' Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tu&ng Ho Chi Minh
QUAN DIEM CUA HO CHI MINH
VE PHONG, aiONG THA HOA QUYEN U/C CHINH TRI
ThS. NGUYEN TRlTonVG XUAN'*'
T o m tat: Chu tich Hd Chi Minh rdt quan tdm den phdng, chdng tha hda quyen lice chinh tri trong cdn bg, ddng vien, dgc bi^t Id sau khi Bdng tr& thdnh ddng cdm quyen. S{c quan tdm cua Ngu&i the hiin trin cd tu tu&ng vd thicc tien hogt dong chinh tri, v&i mong mudn hgn chi tdi da cdc biiu hien tha hda quyen luc chinh tri di cdn bg, ddng vien ximg ddng la nguai lanh dgo, ngu&i day t& thgt trung thdnh cua nhdn ddn. Bdu tranh chong tha hda quyen luc chinh tri Id ngdn chgn "cdi chit tic ben trong" cua cdch mgng vd che do. Quan diim cua Hd Chi Minh ve tha hda quyen luc chinh tri da tra thdnh nen tdng tu tu&ng, kim chi nam cho hdnh dong cua hi thong chinh tri trong qud trinh thuc thi quyin luc chinh tri vd ddu tranh chdng tinh trgng tha hda quyen luc chinh tri dang dien ra ngdy cdng phuc tgp hien nay.
Tir k h d a : Ho Chi Minh; tha hda quyen luc chinh tri; quyen luc chinh tri
1. Quan diim Ho Chi Minh ve tha hda quyen lyc chinh tri
Hd Chi Minh khdng thudng xuyen diing thuat ngii "quyin luc chinh trf ciing nhu "tha hda quyin luc chinh tri". Tuy nhien, dieu dd khdng cd nghTa Id Ngudi thieu quan tam den vdn d i ndy, md ngupc lgi, cugc ddi Hd Chi Minh la tim guang mau myc frong viee gianh, giii, thyc thi quyin lyc chinh tn va ngdn chgn stf tha hda quyen luc chinh tri.
Hd Chi Minh khdng dua ra khai nigra quyin lyc chinh tti theo nghTa han lam, ma tap trung de cap den viec khang dinh chii the, myc dich, phuang thiic thyc thi quyen lye chinh tri.
<"'HQC vi?n Chinh tri khu vyc IV, Hoc vifn CTQG H6 Chi Minh
Hd Chi Minh thudng ban tdi quyen luc ehinh tri thdng qua quyen lyc nha nudc. Theo Ngudi, quyen lyc nha nudc khdng phdi la quyen lue cua ca nhan hay bd may, ma eua toan the nhdn ddn. Ca quan nha nude cac edp chi Id ngudi chap hdnh mgnh Ignh eiia qude dan, chap hanh y chi cua nhdn ddn. Bg may chinh quyin nha nudc la do nhan dan bdu ra, vi vay, phdi do nhdn ddn kiem soat. Ho Chi Minh khang dinh,
"cd ddn Id cd tat ca", tin d dan, dya vao ddn, tap hpp vd phat huy siic mgnh eiia toan ddn la nguyen tic ca ban frong chiin luge each mang: "De mudi Ian khdng dan eiing chiu,/
Khd tram lan dan lieu ciing xong"''*.
Tuy khdng dua ra khai niem ey the, nhung tir di sdn eiia Hd Chi Minh ban den van de ndy, budc ddu ed the neu len khdi ni8m sau:
Khoahpcchinh t r i - S o 4/2018
• Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tii tu&ng Ho Chi Minh
Tha hda quyin lyc chinh tii la qua hinh lam dyng, biin quyin lyc cdng, quyin lyc ciia nhdn dan thdnh y chi, quyin lye cua cd nhan hoac nhdm ngudi, vdi myc dich phuc vy cho cd nhdn hogc nhdm nam quyen lyc.
