(a6li phdp kiem sodt chdt lurong h§ thdng dudng dng ddn khi tCr Id

dudng dng ddn khi tCr Id PM3 - CAA vdo cdc cdng trinh thude cum Du dn

Khi - Oi§n - Dam Cd Mau

Tom tat

Kiem soat chat Iwg'ng he thong dw&ng ong dan khi do la viec xem xet, phat hien nhO'ng bleu hien bat thw&ng trong qua trinh van hanh dw&ng ong, qua do de xuat giai phap kjp th&i nham dam bao he thong van hanh on dfnh, an toan. Thong qua viec tim hieu thwc trang cong tac quan ly chat Iwang he thong dw&ng ong din khi PM3 - Ca Mau, chung toi de xuat ap dung them mot so giai phap nham nang cao chat Iwang hoat dgng cua dw&ng ong PM3 - Ca Mau nhw bo sung phieu kiim tra nhiet do, do an mon, xay dwng bleu do kiim soat thong so ap suit, Iwu Iwang khi...

Hien nay, d^u mo v^ khf dot la nhtrng nguln tai nguyen quan trpng gop phan vao sy phat then nen kinh te cua moi quoe gia ndi chung va Viet Nam ndi heng. Trong nhirng nam qua, Tap doan Diu khi Quoe gia Viet Nam (PVN) da va dang trie'n khai xay dyng cac cong trinh thupc cum Dy an Khi - Dien - Dam Ca Mau. Mot trong nhtfng giai phap quan trpng nham dam bao cho qua trinh san xuat tai cac nha may thupc dy an diln ra binh thudng, khong bj gian doan la can phai duy tri hoat dpng on djnh cua he thong dudng ong dan khi tir cac md khai thae vao nha may.

ThS. Nguyen Ngpc Khanh Vu Thi Thu Thuy

Nguyen Thj Tham Nguyin Thj Quy

Truang D^i hgc Mo - Dia chat

DAU KHi - 3 6 8/2010 5 9 "*

Hinh 1. Sa dd tdng quan vi tri duang ong PM3 - Ca Mau He thing dudng I n g d i n khi

tu' Id PM3 - C/\A vao cac nha may thupc cum Dy an Khi - Dien - Dam Ca Mau (vilt tat la PM3 - Ca Mau) bat d i u tai gian edng nghe trung tam cua Ld PM3 - CAA trong vung vjnh Thai Lan. Tu' gian PM3 - CAA, dudng I n g se di t i i p v l phia Bae va p h i n tuyln I n g di trong Idng 4 eon kenh dai khoang 40km trong t i n g chilu dai 41km tren bd va hanh lang tuyln I n g Bang 1. Ty le

rat ddng due dan cu.

X u l t phat tir vai trd va sy d n thilt trong viee duy tri hoat ddng on djnh eiia he thong dudng ong PM3 - Ca Mau, "Giai phap kiim soat chit Iwgng he thdng dw&ng dng din khi tir Ld PM3 - CAA vao cac cdng trinh thude cum Dw an Khi - Dien - Dam Ca Mau" da duge lya ehpn, nhIm phat hien nhO'ng bilu hien khdng on djnh ciia he t h i n g dudng ong d i n khi, thanh phin khi

Thanh phan

Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Methane Ethane Propane iso-Butane normal-Butane

Ti le (%) I I Thanh phan

7,86 0,80 77,91

6,86 4,09 1,15 0,83

iso-Pentane normal-Pentane

Hexanes Nhi$t a$

Ap suit Di^rTi su'ang

Ti le (%) 1

0,28 0,14 0,07 50''C 133,8 bar 80mg/m'

qua dd d l x u l t eae giai phap kjp thdi khIc phuc nhO'ng bilu hien nay, han e h i nhtrng sy c l , rui ro cd t h i xay ra vdi he thing dudng I n g d i n khi.

1. T h y c trang kiem soat chat lu'p'ng he thong du'ang ong d i n khi PM3 - Ca Mau

Oudng dng d i n khi PM3 - Ca Mau se van chuyin khi tu" cac mo khac nhau thupc Id PM3 - CAAva md Cai Nudc vdi ty le thanh phan khi nhu Bang 1.

Bang 1 cho thiy, viec kit hgp eae phuang tien ngoai khai va tren bd ddi hdi cac dac tinh nhu*

ap s u i t , nhiet dp va d i l m suang.

