TRli^ r HOC- CHINH TRI HOC
NHU'NG QUAN DIEM CQ B A N CUA HO CHJ MINH VE GIAI CAP VA DAU TRANH GIAI CAP O VIET NAM
NGUYEN BINH TAN
TOM T A T
Nhirng quan diem eiia Ho Chi Minh ve giai cip va diu tranh giai cap d Viet Nam the hien tam tw duy khoa hge, bien chirng va sang tao ciia Ho Chi Minh trong qua trinh tiep thu va van dung ly luan ve giai cap va dau tranh giai cap eiia chu nghTa Mac- Lenin vao dieu kien eu the ciia each mang Viet Nam Theo Ho Chi Minh, do nhCrng dae thu eua xa hdi Viet Nam nen quan he giai cip d day cd nhirng diem khac vdi d cae nwde phwong Tay. Do dd Hd Chi Minh yeu cau viec giai quyet moi quan he giwa cac giai cap, tang Idp d Viet Nam phai het sue mem deo, sang tao. Tuy vay, Ho Chi Minh khdng he mo ho, xem nhe van de giai cap, diu tranh giai cip, Ngwdi ludn giCr vCrng lap trwdng eua giai cap cdng nhan trong viec giai quyet nhCrng van de eo ban eua each mang Viet Nam.
Ly luan ve giai d p va d i u tranh giai cap la mot trona nhu'ng npi dung quan trpng cua chu nghla Mae-Lenin. Trong qua trinh Nguyen Binh Tan. Thac sT. Ban Tuyen giao tinh uy Bac Lieu Nghien cUu sinh nganh Triet hoc, Trudng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan vSn Thanh pho HO Chi Minh.
nghien cCru, tiep thu va truyen ba ehu nghTa Mac-Lenin vao trong nude, Hd Chi Minh r i t quan tam nghien eCru v i n d l nay.
Ben canh viec tiep thu nhu-ng luan diem ca ban cua chu nghTa Mae-Lenin v l giai d p va d i u tranh giai c l p , Hd Chi Minh cdn nhan thay ring d n phai nghien eCru t h i u dao dae diem quan he giai c l p eua eac nude phuang Ddng (nhu-ng xa hdi ma Mac, Angghen va Lenin chua cd dilu kien nghien ciru ky), tCp dd bd sung, phat triln toan dien ban nu-a ly luan v l giai c l p vd d i u tranh giai cap cua chu nghTa Mae- Lenin. Tir thyc t i l n cua each mang Viet Nam CLing nhu'ng tri thire va kinh nghiem ed dugc trong qua trinh bdn ba tim dudng CLPU nude. Ho Chi Minh da dua ra nhu-ng quan d i l m v l giai d p va d i u tranh giai c l p d Viet Nam eg t h i , rd rang.
Ho Chi Minh ddi hdi khi xem xet v i n d l giai d p va dau tranh giai cap d Viet Nam phai khach quan, toan dien va lich SLP cg t h i . Ngudi thudng can dan can bd, dang vien di lam each mang tCpc la d i u tranh cho ddc lap dan tdc va chu nghTa xa hpi, do dd phai cd quan d i l m giai c l p dung dan, nghTa la phai dCrng vCpng tren lap trudng cua giai d p edng nhan ma d i u tranh, ma p h i n d i u vi Igi ieh eua giai cap cdng nhan.
NGUYEN BINH TAN - NHUNG QUAN DIEM CO BAN CUA...
eua nhan dan lao ddng va cua ca dan tdc.
Ddng thdi, ngudi can bp each mang phai h i t SLPC chu y d i n dae thii cua Viet Nam, phai t h i y dugc sy khac biet cua euoc d i u tranh giai d p d Viet Nam so vdi d i u tranh giai c l p d cac nude phuang Tay. Hd Chi Minh da h i t SCPC phe phan viec ap dung nhCpng quan d i l m ve giai cap va d i u tranh giai c l p eua ehu nghTa Mac-Lenin mpt each giao d i l u , may mdc. Ngudi nhle: chd
"nghe ngudi ta ndi giai c l p d i u tranh, minh eung ra khau hieu giai d p dau tranh ma khdng xet hoan canh nude minh nhu the nao" (Hd Chi Minh, 2000, tap 5, tr. 272).