2. Nguyen nhdn cua tha h6a quyin lyc chinh tri
Trudc khi Ddng ttd thdnh dang elm quyin, H6 Chi Minh ludn canh bdo v i sy suy thoai eua can bd, ddng vien ddi vdi nhan ddn khi gidnh dugc chinh quyen va nam ttong tay quyen lyc nhd nudc: 'Tvldt ddn tgc, mdt Ddng va mdi eon ngudi, ngdy hdm qua la vT dai, cd siic hap ddn ldn, khdng nhit dinh hdm nay va ngdy mai van duge mpi ngudi yeu men va ca ngpi, neu 16ng da khdng frong sdng niia, neu sa vdo chii nghia cd nhdn"'^'. Diiu nay cho thdy, nguyen nhdn chu yeu nhdt ddn din tha hda quyen lye ehinh tri, nhu Hd Chi Minh de cap, la ehu nghTa ea nhdn. Neu mac phdi benh ca nhdn chu nghia thi "vi8c gi ciing nghT din lgi ich rieng eua minh trudc het"''*, nggi gian khd, mat dodn ket, vd ki lugt, sa vao hu hda, dan den khdng chap hanh diing dudng loi, chinh sach eiia Dang vd Nha nude, lam hgi den lgi ich ciia each mang vd nhdn dan. Theo Hd Chi Minh, "vet tich xdu nhdt vd nguy hiim nhat eua xa hdi cii Id chu nghia ca nhdn"'"'. Can nguyen lam nay sinh va nudi dudng chu nghTa cd nhdn Id ban chdt phdn dpng eua xd hpi phong kien, thude dia niia phong kien tdn tgi qud ldu d nudc ta. Do vay, chii nghia ca nhan la yeu td dau tien the hien bdn chdt cua xa hpi cii, trdi ngupc vdi ehu nghta tap the vdn la nen tang eiia cua vige xdy dyng xa hgi mdi - xa hgi XHCN.
Tha hda quyin luc chinh trf la he qua eua su tha hda ve dao due cdch mang. Quyen lyc chinh tri chan chinh la quyen lue duge gianh, giir vd thyc thi thudn theo long dan, ldy nhdn ddn ldm ddi tugng, muc dich de hudng tdi phyc vu. Dong thdi, nd ciing chinh la tieu chudn ciia dgo dire cdch mang. Nhdn dan la ddi tugng lanh dao cua Ddng, cd nhdn ddn. Dang radi CO quyen lanh dao. Muc dich trong xdy dyng va ehinh ddn Ddng la duge nhdn dan iing hg.
Hd Chi Minh lim y Dang fren nhieu phuang dien, nhung tap trung nhdt la ren luyen dgo ditc va nang lyc tri tue de thu phyc ldng ddn vd lanh dgo nhan ddn. Caeh mgng cung Id nghi,
"ldm nghe gi cdng phdi hgc". Hpc d day la hpc d i ldm vige cua ngudi day td, ngudi lanh dgo nhdn dan. Can bg, ddng vi6n phdi ren luyen d i ndng eao dao dire canh mgng, tdn ttpng quyen lam chu, cham lo ddi sdng ciia nhdn ddn, de nhdn ddn biit hudng quyin ddn chii, biit dimg quyin ddn ehu ciia minh, dam ndi, ddra lam.
Hd Chi Minh kit ludn: "Khdng hpe hdi dan thi khdng lanh dgo dupe ddn. Cd biet ldm hgc trd ddn, m&i ldm duac thdy hgc ddn"^^\ Tuy nhien, khi ed ttong tay quyin lyc, ngudi cdn bg, ddng vien rit d l quen di nhigm vy phue vu nhan dan, frong khi day la tieu chuan quan frgng ciia dao diic each mang, la mue tieu hudng den eua thye thi quyen lyc.
3. H^u q u a cua tha hda q u y i n lyc chinh tri Mgt Id, hdng cdn bd, mdt cdn bg Sinh thdi, Chu tich Hd Chi Mmh dae biet quan tam din v i n d i can bp va cdng tdc can bd. Ngudi khang dinh, can bd Id gdc ciia mgi cdng viec, hudn luyen cdn bg la cdng viee goc cua Dang. Xay dung dpi ngii cdn bg vung vang ve tu tudng chinh tri, vira hdng, vda chuyen khdng chi dimg lai d mong mdi, ma cdn chiSm vi tri rdt quan frgng frong li luan va thyc tiin hoat ddng chinh fri cua Hd Chi Minh. Do vdy, khi cdn bg bi tha hda, lgi dyng quyen luc d8 thu ven lgi ich ca nhan, tiic la Dang mdt cdn bp.