Khi van chuyin trong dudng ong se la loai khi khd vdi ham lugng CO2 la 8%, mpt so trudng hgp thanh p h i n khi vdi ham lugng CO2 len tdi 20% (Bang 2).

Ghi chii: Ap suit khi tu nhien tai diu vao duang ong la 134 den 138 bar

60 OAU KHi - 30 8/2010

Thanh phin Methane Ethane Propane i-Butane n-Butane i-Pentane n-Pentane C6 C7+

Nude Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

Bang 2. Thanh phin khi khd

Tru'O'ng ho-p 8% CO2 Tru-ang hp-p 20% CO2 77,91

6,86 4,09 1,15 0,83 0,28 0,14 0,07 0,00 0,01 0,80 7,86

67,67 5,96 3,55 1,00 0,72 0,24 0,12 0,06 0,00 0,01 0,69 19,98

Vdi thanh phan khi phirc tap nhu tren, ta se gap khd khan trong viec lya chpn kich thude dudng I n g phu hgp d l tranh gay ra hien tugng biln doi pha trong dudng I n g . Theo [1], phuang an thilt k l dudng I n g cho hai loai khi nhu Bang 3.

Bang 3. Xac dinh kich thuac dng vai truang hap 8% CO2

Cdc lo^i dud'ng 6ng Tuy6n dng dirng tgi gidn PM3-CAA

Tuy6n dng ngodI bl6n Tuydn dng trdn bd ddn trgm phdn phdi khi tgi cgm Didn - Ogm Cd Mau

Chilu ddi (km) 0,056 289

41

Bu'6'ng kinh ngoai

(mm) 457 457 457

0 6 ddy dng (mm) 14,275 12,700 12,700

Ld'p phu be tdng

(mm) 0,0 25,4 25,4

Ty trpng l^p phii be tdng

(kg/m^)

—

3044 3044

Ghi chii: Do nham 0,04572mm ap dung cho toan tuyin dng

Bang 4. Xac dinh kich thuac ong vai truang hap 20% CO2

Cdc I09I du>6>ng 6ng

Tuy6n dng dirng tgi gidn PM3 - CAA Tuy^n 6ng ngodi bi4n

Tuy6n 6ng trdn bd' d6n trgm phSn ph6i

khi tgi cgm €)i$n - Dgm Cd Mau

Chi4u ddi (km)

0,056 289

41

Du'd'ng kinh ngodi

(mm) 457 457

508

D^ddy 6ng (mm) 14,275 12,700

14,275

Ld'p phii bd tdng

(mm) 0,0 25,4

25,4

Ty trpng ld'p phu bd tdng

(kg/m')

—

3044

3044

'Ghi chii: Do nham 0,04572mm ap dung cho toan tuyen dng

Nhom trirong hay tru'ong phong giam sat dLrong ong

Nhdm hanh chinh

To ke hogch vd cung

U'ng

^

Nhom ky thuat Nhom bao tri,

si>a chCfa

To nhan

s y

To ke loan va

tien lirong

To cong nghe va ky t h u l t

To van hanh dirong

ong

To an ninh thiet bi

To kiem tra phat hien ro ri

tren b d

To khao sat d y d n g ong ngoai

khoi To bao d y o n g d u d n g ong

Hinh 2. He thdng quan iy chit luang duang ong bing ngudn nhan luc tai Nha may Khi - Dien - Dam Ca Mau

Ngoai viec ap dung cac tieu c h u i n k i l m djnh c h i t lugng dudng I n g nhu d i i vdi tuyen dudng I n g ngoai khai, nhO'ng trang thilt bj cua he thing cOng duge thilt k l nhu:

d p ap suit ANSI Class 900, ap suit hoat dpng toi da eho phep la 143 bar, ap suit d i u vao dudng I n g la 134 bar d i n 138 bar. He thing duge thilt k l vdi ap suit nhd nhlt la 134 bar va nhiet dp khi d i u vao dudng I n g la 50°C. Tai giao d i l m giii'a tuyln I n g ngoai khai va tuyen dng tren bd, ap s u i t thilt k l ciia he thong se thay doi tu ANSI Class 900 xuing ANSI Class 600 va se tiip tue vdi d p ap suit ANSI Class 600 eho p h i n cdn lai ciia tuyen dudng dng tren bd.

