'm. Cii the, n h i m dam bao ve sinh an toan tbflc p h i m thi Bd Y td' va phuc ldi Nhat Ban (MHW) ban h a n h luat ve sinh thfle phim va cac quy dinh khac cd hen quan. Nhflng quy dinh nay kidm soat chat che cac tidu chuan ve vi k h u i n , vi lfldng, thudc kich thich sii diing trong nudi trdng. Day la mot thi trfldng khd tinh va ddi hdi cac doanh nghidp Viet Nam t u a n t h u mot each chat che cac quy <hnh. Theo dd, Nhat Ban thfldng xuydn kiem tra cac mlu tdm va s i n sang huy tai cho hoac t r a lai neu p h a t hien t a p chat va cd the ngflng nh^p k h a u . Theo s d l i e u eua MHW thi 9 t h a n g diu n a m 2011, 81 Id h a n g thuy san xua't k h i u sang N h a t B a n bi canh bao n h i l m dfl Ifldng k h a n g sinh vfldt mflc cho phep. Theo VASEP, 4 t h a n g d i u n a m 2014 Viet Nam v l n duy tri d i n d i u trong xua't k h i u tom vao Nhdt Ban.
Tuy nhien, quyd't dinh kiem tra 100% khang
5 6 Nghiin cdu Kinh Iff sff 446 - Thdng 7/2015
Xuat kh^u thuy sdn ,
sinh oxytetracycline trong tdm vao t h a n g 3 - 2014 la nguydn n h a n dan de'n giam dang ke san Ifldng tdm xua't k h i u sang thi trfldng nay.
Nhfl vay, cac tieu chuan ve sinh an toan tbflc p h i m ludn la mot van de nhflc nhoi va trd thanh rao can ldn ddi vdi h a n g thiiy san Vidt Nam xu£t k h i u sang N h a t Ban.
TTit tnidng Hdn Qudc
Han Qudc la mdt trong nhflng quoc gia tidu thu thiiy san nhieu nha't thd' gidi. Trong nhieu nam qua, H a n Quoc ludn la thi trfldng hap d i n vdi xuat k h i u thuy san cua Viet Nam. Tfl nam 2006 den n a m 2012, xuat k h a u thuy san cua Viet Nam sang H a n Quoc t a n g tren 2,4 l l n , tfl 210,9 trieu USD (nam 2006) len 508,8 trieu USD (nam 2012), dat mflc tang trfldng binh quan g i n 19%/nam. Theo VASEP, tinh den thang 8-2014. Han Quoc la thi trfldng nhap k h i u thuy san ldn thfl 4 cua Viet Nam sau Hoa Ky, EU va N h a t Ban, vdi gia tri dat gan 380 trieu USD, tang 51,6% so vdi cung ky nam 2013. Hidn nay, Viet Nam cung la n h a cung cap thiiy san ldn cua H a n Quoc, chiem 12,3 % thi p h i n (xep thfl 3 sau Trung Qudc la 28% va Nga la 14%)'.
Nhiing cam ke't va flu dai trong Hidp dinh thfldng mai tti do ASEAN-Han Quoc (AKFTA) cflng md r a cd hdi cho cac doanh nghiep t h u y san Viet Nam xam n h a p sau hon vao thi trfldng nay. Ke tfl khi AKFTA cd hieu lflc n a m 2007, san Ifldng xua't k h a u thiiy san Viet Nam vao thi trfldng nay t a n g khdng ngflng, du chiu a n h hfldng tfl cuoc k h u n g hoang kinh t e toan cau bat d a u tfl nam 2008. Cac doanh nghidp Viet Nam cd thd khai t h a c h a n ngach thud' q u a n vdi thuy san. H a n Qudc cam ket d a n h cho ASEAN Ifldng b a n ngach thud' quan nhfl sau: (i) tdm ddng lanh: 5.000 ta'n m i l n thud'; (ii) tdm tfldi:
300 t ^ midn thud'; (iii) mflc nang: 2.000 t a n mien t h u e ; (iv) tdm luoc: 2.000 t a n midn t h u e . Vdi mflc t h u e trong h a n ngach 0% (so vdi mflc t r u n g binh 15% ngoai b a n ngach) la Idi t h e cho cac doanh nghidp thuy san ASEAN va Viet Nam khi xam n h a p thi trfldng nay. Hdn nfla, mdt so m a t hang thuy
san ciia Viet Nam dfldi dang x u a t k h a u nguydn hdu da dfldc hfldng thud' sua't 0% va nhieu m a t h a n g giam m a n h theo AKFTA.