Hai Id, gidm sut niem tin cua nhdn ddn v&i Bdng - chu the cua quyen luc chinh tri. nen tdng cua cdch mgng
Chii tich Hd Chi Minh khdng dinh: "Trong bau frdi khdng ed gi quy bang nhan dan. Trong the gidi khdng gi manh bang lyc lugng doan ket ciia nhan ddn... Trong xa hdi khdng co gi tdt dep, ve vang bang phyc vu eho lgi ieh ciia nhan dan"'^'. Ddng ra ddi, tdn tai, phat triin va viing mgnh deu lien quan mat thiet d i n mdi quan he giua Ddng vdi nhan ddn. Suy thoai dgo diic Id khdi diem cho mgi suy thoai. Thyc tiin ddi hdi Ddng phdi kign quyit chdng sy
• Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, TutU&ng Ho Chi Minh
tha hda, biin chit frong mpt bd phan can bd, ddng vi8n; phai nang cao nang luc lanh dgo, sire chien ddu, doi mdi manh me phuong thiic cam quyen ciia Dang. Quyen hanh vd lyc lugng d6u d noi ddn. Dang phdi ciing cd vung chac long tin cua nhdn ddn ddi vdi Dang, tang cudng mdi lien he mat thiit giiia Ddng vdi ddn, cimg cd khdi dai doan ket todn ddn tgc.
Theo tinh thin Ho Chi Minh, Ddng phai "dua vao y kien eua ddn chiing md sua chiia cdn bg vd td chiic cua ta"'^'.
Theo Hd Chi Minh, Ddng mgnh hay y i u Id d ddn, Ddng anh hung vi ed nhan ddn anh himg. Dang ed manh thi mdi du uy tin va khd nang thu hiit, tap hgp nhan dan lam each mang. Mudn vdy. Dang phdi tgp hgp duge nhung ngudi uu tii, giac ngd, ed ki ludt va ed td chiie chat ehe cua giai cdp vd nhdn ddn; neu cao dao dire each mgng; cd nang lye tri tug;
biet td chiic, gido dye, hpc hdi, dodn ket nhan dan de nhdn dan tin theo va img hd, giiip dd.
Ba Id, tha hda quyen lice chinh tri Id nguy ca doi v&i che do chinh tri
Kiem soat quyen lye la de bdo ddm quy^n lyc ludn thupc v i nhan ddn, duge su dung dung mue dieh, khdng bi lgi dyng, lam quyen.
Bdi vi, khi quyen luc bi lam dyng thi tdt y6u ddn din tha hda bg mdy cam quyen vd ciing la nguyen nhdn ddn den tha hda dgo diic xa hgi.
Su tha hda quyen lyc la nguy eo din den sy syp do cua che dp ehinh hi. Neu sy tha hda dy khdng dimg lgi vd dugc lanh manh hda thi syp do chi cdn la van de thdi gian. Sy sup dd ay chinh Id ty dd, khdng phai do ai phd va ciing khdng ai cdn ndi.
Ban chit cua Nhd nudc ta la eua ddn, do ddn vd vi ddn. Trong tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, Nhd nudc ciia dan la do nhdn dan Id chii; dan la ngudi cd dja vi cao nhdt, ed quyen quyet dinh nhiing van de quan frpng ciia ddt nudc.
Neu Chinh phu khdng xiing dang vdi nhan ddn thi nhan ddn cd quyen "dudi" Chinh phu de thay bang Chinh phu khde ximg dang han.
Mat khac, hS thdng chinh tri hogt ddng dupe Id vi ed dpi ngy can bd, cdng ehiie liem chinh,
ttong sgch... M i t mdt can bd, cdng chirc ddng nghTa vdi "cai chit tii ben ttong" cua chi dp chinh tti. M i t long ddn va mat edn bg (hai yeu td quyit dinh su tdn vong cila che dp ehinh tri) d i u cd nguyen nhan tryc tiep bdi sy tha hda quyen lye ehinh tri. Khi quyen lyc ehinh tri hi tha hda, ban chit cua chi dO chinh tri hi xdi mdn va bi phd huy. Liic ndy, ehe dp ehinh tri cung bi tha hda theo, khdng cdn di diing tdn ehi, muc dich, Ii tudng da xdc dinh tii khi thiit ldp.