Tuyln dng tren bd se van ehuyen khi d i n tram phan phii khi n I m trong Cum edng nghiep Khi - Dien - Dam, viec k i l m soat c h i t lugng hoat dpng eua dudng dng se dugc dam bao thdng qua he thing eae thilt bj nhu van each ly, van ngit khin d p , cum thiet bj nhan thoi, he t h i n g SCADA..., ben canh dd la he thing kiem soat an mdn, bao ve va lam sach ong. Tuyln dudng ong dugc Tong edng ty Khi (PVGas) tryc t i i p quan ly, cdng ty nay cd trach nhiem thudng xuyen bao cao cho PVN cac thdng sd cung nhu tinh trang eiia dudng ong mot each thudng xuyen. PVN cd trach nhiem bao cao vdi Chinh phii toan bd hoat dpng ciia he t h i n g n h I m giup Chinh phii kiem soat hoat ddng ciia he thong dudng ong trpng diem nay.

DAU KHi-s6 8/2010 61

Nham cung d p thdng tin hoat dpng ciia dudng I n g dan khi PM3 - Ca Mau, tai cae nha may thupc Cum Dy an Khi - Dien - Dam Ca Mau cung da thanh lap bp phan chuyen trach trong viec k i l m soat c h i t lugng dudng I n g (Hinh 2).

Cac thdng s l van hanh cua dudng dng duge truyin ve trung tam theo tirng ngay va khung gid quy djnh, tap hgp thanh cae bao eao san x u l t hang ngay.

Ngoai nhirng uu diem ma cac giai phap k i l m soat c h i t lugng dac biet la nhO'ng giai phap v l mat ky thuat dang duge ap dung eho he t h i n g dudng I n g PM3 - Ca Mau, chung tdi cho rang nhO'ng thdng tin bao cao san xuat hang ngay hien nay cung d p , ehi ddng vai trd bao cao k i t qua san x u l t trong ngay cho bd phan quan ly, khdng the phat hien nhO'ng dau hieu bat on eua he thdng. Bao eao san xuat chi dua ra con so v l ap suit, nhiet dp, nhiet trj, chua t h i hien m i l lien quan giO'a cac thdng s l thyc t l van hanh va mire chuin da duge dua ra trong ban thilt ke.

2. Giai phap kiem soat chat chat l i r g n g he thong dipang ong d i n khi PM3 - Ca Mau

NhIm nang eao c h i t lugng hoat dpng ciia dudng I n g PM3 - Ca Mau, chiing tdi de x u l t mot s l giai phap chii yeu sau:

Mdt la, ngoai bao cao san x u l t hang ngay d n bo sung them mot so mau philu kiem tra nhu phieu kiem tra dp an mdn (ap dijng cho he thdng dudng dng tai tram phan phdi khi LPS) va philu kiem tra nhiet dp.

Qua phieu kiem tra dp an mdn va phieu kilm tra nhiet dp, can bp ky thuat cd the dua ra phuang

Phi4u kiem tra do an mon

Ngay kiem tra:10/1/2010 To kiem tra: To KT4 So lan kiem tra t6i 3a trong ngay: 10 lan

STT

1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5 1.6 2.

2.1

2.2

2,3

Cac n h a n t o a n h h U'O'ng Tuyen ong ngoai

khoi Nhi^t dp du'oi

n i f o c Vi sinh vat Ap suat duy tri

trong ong

He so pha v a lop boc trung binh

He so SLK dung Mat do dong trung

binh Tuyen ong tren b o Nhiet dp disoi long

6k

Ap suat duy tri trong ong Dien ap bao v?

Catot

MLPC c h u a n

289 km

2 4 ' C

0,015g/m^

100-102 bar

0,115

0,8 0,024 amp/km

41kni 27 °C

60-72 bar

300 W

MLFC qua chuan

> hoae < 24''C

>0,015g/m^

> 1 0 2 b a r v a

<10abar

<0.05 hoae

>a,015

<0,8

<0,024 hoae

>0,06 amp/km

> hoae < 27°C

<60 bar hoae

>72 bar

> hoae < 300W

Danh g j ^ ngay kiem

tra

Dgf 10/10

Dgt 9/10

Ghi chu

Dung PP 1 lan

PhuKmg phap

Dung may dot nong hoae iam ngupi duy th nhiet chuan Dung may ehuyen

dung pha huy Dung may tang hoae

giam ap de duy tri ap chuan Kiem soat h^ so bSng phu'ffng pheip

dieu chfnh lu'gng Anode Nap them khi duy tri

mu'c khi ehuan Tanq mat dp donq

Dung may dot nong hoae lam ngupi duy th nhiet chuan Dung may tang hoae

giam ap de duy tri ap ehuan Dung may bien ap on dinh donq dien

Nai nhan: Ngu'O'i lap NgLi-ai kiem tra TGO

Phieu kiem tra nhiet 66

To kiem tra: GI6' kiem tra:

STT

1.