Ngoai ra, hai nfldc dang tid'n hanh dam p h a n Hiep dinh Thfldng mai tfl do song phfldng Viet Nam - H a n Quoc, md r a cd hdi ldn cho xua't k h i u t h u y san Viet Nam trong tfldng lai. FTA gifla 2 nfldc dfldc dfl bao cho phep nhieu m a t h a n g thuy san thudc d a n h miic nhay cam dfldc c i t giam thue' q u a n m a n h hdn, sd dem lai ngudn t h u ldn hdn cho doanh nghiep.
Cd nhieu cd hoi rdng md cho x u i t khdu thiiy san, tuy nhien cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hidn nay van dang doi mat khdng it thach thfle. Trfldc hdt, Hiep dinh song phfldng Viet - Han v l n dang dam phan, vdi cac cam ket trong AKFTA, v l n cdn mdt sd' mat hang thuy san xuat k h a u sang thi trfldng nay phai chiu thue 10-30%, dac biet vdi cac mat hang thuy san chd'bid'n dem iai gia tri cao. Ngoai ra, Han Qudc dang trd t h a n h mdt thi trfldng canh t r a n h ngay cang gay g i t cua cac nha cung cSip thuy san qudc td' nhfl Trung Quoc, Nga, Chi Ld, Thai Lan, Na Uy... la nhflng nha cung cap CO tiem nang ve ngudn ldi. Hidn nay, Han Qudc dang dfla r a cac ydu c l u cao hdn ve chat Ifldng va tinh ddng deu, gay ra nhieu trd ngai cho doanh nghidp Viet Nam. Cac rao can ky t h u a t dang dfldc quy dinh chat che hdn. Dien hinh d i u nam 2013, theo VASEP, H a n Qudc ap dat kiem t r a 100% Id tdm cua Viet Nam vdi cha't ethoxyquin d mflc 0,01 ppm tfldng tfl nhfl Xhat Ban. Khi thuy san xuat sang thi trfldng nay bi phat hidn nhiem chloramphenicol tai hai quan, doanh nghidp bi tra lai hang, phat tien va bi e l t hdp ddng. Quy dinh nay dfldc coi la qua nghidm khac va trai vdi thdng Id quoc te.
Thi triidng Trung Qudc
Trong quan be thfldng mai vdi Trung Qudc, Viet Nam dfldc coi la nfldc n h a p sidu. Ridng vdi thiiy san, Trung Qudc tidu t h u n h i e u san