4. Giai phap phdng, chong tha hda quyin lyc chinh tri
Quyen luc chinh tri lien quan den nhi6u ITnh vye, td chiic vd con ngudi. Phdng, chdng tha hda quyen lye ehinh tri ddi hdi phdi thyc hien ddng bO nhiiu giai phdp. Tu di san tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, cd the khdi qudt mdt so gidi phdp cabdn sau:
Thir nhdt, ndng cao cong tdc gido due dgo due cdch mang cho cdn bg, ddng vien
Nguyen nhdn chu yeu ddn den tha hda quyen lyc chinh tti la sy suy thoai dao diic each mang, sa vao ehu nghta cd nhdn cua cdn bd, ddng vien. Vi vay, giao dye dgo diic cdch mgng cho cdn bp, ddng vien de hp xung dang la ngudi each mgng chdn chinh. Id ngudi lanh dao, ngudi day td that trung thanh cua nhan dan Id gidi phdp quan ttpng trudc tien. Ngudi each mang phdi ldy dgo diic lam nen tang mdi hodn thdnh duge nhiem vu each mgng ve vang.
Trong tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, npi dung dao dire each mgng tap trung, ndi bgt d ludn diem: dgo diic Id cdi gde cua ngudi each mang.
Trong qua trinh Idnh dgo cdch mgng Viet Nam, Ngudi ludn quan tdm cham lo xay dyng dao diic each mang cho ddi ngu can bd, ddng vien cua Ddng. Ngudi vi dao dire each mang nhu gde cua cdy, nggn ngudn cua sdng, sudi: "Ciing nhu sdng thi cd ngudn mdi cd nudc, khdng ed ngudn thi sdng can. Cdy phai cd gde, khdng ed gde thi cdy heo. Ngudi cdch mgng phdi cd dgo diic, khdng cd dgo dire thi du tdi gidi may cung khdng lanh dgo dugc nhdn ddn'^*. "Nhung ngudi cgng san ehiing ta khdng dugc phiit ndo
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 4/2018
' Chd nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tu&ng Ho Chi Minh
quen iy tudng eao ca eiia minh Id: sudt ddi lam cdch raang phin ddu cho To qudc hodn todn dgc lap, lam cho chu nghTa xa hgi va ehii nghta cgng sdn thing lgi fren Td qude ta vd fren the gidi"*^*. Cude ddi each mang cua Hd Chi Mmh Id cd qud trinh cdng hien quen minh cho Dang, cho each mang, neu cao tim guong trung vdi Ddng, hieu vdi dan.
Ngdy nay, frong thdi ki hdi nhdp, chudn rayc dgo diic trung vdi nudc, hieu vdi ddn dang diing trudc nhiing thdch thiie mdi do sy tdn cdng cua mat frai ca che thi trudng, vdi sy tdc dpng ciia nhiiu nhdn td phiic tgp. Neu can bp, dang vien khdng dii bdn ITnh chinh tri viing vang, dao dire each mgng trong sang thi se bi sa nga, bien chat. Vi vay, sinh thdi, Hd Chi Minh ludn nhac nhd can bd, dang vien tir Trung uang den ldng xa: phdi nhd minh la cdng bpc ciia ddn, ra ldm viec Id d i gdnh vac vige chung ciia dan, mpi chu truang, chinh sdch phdi ldy lgi ich cua Dang, cua ddn lam gdc, vi "Dang ta la Dang chi cd mdt dieu la phuc vu Td quoc, phue vu nhdn ddn. Ngoai ra, khdng cdn cd lgi ich ndo khdc"'""'.
Dao diic each mang la gdc ciia Ddng. Dgo diic cdch mgng quyet dinh siic mgnh ciia Dang frong thyc hign sii menh Hch sir trudc giai elp va dan tdc. Dang cd dao diic radi Id ddng chdn chinh cdch ragng. Chu tich H6 Chi Minh chi rd: "Dao due each mang khdng phdi fren frdi sa xudng. Nd do ddu ttanh, ren luyen ben bi hang ngdy md phdt frien va cung ed. Ciing nhu ngpc cdng mai cang sang, vang cang luyen cang frong"'"'.
Thic hai, ndng cao ndng lire kiem sodt quyen luc
Tha hda quyen lyc se khd dien ra neu quyen lyc dugc kiem sodt tot Ho Chi Minh nhdn thiic rat ro di6u dd va chu truang vira xay dyng sy kiem soat ndi bd ttong he thdng chinh tri, vira tgo dieu kien de nhdn dan phat huy quyin lam chil, kiem soat viec thyc thi quyin lyc.