2.

3.

Ngay kiem tra

1/3/2009 2/3/2009

3/3/2009

1/7/2009

2/7/2009

So lieu thu'c 44,5600 43,890c

50,010C

Mua kho

Banli gia An toan An toan

Kiem soat

Ghi chu

Lam nguoi khi

So lieu thu'c

42,880C

29,9700

Miia mua

Danh gia

An toan

Ki&n soat Ghi chii

Dun nong khi

Nffi ntian: Ngu'O'i lap NgifCTi kiem tra TGO

Hinh 3. Biiu dd xuang ca ciia he thong duang dng din khi PM3 - Ca Mau

6 2 D A U KHi - s o 8/2010

phap kiem soat trirc tiep ma khong ckn dgi he th6ng bao 161, ap dung cho viec kiem tra dinh ky, nham chuan bj cho cong tac bao tri va sCra chCra dirang ong.

Hai la, sir dung bleu do nhan qua (bieu d6 xaang ca, bieu d6 Ishikawa) de liet ke nhu-ng nguyen nhan anh hyang den c h i t lu'gng hoat dong he thong du'ang ong dan khi, qua do nhan th§y nguyen nhan chinh, nguyen nhan phu, nguyen nhan can phai xa ly trLrac nhSm duy tri sa hoat dgng on djnh cua he th6ng.

Qua bleu do xu'ang ca cho thay nhij'ng nguyen nhan anh hirang tri/c tiep den hoat dgng cua duang 6ng theo tCrng giai doan xay dirng va van hanh dirang 6ng.

Ba la, nghien ciru phu'ang phap xay dirng bieu d6 kiem soat chat lirgng mot s6 thong s6 quan trong cua he thong dirang ong dan khi PM3 - Ca IVIau nhu" ap suat, liru lu'gng khi... Bieu do kiem soat la bieu do co mot du'ang tam de chi gia tri trung binh cua qua trinh (Center Line - CL) va hai du'ang song song tren va du'ai du'ang tam bieu hien giai han kiem soat tren (Upper Control Limit - UCL) va giai han kiem soat dirai (Low/er Control Limit - LUL) cua qua trinh dirge xac djnh theo thong ke. Qua trinh hoat dgng cua mot he th6ng a trang thai on djnh la toan bg cac diem tren bieu do deu n I m trong hai dirang giai han kiem soat cua bieu do, hoae cac diem lien tiep tren bieu do co sy bien dgng nho, khong tao ra mot xu hu'ang, con ngu'gc lai thi qua trinh hoat dgng cua he thong dirge danh gia la khong on djnh. Cac nhan vien kiem soat can phai tien hanh cac bien phap kjp thai de dira he

thong van hanh ve trang thai on djnh.

Theo [2, 3], cong thirc tinh cac duang giai han nhu- sau:

CL=X = ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^{• + x..}

(4) (1)

UCL=!X+A2.^ (2) L C L = X - A 2 . ^ (3) -A: Gia trj trung binh

X j , X j ,...,X^: Gia trj trung binh nhom vai each tinh nhip sau:

a Trong do: a la s6 p h i n iir trong nhom 1

x.,^ la gia tri th6ng ke thir m cua nhom 1 « —

2.'''"

LQI Trung binh do rong cac mau vai R= "--— (5) a

y = Gia trj lan nhat - gia trj nho nhat (6) UCL, LCL, CL: giai han tren, giai han duai va gia trj trung tam

A2: He s6 hang s6 xac dinh co quan he vai b b: Trung binh so phin tir trong nhom.