7. So lieu thdng ke tii Bang \ 31-1-2015.
v.vasep.can.vn ngay
Nghiin cdu IGnh ^ sff 446 • Thing 7/2015 57
Xnix khau thuy san ,
p h i m tfl Vidt Nam. Theo VASEP, tfl nam 2009, Trung Quoc la thi trfldng nhap khau t h u y san ldn thfl 6 cua Viet N a m ; dd'n n a m 2013, qudc gia nay vfldn len vi t r i thfl 4 va n a m 2014, nhfldng vi tri thfl 4 cho H a n Qudc. T r u n g Quoc la t h i trfldng t h u a n ldi, k h a dd t i n h cho cac doanh nghiep xua't k h i u thiiy san, do yeu cau vd chd't Ifldng san p h i m va tidu c h u i n ky t h u d t khdng cao nhfl cac t h i trfldng ldn k h a c (MUTRAP III, 2010). Day la yeu t d rd't t h u a n ldi cho doanh nghidp Viet Nam, do chd't lUdng san p h i m thuy san chd' bid'n ciia Viet Nam ehUa thiic sU cad. Hidp dinh thUdng mai t u do ASEAN - T r u n g Qud'c (ACFTA) chi'nh tbflc cd hieu lflc vao n a m 2005, vdi Id t r i n h e l t giam thud' q u a n va cac cam ke't flu dai dem lai mpt sd hidu qua cho doanh nghiep thiiy san Viet N a m . Trung Qud'c khdng dfla san p h i m nao vdo d a n h muc loai trfl cua nfldc nay^. ACFTA cd chfldng t r i n h t h u hoach sdm E H P - mpt cd chd' flu dai thud' q u a n hidu qua. Theo dd, tfl ngay 1-1-2006, T r u n g Qud'c ap thud' 0% cho ta't ca san p h a m n h a p k h i u trong ma HS 01-08. Nhfl vay, san p h i m thuy san ma HS 03 (ca va ddng vdt giap xac, ddng vat t h a n m e m va ddng vat t h u y sinh khdng xfldng song khac) cua Viet Nam xua't k h i u sang t h i trUdng T r u n g Qud'c dUdc hudng t h u d 0% tfl 1-1-2006, dem l^i nhieu t h u a n ldi cho cac doanh nghidp xud't k h i u . Cac san p h i m t h u y san khac cung dfldc c i t giam ve mflc 0% theo Id t r i n h cam kd't.
Vdi n h u c l u tieu t h u t h u y san cao va k h a de tinh, Trung Qud'c t h u h u t nhidu qud'c gia xua't k h i u t h u y san vao thi trfldng ndy. Chinh vi vay, day Id mpt t h a c h thfle, ap lflc canh t r a n h khdng nhd vdi doanh nghiep Vidt Nam. Thfle te, t h i p h i n cua Vidt Nam cd xu hfldng di
xudng. Nam 2013, Vidt Nam chi dflng thfl 18 trong sd cdc nfldc cung cd'p thiiy san cho T r u n g Qud'c, t u t xa so vdi vi tri thfl 8 cua T h a i - L a n va thfl 10 cua An Do (VASEP, 2014). Ngoai ra, tfl n a m 2012, theo yeu cau
p h ia T r u n g Qud'c, ne'u mud'n vao t h i trfldng nay, cac doanh n g h i e p Viet N a m se phai d a n g ky t h d n g t i n ve viec x u a t k h i u sang t h i trfldng n a y vdi Uy b a n Q u a n ly giam sat chflng n h a n cdng n h a n qudc gia Trung Qud'c (CNCA). Yeu c l u n a y gay khd khan cho cac doanh nghidp xud't k h i u . Ngoai ra, nhflng trd ngai nhfl sfl bie'n dpng lien tue cua t h i trfldng, t i n h t r a n g t h u gom nguyen lieu ciia thfldng lai T r u n g Qud'c a n h hfldng khdng nhd de'n h i n h a n h , s a n Ifldng va gia tri cua thiiy s a n Viet N a m .
Thi tradng ASEAN
N a m 2013, kim ngach xua't k h i u thuy s a n cua Viet N a m s a n g cac nfldc t h a n h vien ASEAN d a t k h o a n g 390 t r i e u USD, tang 6% so vdi n a m 2012. ASEAN v l n tid'p tue duy t r i la ddi tac n h a p k h a u thiiy san ldn thfl 6 cua Viet N a m . Hidn nay, ASEAN d a n g hoan ta't vide hidn thfle hda cdng ddng ASEAN vao 31-12-2015 vdi muc tidu chid'n Ifldc bidn ASEAN t h a n h mpt thi trfldng c h u n g va cd sd s a n xua't thd'ng nhd't. Thuy s a n la mot t r o n g nhflng n g a n h dfldc flu tien hpi n h a p ciia ASEAN cung nhfl Vidt Nam (mpt t r o n g mfldi h a i linh vflc dfldc flu tien hoi nhdp). Cac nfldc t r o n g k h u vflc da tien h a n h thda t h u a n va b a n h a n h Nghi dinh t h u hpi n h a p n g a n h thiiy san ASEAN cd hieu luc vao ngay 29-11-2004, vdi muc tidu de r a cac bidn p h a p cu thd n h i m t^o thudn ldi cho vide hdi n h a p tflng bfldc, nhanh chdng va cd h e thd'ng n g d n h t h u y san. H i u h e t cac m a t h a n g t h u y san n i m trong danh muc cac s a n p h i m hdp tae flu tien cua ASEAN.