Kiem sodt quyen lyc ttong ndi bd he thdng chinh tt| diin ra dudi nhiiu hinh thiie. Ben eanh viec thyc hien chiic nang kiim tta, giam
sdt, thanh tta, xir li, ki ludt, thyc thi phap lu$t, thi vige kiem sodt quy6n lyc bang phuang phap ty phe binh vd phe binh ciia moi cdn bp, dang vien dugc Hd Chi Minh rat xem ttpng.
Ddnh gid tu each eua can bp, ddng vien, Hd Chi Minh thudng xet ttong ba mdi quan hg: Vdi minh, vdi ngudi, vdi cdng viec. Ty phe binh la ty xet ehinh minh, phe binh la xet v i ngudi, ciing hudng d i n thye hien tot chiic frach, nhiem vy Ddng giao. Muc dieh cua tii phe binh vd phe binh Id "xet" uu diem, khuyit diim cua chinh rainh va cua ngudi khac de ldm cho phdn tdt frong radi con ngudi ndy nd nhu hoa miia xuan vd phdn xdu hi mat dan di.
Ty phe binh vd phe binh la tu soi xet lgi minh vd nhin nhan ngudi khdc de sira ehiia khuyet diem, giiip nhau tien bd va de tang cudng khdi doan ket ttong ndi bd Ddng: "Mudn doan ket chat che la phai that thd ty ph6 binh, thanh khdn phe binh ddng ehi va nhung ngudi xung quanh, phe binh, ty phe binh de cimg nhau tien bd, de di den cdng doan ket. Doan ket, phe binh, ty phe binh that thd de di den dodn kit han niia""^'. Tu phe binh va phe binh la thuoc chiia bgnh, la vu khi trir ke dieh ben ttong, vi vay, Hd Chi Minh khang dinh: "Chiing ta phdi rao net dimg phe binh va ty phe binh de giiip nhau ehua cho het nhiing benh ay. Cd nhu thi Ddng radi chdng phat trien"''^*.
Mudn ty phe binh vd phe binh hieu qud, Hd Chi Minh yeu eau phai cd phuang phdp vd thai do diing. Tien hdnh ty phe binh vd phe binh phai thudng xuyen nhu rira mat hang ngdy.
Hd Chi Minh da chi dan: Mdi ngdy mdi "nia"
khuyet diem dugc nhu thi thi frong Dang se khdng cd benh tat md Ddng se manh khde vd cung; phai thdnh khdn, khdng dugc gidu bgnh, sg thude; phdi trung thyc, khdng dgt dieu, khong them bdt; phai kien quyit, rao riit, khdng ne nang; phdi cd tinh ddng chi thuang yeu ldn nhau; ty phe binh va phe binh kh6ng phdi de cdng kich, de ndi xdu, chd phe binh lung tung khdng chiu frdch nhigm.
Ben canh sy kiem sodt frong ndi bp he thong ehinh tri, H6 Chi Minh quan tam rit nhiiu d i n
• Chu nghia Mdc - Lenin, Tu tU&ng Ho Chf Minh
viec phat huy quyin ldm ehu, thyc hien cdng tae gidm sat cua nhdn ddn. Nhan ddn Id ngudi
"giao quyin" cho cdc co quan nhd nude thi nhdn ddn phdi cd quyin kiem soat. De franh viec cdn bp nam giii quyen lyc nhd nudc lam dung, tu hii ca nhdn, lam gidu bat chinh thi nhat thiit phdi cd sy kiera soat eua nhdn ddn.
Hd Chi Minh rat eoi frpng cdng tae kiem fra, kiem sodt vi^e thye thi quyen lyc cua cdc ea quan nhd nude va khuyen khich nhan dan thye hien edng viee nay. Ngudi vi nhu "ngpn den pha" d i vita lanh dao dimg dan, vica ngan ehan sy lam dyng quyen lye cua cac can bd lanh dgo frong cac ea quan nhd nudc cac cap.