Bang 5. Bang he sd ciia gia tri A2

b

A j 2 1,88

3 1,023

4 1 5

0,792 0,577 6 0,483

7 0,419

8 0,373

9 0,337

1 0 0,308

Thyc t l , de kiem scat chit lifgng he thing PM3 - Ca Mau thyc chit la kiem soat hai trong nhieu thong so quan trong la ap suit va liru lirgng khi. Chung toi da xay dyng bieu d l kiem soat chit lu'gng hai thong so nay nhu" sau:

1. Xay dyng bieu do kiem soat thong s6 ap suit (c6 djnh nhiet trj la 40 MJ/m"^ theo tieu chuan thilt k l va van hanh duang ong ngoai khai ANSI Class 900, luu lugng khi 3395km^).

Bang 6. Thong ke thdng so ap suit ciia PM3 - Ca Mau tu ngay 16/08/2009 din 03/11/2009

^^^^^^^^^^^gm^^^^^g

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x„

r„

124,88 124,54 122,12 123,76 98,77 136,74 135,38 135,12 135,14 136.27 12679 37,97

100,47 96,97 98,11 94,87 124,78 100,01 99,85 98,76 92.89 93.99 99,76 31,89

124,98 122,44 124,54 122,34 124,65 122,12 123,96 123,76 97.04 121,99 123,47 27,74

136,74 135,15 109,38 136,88 136,11 135,12 135,13 135,14 137,15 136,27 134,01 27,77

129,16 129,49 129,67 136,67 129,66 129,44 129,43 129,47 105,21 128,12 127,76 31,46

114,67 115,33 115,95 125.81 115.66 115.58 115,99 98,93 115,21 116,38 114,95 26.88

98,12 98,34 121,05

99,23 99,43 98,14 93,66 98,06 97,79 98,68 100,02

27,39

139,37 107,91 123,46 136,12 134,46 128,7 126,51 129,99 124,87 138,76 129,53 31,45

DAU KHi - SO 8/2010 53

Ap dung cong thuc tu (1) - (6), chung toi tinh toan cac thong so trong bieu d l nhu sau:

Ap suit (bar)

0

x„ R 30,45 ; CL = J 119,54

10^

UCL = X + A2- R= 119,54 + 0,557 x 30,45 = 136,50 LCL = Z - A2. ^ = 119,54 - 0,577 x 30,45 = 102,68 Bieu d l kiem soat thong so ap suit theo ly thuylt cua he thing duang I n g d i n khi PM3 - Ca Mau (Hinh 4). Ro rang, vai cac duang UCL va LCL theo tinh toan ly thuyet, k i t hgp vai so lieu t h i n g ke ap s u i t tir ngay 01/08 d i n ngay 10/08, nhan thay duang I n g hoat dgng a trang thai on djnh.

Tuy nhien, theo tieu chuan thilt k l van hanh ap s u i t ngoai khai ANSI Class 900, PVGas Ca Mau da an djnh mi>c giai han tren (real upper control limit, RUCL) va dual (real lower control limit, RLCL) theo yeu c l u cua chu d i u tu la PVN. Cu the: RUCL = 134 bar; RLCL = 100 bar va giai han trung tam (real cen- ter line, RCL) = (134 + 100)/2 = 117 bar. Hinh 5 cho thay, ngay 01/08 phai giam ap cho duang I n g vi no da vugt qua giai han can tren cho phep.

1 Tfiirs ; r-,_.:>; v T% \ i rtic> - Tli..,v A Tl,;

Hinh 4. Biiu dd kiim seat thdng so ap suit he thing PM3 - Ca Mau (theo ly thuyit)

Hinh 5. Biiu dd kiem soat thdng sd ap suit he thing PM3 - Ca Mau (theo thuc ti)

\.n^ MbjS .l.Thg8 J-Thj! .(-Ilgg f.Ili^.8 7.Tli(8 i-Tbti 4.Tlig8 l«.I^S

Hinh 6. Biiu dd kiim soat thdng sd ap suit cua PM3 - Ca Mau (theo ly thuyit va thuc ti)

u _{A T -}

I ^-if* : rag> i i h ^ ^ i h ^

.iM

Hinh 7. Biiu do kiem soat thdng so ap suit he thong PM3 - Ca Mau

Ro rang, viec giam ap theo Hinh 4 va Hinh 5 la CO s y khac nhau (day cung chinh la sy khac biet giua ly t h u y l t va thyc t l ) , x u l t hien miin chenh lech giua thyc t l va ly t h u y l t (Hinh 6) va chung toi gpi do la mien chenh ap ly thuyet (the Theory Diffirence Pressure Area - TDPA). De k i t hgp hai hoa giua ly t h u y l t va thyc t l , chiJng toi xay dirng mot bieu d l kiem soat trung gian (Hinh 7) voi cac

thong s l nhu sau: v

^^,_,_ 134 +136,5

LCL'