T h u y s a n t h u d c n h d m l i n h vflc hang hda t r o n g d a n h muc c i t giam thud' quan (IL) cd lp t r i n h g i a m thud' tfl n a m 1996, g i a m thud' xud'ng mflc 0-5% vdo ndm 2006
8. Danh muc loai tnt cho phep cac ben khdng &p dung EHP ddi vdi ciic san phfoi Irong danh muc dd, v5n dupc Sp miic thu^ cao, cd cam k^I giam theo Id trinh (thudng trong thdi gian dli), vdri muc tieu d^ thuSn loi vl phii hc^ vdi su phat tri^n cCia qudc gja dd.
58 Nghien cdu Kinh iff sff 446 - Thing 7/2015
Xu^t khau thuy san ,
va dfldc c a m k e t xda bd t h u d q u a n vao n a m 2015 (dfl t i n h Id t r i n h n g i n h d n ) . Cu t h e , t h u d sua't t r u n g b i n h cua Vidt N a m t r o n g C E P T / A F T A a p d u n g vdi h a n g t h u y s a n n d m 2006, 2010 va 2013 la 4,85%,
thd'p h d n n h i e u so vdi t h u d M F N (28,58%) (MUTRAP III, 2 0 1 1 ) ^ Ngoai r a , cac m a t h a n g t h u y s a n cua Vidt N a m xua't k h d u vao cac nfldc ASEAN cung dfldc hfldng rd't n h i e u flu d a i ve t h u e q u a n .
BANG 1: T h u e sua't t r u n g b i n h c u a A S E A N t r o n g C E P T / A F T A
STT 1 2 3 4 5
MM hang H ^ g Ihuy san Hfmg d6t may Gifiy dep cac loai
Gao
raphe
M a H S
03,1604,1605 61,62,63
64 1006 0901
Cam ket thue quan cua nu6c nhap l(hau 2008
5 5 3 16 7
2010 1 1 1 11 2
2015 0 0 0 0 0
Thue MFN cua nudc nhap lihSu
8 18 13 30 16 Nguon: MUTRAP UI (2011).
Bang 1 da tdng hdp cam ket theo CEPT/AFTA cua cac nfldc ASEAN vd t h u d sua't MFN vdi mdt so' m a t h a n g xud't khdu chinb cua Vidt Nam. Cd thd thd'y doi vdi xuat khau, cac m a t h a n g chii lflc cua Viet Nam ndi chung vd thuy san ndi rieng cd Uu the' r a t ldn khi xud't k h i u sang cac nfldc ASEAN, do mflc t h u e cac nfldc n h a p k h i u cam ke't ap dung tha'p hdn so vdi t h u d MFN. Cuoi n a m 2015, khi ASEAN hoan ta't viec xay dflng AEC, mflc t h u e 0% dfldc ap dung vdi mat hang thuy san cua Viet Nam xud't k h a u sang cac nfldc t r o n g k h u vflc. Dieu n a y cd y nghia rd't ldn giup h a n g thuy san Vidt Nam cd cd hdi d i y m a n h kim ngach xua't khdu va t a n g kha ndng canh t r a n h so vdi cac dd'i t h u tiem nang khac,
Nhfl vay, vdi mdt t h i trfldng rpng ldn khoang ntta ty ngfldi, cung vdi nhflng flu dai t h u d quan tfl AEC thi ASEAN cung Id mot thi trfldng rdng ldn m a cac doanh nghiep xud't k h i u thiiy san ndn t a p t r u n g xam nhdp.