Bdng sy hieu bilt sau sac v l xa hoi phong k i l n Viet Nam nhCrng nam d i u t h i ky XX, Hd Chi Minh nhan t h i y rang do lye lugng san x u l t chua phat triln eho nen sy phan hda giai d p chua sau sac, mau t h u i n giu-a cac giai d p khdng d i l n ra gay gat, do dd d i u tranh giai d p d Viet Nam khdng gilng nhu d cae nude phuang Tay. Trong Bao eao ve Bde ky, Trung ky vd Nam ky, Ngudi viet: "Cupc dau tranh giai d p khdng d i l n ra gilng nhu d phuang Tay", bdi vi
"neu ndng dan g i n nhu chang cd gi thi dja chu cung khdng cd von liing gi Idn; neu ndng dan chf song bdng eai toi thilu can thilt thi ddi song eua dja ehu eung chlng ed gi Id xa hoa; neu thg thuyin khdng biet minh bj bde lot bao nhieu thi ehu lai khdng h i bilt edng eg d l bde lot cua hp la may mdc; ngudi thi chang cd cdng doan, ke thi chang cc tardt. Ngudi thi n h i n nhuc chiu so phan cua minh, ke thi vCra phai trong su tham lam cua minh. Sy xung dot v l quyln Igi cua hp dugc giam thilu" (Hd Chi Minh, 2000, tap 1, tr. 464).
Mat khac, theo Hd Chi Minh, d i l u kien chinh trj-xa hpi eung gdp phan lam eho
ranh gidi giCra cac giai c l p trong xa hdi Viet Nam khdng that sy rd rang, do dd sy chuyen hda tir giai cap, dang cap nay sang giai c l p , d i n g c l p khac tuang ddi dan gian. Bdi vi "quan lai dugc tuyIn lya theo eon dudng dan chu: con dudng thi CLP, md rgng cho mpi ngudi va mpi ngudi ed t h i chuIn bi thi ma chang ton kem gi"
( H i Chi Minh, 2000, tap 1, tr. 465). Mpt nho sinh ngheo, sau qua trinh "diii mai kinh SLP", thi dd dat se lap tCpc dugc trilu dinh bo nhiem lam quan d cae ehCpc vu, thCp bac khac nhau. Khi da ed quyen chCpc trong tay, vien quan vira duge bd nhiem dd mpt p h i n hudng lpe tCp trilu dinh, ddng thdi kiem them Igi lpe tCr dja vj xa hpi cua minh, va do dd nhanh chdng tip ngudi ngheo, tir dang c l p t h i p budc len dja vj cua giai c l p phong kiln. Nguge lai, nhu-ng quan lai t r i l u dinh, vi ly do nao dd, bi p h i bd chCrc tudc thi dong thdi se khdng edn bdng lpe eung nhu nguon Igi thu dugc tCr dia vj xa hdi eua minh, tir dd nhanh chdng gia nhap vdo d i n g d p thap eua xa hpi.
Ca d u t l ehCre xa hdi theo kieu lang xa eung gdp p h i n giam thilu mau thuin giCpa eac giai cap, dae biet la giu-a giai d p ndng dan vdi giai d p phong kiln. Tinh t y trj lau ddi, b i n vu-ng eua lang xa da tao nen t h i can b i n g quyen lye giu-a quan lai vdi eae t i n g Idp nhan dan. Ho Chi Minh chf rd:
"quyln lye eua quan lai dugc can bing bing tinh t y tri eua xa thdn" (Ho Chi Minh, 2000, tap 1, tr. 465). Tham chi d mot s l quy t i c XLP sy xa hpi, tinh t y tri cua lang xa cdn ndi trdi han. D i l u dd dugc due k i t bing cau ndi dan gian "phep vua thua le lang". Chinh eae dang thCrc cdng dong ben trong lang xa da tao ra mpt Idp "mang
mdng" lam m i m di sy doi khang giua eac giai d p , d i n g c l p trong xa hdi.