Bdi viet Mgt viec md cdc ca quan lanh dgo cdn thuc hien ngay, dang fren bdo Sy that, sd 103, ngay 30/11/1948, Hd Chi Minh da n6u len nhiing quan diem chu yeu eua cdng tae kiem fra: "Chinh sdch dung Id ngudn gdc ciia thing lgi... Khi da cd ehinh sach diing, thi sy thanh cdng hoac thdt bai cua chinh sach dd Id do nai cdch td ehiie cdng viec, nai lya chpn cdn bd, vd do noi kiem tta. Neu ba dieu dy sa sdi, thi ehinh sdch diing may ciing vd ich"'''''.
Ngudi nhdn mgnh them: "Cd kiem fra mdi huy ddng duge tinh thdn tich eye vd luc luang to tat eua nhdn dan, mdi biet ro nang lyc va khuyit diem cua can bd, mdi siia ehiia vd giiip dd kip thdi"^'.
Thie ba. nghiem tri nhiing bieu hien tha hda quyen lice
Diiu tuyet ddi edn thiet ddi vdi dang tien phong lanh dgo la phdi xac dinh ro rdng, diit khodt vd nghiem chinh viec thuc hien ki ludt.
Hd Chi Minh xem xay dyng, ren luyen va eung ed ki ludt Id mpt frong nhiing ndi dimg quan frgng cua xdy dyng he thdng chinh tri, la can cii dk khep edn bg, ddng vien vdo khudn phep, franh tinh trang vd ki lugt. Quy dinh dd Id Diiu le Dang, dudng ldi, ehu truang eua Dang, phap ludt eua Nhd nudc ban hdnh nham diiu ehinh hdnh vi khdng duge lam eua can bg, ddng vien, frong do co tha hda quyin luc.
Bdi vi, tha hda quyen lyc chinh tti dan den hdu qua vd eimg nguy hiem, nen ddi vdi nhirng can
bd vi pham phai bi nghiem fri. Khi phat hien vi pham phdi xir li kien quyet, minh bgch, bdt k i Id ddi tugng nao. Hd Chi Minh da nghiem khae xir li mdt sd cdn bd lanh dao nam quyen d eac CO quan nhd nudc lam dung quyen luc ma phgm phdi nhiing ldi ldm. Ngudi nhac nhd:
"Nhiing loi lim chinh la: (1) Trai phep, (2) Cay thi, (3) Hii hda, (4) Tu hing, (5) Chia re...
(6) Kieu nggo... Chiing ta khdng sg sai ldm, nhung da nhdn biet sai ldm, thi phdi ra siic sira ehiia. Vdy nen, ai khong pham nhiing ldm ldi tt8n ndy, thi nen chii y tranh di, vd gang siic eho them tien bd. Ai dd pham nhiing lam ldi tten nay, thi phdi het siie sua ehiia"''*'.
Tdm lgi, Hd Chi Minh da sdm y thiic vdn d i quyin luc chinh tii tii nhiing giai doan ddu cua qud trinh hoat dpng each ragng. Sy quan tdm dd dugc tiip ndi va tap trung nhieu nhdt khi Ddng da frd thdnh dang cam quyen. Trong giai dogn hien nay, nhiing bieu hien tha hda quyen lyc frong dgi ngii can bd lanh dao, quan U dang rat phiic tap. Vi vdy, cdn cd nhiing gidi phdp diing dan, quyet liet de ngan chgn, loai trir.
Trong cugc ddu franh do, cdc quan diem cua Hd Chi Minh vi phdng, chdng tha hoa quyen lyc chinh tn la sy chi ddn khoa hgc, soi dudng, giao due dgo diie cdch mang de can bd, ddng vien sir dyng quyen lyc chinh tri mpt each diing dan nham phyc vy To qudc, nhan ddn, hudng tdi muc tieu "dan gidu, nudc raanh, ddn chu, cdng bang, van mmh"i^
(i).(2),,3)vit9) Ho Chi Minh, Todn tap, t.I2, Nxb CTQG, HN. 1996, tr.212 va 557- 558, 438 va 93 (4)vs(ii) H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, t.9, tr.283 va 293
« H6 Chi Minh, Sdd. t.6, tr.88 (6) vi<i2) H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, t.8, tr.276 va 387 (7).(B),(i3),(H) -i (is>H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, t.5, tr.297, 252- 2 5 3 , 2 6 7 , 5 2 0 va 520
<'"> H i Chi Minh, Sdd, t.10, tr.462
<'^> H6 Chi Minh, Sdd, t.4, tr.57-58