Ngoai ra, hfldng tdi hien thfle hda AEC cac nfldc ASEAN cung dang tflng bfldc tie'n h a n h cac cam kd't xda bd nhflng rao can phi thue' quan, giiip tfl do hda Iflu thdng hdng hda ndi chung trong khu vflc, trong dd cd cac san p h a m thiiy san xud't k h i u cua Viet Nam. Tuy nhien. vdi ldi the ve ngudn lao ddng gid re, va
cac san p h a m chd't Ifldng cao thi cac nfldc ASEAN khdc nhfl Thdi Lan ciing cd ldi t h d cao trong viec xud't k h a u t h u y san t r e n thd' gidi'". \ ^ vay, doanh nghiep Viet Nam phai ddi mat nhieu thach thfle ve canh t r a n h khdng chi d nhflng thi trfldng truydn thdng ma ca d thi trfldng khu vflc tiem n a n g nay.
Vide ndng cao cha't Ifldng san p h i m ddng vai trd then chot trong viec nang cao gia tri xua't k h i u va giup thuy san xua't k h i u cua Viet Nam duy tri dfldc vi tri d i n dau ve cung flng thuy san toan c l u .
3. K e t l u a n
Xua't k h i u thiiy san trong nhflng n a m qua ludn gifl vai trd quan trpng trong chien Ifldc hfldng ve xua't k h i u cua Viet Nam, ddng gdp vao qua trinh phat trien kinh td - xa hpi cua dat nfldc. Ke tfl khi Viet Nam t h a m gia vao WTO, cflng vdi viec dam p h a n va ky kd't h a n g loat cac FTA, xua't k h i u cac san p h i m thuy san da dat dfldc nhflng bfldc tid'n vfldt bae.
Vdi tdc dp t a n g trfldng hang ndm dat khoang 15%, nganh thuy san da ddng gdp mpt ty Id dang ke vao tdng trfldng xud't k h i u ndi rieng va t d n g trfldng k i n h td' ndi ehung, gdp p h a n
9. Lim y: d6i vdi CEPT. miic thug cam V.€\ chi'nh 11 miic thug thuc hien, ap dung.
10. Xem hinh 5.
Nghien cdu Kinh Iff sff 446 - Thing 7/2015 5 9
Xuai khau thuy san
giai quye't cac va'n de ve lao ddng vd viec lam.
Tuy nhien, cudc k h u n g h o a n g tdi chinh n a m 2008 va suy thoai kinh td' t h e gidi n a m 2009, cung vdi nhflng dieu kien ba't dn khac nhfl khiing hoang nd cdng d Chau Au da lam suy giam d a n g kd sflc tieu t h u thuy san cua cac thi trfldng chu liic nhfl Hoa Ky, EU.
Gia tri xua't k h i u t h u y san cua Viet N a m n h i n chung t d n g trong nhflng n a m qua. Tuy nhien, kim ngach va gia tri xua't k h a u vao tflng t h i trfldng lai cd sfl bidn ddng khac n h a u . Dieu kien cua tiing t h i trfldng dem lai cd hpi va t h a c h thfle rieng, ddi hoi sfl d a n h gia va nhin n h a n cu t h e ciia cac doanh nghiep xud't k h i u . Xet dfldi gdc dp hdi nhap, vide Vidt N a m ehu ddng hoi n h a p vao ndn kinh t d toan c l u , tich cflc t h a m gia cdc FTA song phfldng va da phfldng cd a n h hfldng tich efle den gia t n xud't k h i u t h u y san cua Vidt Nam. Vdi cae FTA nay, m a t h a n g t h u y san Viet N a m da p h a n v a n d a n g trong 16 t r i n h cam kd't va do do se cd cac cd hdi md rong t h i trfldng trong tfldng lai. Lam t h e nao de t d n dung td'i flu nhd't cdc ldi the' eiia n g a n h , ciia thi trfldng tieu t h u va ldi the' tfl cac cam kd't, thoa t h u d n FTA mpt each thiic sfl khdng p h a i Id bai toan ddn gian. Didu n a y ddi hdi sfl phdi hdp hidu qua tfl phia cd q u a n n h a nfldc va cac doanh nghidp xua't k h i u . Tren he't, cac d o a n h nghiep xua't k h a u t h u y s a n c a n n a n g cao chd't Ifldng san pham, ndng Ifle canh t r a n h de hfldng tdi thfldng hieu t h u y san Viet Nam toan clu./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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60 l^hiin aiu Kmh tffsff446 - Thing 7/2015