TCr nhu'ng phan tich tren, Hd Chi Minh di d i n k i t luan tinh ddi khang giai c l p trong xa hdi Viet Nam khdng gay git, quylt liet nhu d cac nude Tay Au. Do dd, theo Hd Chi Minh, nhu'ng nguyen ly ca ban eua ehu nghTa Mae-Lenin v i n dung va se edn dung doi vdi xa hpi phuang Ddng ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi rieng. Tuy nhien, nhit thilt phai cd su b l sung, phat trien va van dgng mpt each linh boat, sang tpo vao tirng trudng hgp cg t h i . Ngudi chf rd: "vi sy Tay phuang hda ngay cdng tang va t i t yeu cua phuang Ddng... DCi sao thi khdng t h i elm bo sung co sd ljch sir eua chu nghTa Mac bing each dua them vao dd nhu'ng t u lieu ma Mae d thdi minh khdng t h i ed dugc"
(Ho Chi Minh, 2000, tap 1, tr. 465). Dong thdi cung vi "Mac da xay dyng hpc thuyet cua minh tren mpt triet ly nhat djnh cua ljch SLi', nhung Ijeh sir nao? Lich sir chau Au.
Ma chau Au la gi? Dd chua phai la toan t h i nhan loai" (Hd Chi Minh, 2000, tap 1, tr.
465). Do dd, theo Hd Chi Minh, phai "Xem xet lai ehu nghTa Mae v l ea sd Ijeh sCr eua nd, eung e l nd bang dan tpc hpe phuang Ddng" (Ho Chi Minh, 2000, tap 1, tr. 465).
Chinh tCp nhan thCpc dd nen trong qua trinh boat ddng each mang, vdi khat vong Idn lao la tim k i l m con dudng giai phdng dan tpc. Ho Chi Minh it ndi d i n v i n d l giai d p va d i u tranh giai d p , it neu cao tinh chiln d i u cua giai c l p edng nhan va giai d p ndng dan chong giai d p tu san va giai d p phong kiln. Thay vao dd, Ngudi thudng d l cao tinh t h i n doan k i t dan tpc, doan k i t t i t ca cac giai d p , co vu tinh t h i n chiln d i u chong d l qude cua cdc giai c l p va t i n g Idp nhan dan trong xa hdi. .' • . .
Tuy vay. Ho Chi Minh khdng he xem nhe van d l giai c l p va dau tranh giai d p . Trong khi giai quylt nhu-ng v i n de ca ban eua each mang Viet Nam, Ngudi ludn kien djnh lap trudng eua giai c l p cdng nhan.
Lap trudng giai d p edng nhan eua Ho Chi Minh t h i hien qua nhCrng ludn d i l m ea ban sau.
Thw nhit, each mang Viet Nam phai di theo con dwdng each mang vd san
TCP sy nghien CCPU, so sanh cac cudc each mang t u san tren t h i gidi, dae biet la eae cudc each mang t u san My, each mang t u san Phap vdi cudc Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, Ho Chi Minh thiy ring ehi ed each mang vd san Nga la each mang triet d l ,
"each mang den nai", vi dd la cupc each mang do ehinh giai d p edng nhan lanh dao gianh duge ehinh quyln v l tay edng- ndng va cac t i n g Idp nhan dan lao dpng, dem lai t y do, hanh phiic eho sd ddng q u i n chung. TCr dd, Hd Chi Minh khdng djnh: each mang Viet Nam phai di theo con dudng each mang vd san.