CL'

100 + 102,68

117 + 119,54

135,25:

101,34:

118,27

2. Xay dyng bieu d l kiem soat luu lugng khi (ap s u i t dau vao 134 bar theo quy djnh cua he thing ANSI Class 900 doi vai duang ong ngoai khai). Trinh t y xay dyng nhu d i i vai bieu do kiem soat thong so ap s u i t .

6 4 DAU KHI - s o 8/2010

Bang 7. Thdng ke thdng sd luu luong khi tu ngay 16/08/2009 din 03/10/2009

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Xn

r„

4052,51 3819,09 3551,33 3866,35 3777,1 2583,74 4021,13 4000,68 3945,58 2988,93 3660,64 1468,77

3626,63 3551,33 3421,77 3367,91 3571,12 2790,03 2895,87 2479,35 3100,05 3009,91 3181,40 1147,28

3819,09 4130,47 4208,45 4346,78 4068,06 4020,92 4155,79 3980,58 4002,19 4389,03 4112,14 569,94

2583,74 2729,61 2876,79 2678,43 2345,67 3030,03 3165,47 2677,88 2487,31 2791,87 2736,68 819,80

2829,79 3476,65 3109,42 3046,39 3529,63 2999,97 3153,76 3711,13 3670,01 3287,25 3281,40 881,34

Theo cong thuc (1) - (6), tinh toan cac thong s l nhu sau:

I-.

^J

X n —

R

= 977,43 ; CL = X = ^/i=i = 3394,45

10 5 5

UCL = Z + A2. 'R = 3394,45 + 977,43 x 0,557 = 3938,878 LCL = H- A2. 'R = 3394,45 - 977,43 x 0,557 = 2850,025

Hien nay, chua co quy djnh luu lugng khi t i i thiiu hoae t i i da cho he thing duang I n g PM3 - Ca Mau. Vi vay dya tren ly thuylt tinh toan, chung toi thilt lap dugc bieu do kiem soat cho thong s l luu lugng khi nhu sau:

Luu Iwini^ khi *kin3)

i.iiis« i-ihjit vit«« *-irie" iriiB* Mtii:" ' i M » ' i f ''H-i!" " ^ " ' i ' "

Hinh 8. Biiu do kiim soat luu luang khi cua he thong duang dng PM3 - Ca Mau

Luu lugng khf la mpt chi tieu quan trgng lien quan den chit lugng hoat dgng duang I n g dan khi PM3 - Ca Mau. Tuy nhien tren thyc t l chua co mpt muc kiem soat nao d i i vai thong s l ky thuat nay. Hinh 8 cho thiy, tai ngay 2 va 7 thang 8 co hien tugng vugt qua muc giai han cho phep, cac nhan vien kiem soat c i n giam luu lugng khi trong duang I n g , dam bao tinh I n djnh cua he thing duang I n g , tranh de xay ra sy c l gay gian doan hoat dgng cua duang I n g . Ket luan

He thing duang I n g PM3 - Ca Mau mac du da dugc thilt k l , thi cong va quan ly van hanh mot each khoa hgc, nhung de nang cao chit lugng hoat dpng duang I n g can phai nghien cuu, trien khai mpt s l cong cu kiem soat chit lugng d i i vai tung thong s l quan trpng cung nhu la ca he thing duang ong. Ba giai phap ma chiing toi d l xuat, co the h i trg cho cong tac kiem tra va bao duang, cung nhu kiem soat chat lugng duang I n g dam bao tinh khoa hpe, gop p h i n dam bao tinh on djnh cua qua trinh van hanh he thing duang I n g . Tai lieu tham khao

1. Bao cao nghien ciru kha thi dw an dw&ng dng din khi PM3 - Ca Mau. Tong cong ty D i u khi Viet Nam. Thang 2/2000.

2. KS.TS. Dang Oinh Cung (2002). Bay cdng cu quan ly chat Iwgng. Nha x u l t ban Tre, Ha Npi - 2002.

3. www.thequalityweb.com.

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