Thir hai. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam - dang eua giai cap edng nhan Viet Nam - la Iwc Iwgng lanh dao each mang Viet Nam
Van dung quan d i l m v l "Dang kilu mdi"
cua chu nghTa Mac-Lenin vao d i l u kien eg the cua each mang Viet Nam, Ho Chi Minh khang djnh Dang Cdng san Viet Nam la dang each mang cua giai c l p cdng nhan Viet Nam dong thdi la dang eua dan toe Viet Nam. Ngudi ndi: "Dang ta la dang eua giai d p , dong thdi la eua dan tpc, khdng thien tu, thien vj" (Hd Chi Minh, 2000, tap 10, tr. 467). Khi ndi Oang Cpng san Viet Nam la dang cua giai d p edng nhan Viet Nam dong thdi la dang eua dan toe Viet
NGUYEN BiNH TAN - NHUNG QUAN DIEM CO BAN CUA...
Nam cd nghla la Hd Chi Minh chu y den ban chit giai c l p cua Dang va SLP menh ljch SLP cua giai c l p cdng nhan Viet Nam.
Ngudi khIng dinh ehi cd giai c l p cdng nhan la giai c l p duy nhit ganh vac sir menh lann dao each mang, giai c l p cdng nhan la giai c l p khdng chi dpi dien cho hien tai ma cho ca tuang lai eua dat nude.
Thir ba, xay dwng khdi dai doan kit dan tgc tren nen tang lien minh cdng-ndng-tri
Hd Chi Minh keu gpi xay dyng khdi dpi doan k i t dan tgc d l tao SLPC manh cho each mang. Dai dodn k i t dan tgc tCpc la doan k i t rgng rai, khdng phan biet b i t CLP ai, mien la ngudi Viet Nam yeu nude, chlng d l quoc, tan thanh xay dyng cupc s i n g I m no, hanh phCic. Tuy nhien, khdng phai Ho Chi Minh keu ggi mpt thCp doan k i t dan tgc chung chung, eai luang, phi giai d p , ma la tren ca s d xac djnh rd vai trd lanh dao cua giai c l p cdng nhan. Giai c l p edng nhan ciing vdi giai c l p ndng dan va t i n g Idp tri thCrc la "nen tang" cua khoi dpi doan k i t toan dan tgc. Ngudi chf rd: "Phai dya vdo giai d p edng nhan, lay lien minh cdng ndng lam n I n tang vCrng chle d l doan k i t cae tang Idp khac trong nhan dan" (Hd Chi Minh, 2000, tap 10, tr. 605).
Ve sau, Ngudi neu them: l l y lien minh edng ndng, lao dgng tri de (tri thCre) lam n I n tang cho khdi dai doan k i t toan dan.
Tinh giai d p trong quan diem eua Hd Chi Minh v l dai dodn k i t dan tdc cdn t h i hien d chd, phai xae djnh rd thanh phin nao la ban, thanh phan nao la ke thii eua each mang, eua dan tgc de tir dd ed phuang sach phii hgp d l i vdi ede thanh p h i n dd, theo nguyen t i e "them ban bdt thii". Ngudi ehi rd: "Chu nghTa Mae-Lenin day chung ta
ring: mudn lam each mang thing lgi thi phai phan rd ai la ban, ai la thii. phai thyc hien them b i u ban, bdt ke thu. Mgi ngudi yeu nude va t i l n bg la ban ta. D^ quoc My, bgn tay sai cua My. bgn phan each mang la ke thii cua ta" (Hd Chi Minh, 2000, tap 10, tr. 605).
Thir tw. xay dwng nha nude cua dan. do dan, vi dan mang ban chit ciia giai cap cdng nhan
Van dung sang tao nhung luan dilm ve
"nha nude k i l u mdi" cua chu nghTa Mac- Lenin vao d i l u kien, hoan canh cg t h i cua Viet Nam, Hd Chi Minh di d i n khang djnh:
Nha nude Viet Nam dan chu cgng hda la nha nude eua dan, do dan, vi dan va do giai c l p cdng nhan lanh dao, la nha nude dan chu dpi dien eho quyen Igi cua toan t h i dan tgc, vi mge tieu, Igi ieh eua dan tgc ma hanh dgng.
Khi ndi nha nude ta la nha nude eua dan, do dan, vi dan khdng cd nghTa Ho Chi Minh ehu truang xay dyng mgt nha nude phi giai cap hay sieu giai cap. Ngudi viet:
"Tinh chat nha nude la v i n d l ea ban eua Hiln phap. Dd la v i n de npi dung giai c l p eua ehinh quyln. Chinh quyen v l tay ai va phgc vu quyln Igi cua ai? O i l u dd quylt dinh toan bg ngi dung eua Hien phap..."
( H i Chi Minh, 2000, tap 9, tr. 586). Tir dd Ngudi di d i n khang djnh ban chit giai cap cdng nhan cua nha nude: "Nha nude eua ta la nha nude dan ehu nhan dan dya tren nIn tang lien minh edng ndng, do giai c l p edng nhan lanh dao" (Ho Chi Minh, 2000, tap 9, tr. 586).
Nhu vay, tren ca sd nhu'ng phan tich khoa hge, sau s l e dae thii eua m l i quan he giai d p trong Idng xd hdi eac quIe gia phuang
Ddng ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi rieng. Hd Chi Minh da nhan t h i y ring quan he giai d p d Viet Nam ed nhu'ng dae dilm khac vdi d cae nude phuang Tay. Do dd, Ngudi yeu cau giai quylt cac v i n de cua each mang Viet Nam phai m i m deo, sang tao, chii y den d i l u kien thyc t l eua xa hgi Viet Nam. Tren binh dien ly luan. H i Chi Minh it ban d i n van d l giai cap va d i u tranh giai c l p ma chu y l u d l cap den van d l doan kit dan tgc hudng tdi muc tieu giai phdng dan tgc. Tuy nhien. Ho Chi Minh khdng xem nhe v i n d l giai c l p va d i u tranh giai c l p d Viet Nam. Trong qua trinh giai quylt mgi van de eua each mang Viet Nam, Ngudi kien dinh lap trudng eua giai cap cdng nhan, dirng tren nIn tang cua chu nghTa Mae-Lenin. NhCrng quan dilm cua
Ho Chi Minh v l giai cap va d i u tranh giai cap d Viet Nam the hien tam tu duy khoa hoc, bien chCrng va sang tao cua Hd Chi Minh trong qua trinh tiep thu va van dung chu nghTa Mac-Lenin ndi chung, ly luan ve giai c l p va d i u tranh giai c l p ndi rieng.
Trong giai doan hien nay, nhirng quan diem cua Ho Chi Minh v l giai c l p va d i u tranh giai c l p d Viet Nam c i n phai trd thanh nguyen t i e quan trgng trong qua trinh giai quylt m l i quan he giu-a Igi ieh dan tpc vdi Igi ieh cua cac giai c l p , tang Idp trong xa hdi Viet Nam. •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Hd Chi Minh. 2000. Toan tap. Tap 1, 5, 9, 10. Ha Ndi: Nxb. Chinh tri Qude gia.
(Tiep thee trang 79)
'•''' Meme la mot dan vi van hda (mot tu tudng hay mgt gia tn hay mOt khuon miu hanh vi) du'ge truyen tu nguai nay sang ngudi khac khong phai do di truyin gen ma bdi su bit chuac ''' So do nhanh tong quat [cladogram] la mpt su phan nhanh A, mpt sa do cay ma trong do cac diem cuoi cua cac nhanh the hien cac loai
sinh vat cu the (chu thich cua ngudi dich).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Xem tai lieu gdc tai dja chi:
http://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache:IV eCJlN28UJ:eprints.ucl.ac.uk/15073/1/15073.p df+Evolution+in+Archaeology&hl=vi&gl=vn
