Alf^
Doan Hoai Nhan & D 5 Van X6. Tap chi PhSi inen Kinh ti. 27(3), 98-116Cac yeu to anh hirtfng den hieu qua canh tac cua ho trong dua hau tai thanh pho Can Thff
. ' DOAN HOAI NHAN J
Vien Kinh tk - Xa hoi - dhnhan@cids,org.vn DO VAN XE
Tmdng Dai hoc CSn Tho - dvxe(gctu.edu vn
Ngay nhdn:
04/09/2015 Ngdy nhdn lai:
18/03/2016 Ngdy duyet ddng
18/03/2016 Md so:
Tir khoa:
f
Hieu qu^^T thuat, hlfu l}u^,phan ph6i, htSu-qOa- su dung chi phi, hO trfing dua hau, phan-tiehTn&ng b a e g ^ ^ u . Keywords:
Technical efficiency, allocative efficiency, cost efficiency, watermelon farming household, Data Envelopment Analysis.
Nghien cihi u6c lugng hiSu quii ki thuSt, hiSu qua phSn ph6i ngu^n luc va hieu qua sit dung chi phi ciia cac h6 trSng dua hdu tai thanh pho Can Thcr. Vol diJ liSu thu th§p diroc tit nhOtig h6 canh tac dua hau n3m 2014, phucmg phdp phan tfch bao dil liSu (Data Envelopment Analysis) duoc sii dung de udc lucmg hieu qua kT thuat, hieu qua phan ph6i, hieu qua sir dung chi phi cua nong ho ket hop sir dung cfing cu phan tich hoi quy ham TOBIT. Ket qua phan tich cho thSy cac ho canh tac dua hdu dat hieu qua kT thuat cao (TE= 99,77%) Tuy nhien, do . han ch^ cua viec sir dung cac y€u t6 dJiu vao nen hieu qua chi phi va
hieu qua phan phoi dat 6 miic thdp (16,69% va 16,74%).
Abstract
This paper focuses on finding out and measuring technical efficiency (TE), allocative efficiency (AE), and cost efficiency (GE) among the watermelon farming households in Can Tho City Along with this, for the cross-sectional data obtained for the year 2014, the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach is used to estimate the households' technical, allocation and cost efficiency. Estimated values of efficiency are then regressed with producer-specific variables using TOBIT regression. The empirical results indicate that the surveyed watermelon farming households achieve high techical efficiency; low levels of allocative and cost efficiency, however, are recorded subject to limitations of employment ofthe input factors.
Do^n HoAi Nhan & Dfl VSn Xe T^p chl Phai tnen Kinh 16, 27(3), 98-116
1, Mudau
Thanh pho Can Tha (TPCT) dang thira huang nhijng thanh qua nghien ciru ciia cac nha khoa hpc dk xay dung va li'ng dung nen nong nghiep cong nghe cao, dfing thoi chuyen dich theo huong nong nghiep do thi.
Hien tai, TPCT da quy hoach vung vanh dai thuc pham bao g6m cac quan Ninh KiSu, 6 Mon, Binh Thuy, Cai Rang va Th6t Not; huyen Phong Di6n, xa VTnh Trinh va dien tich huyen Thot Not cu dieu chinh v^ huyen VTnh Thanh, xa Dinh Mon va xa Truong Thanh cua huyen Thoi Lai va di6n tich cua huyen Thot Nfit cii diSu chinh vk huyen Co Do voi t6ng dien tich tu nhien 67.352 ha; trong do, dien ti'ch dat canh tac hoa mau la 7.500 ha. Vanh dai nay se dap ung dugc nhu cau ve thuc pham vai chat luong ngay cang cao, phat trien cac nong san hang hoa can it dat, co gia tri kinh tk cao, tao duoc nhieii viec lam cho lire lugng lao dgng du thua do mat dat boi qua trinh do thj hoa; tao canh quan phuc vu cac hoat dgng du lich va bao ve t6t moi truong nong thon.
Trong nhiing nam qua, dua hau la mat hang dugc nguoi tieu diing ua chuong, vira co the lam rau vua dugc xem nhu mgt loai trai cay trong nhiing biJa an hang ngay ciia nguai tieu dung. Dua hau la mgt loai hoa mau co thg canh tac tot tren dit ru6ng, la m6t trong nhiJTig loai cay dugc chgn de chuyen doi mo hinh canh tac tai TPCT. Vi vay, hoat dong canh tac va tieu thu san pham nay dien ra quanh nam. Theo bao cao ciia nganh nong nghiep TPCT thi nhom rau, dau dugc xem la nhom cay chu luc thu hai sau liia, dac biet la dua hku, vira la loai cay thuan lgi luan canh vai liia, vira phii hgp vai mo hinh canh tac dt thi va co thi truong tieu diing tai ch6. Tuy nhien, trong qua trinh san xuat va tieu thu van con nhieu han che, nhu chua co nhan mac, chua dap iing dugc cac yeu cau chat che tir phia sieu thi ve chiing loai, so iugng, kiem djnh ve sinh an toan thuc pham,v.v..
Mat khac, quy mo canh tac tai dja phuang con nho le, chung loai chua da dang, san lugng kh6ng 6n dinh, han nita tai cac sieu thi lai can nguon cung cap on dinh vdi so lugng ldn va da dang v& chiing loai. Do do, van de hieu qua canh tac ciia nong hg c6 the dugc xem la mgt trong nhiing gia thuyet dugc dat ra trong nghien cuu nay. Diing truoc thuc trang do thi hoat d6ng dau tu va san xuat kinh doanh dua hau cua nong hg tai dja phuang ckn phai dugc xem xet va danh gia lai.
Vi nhOng li do tren, nghien ciiu nay dugc thuc hien de danh gia ve nang suat va hieu qua canh tac cua cac hg dan trong dua hau tren dia ban TPCT; tir do dua ra nhihig giai phap gop phan nang cao nang suat, tang hieu qua, va nang cao kha nang canh tranh cho san phdm dua hdu tai dia phuong.
100 DoSn Hoii Nhan & Q3 VSn Xe Tsp chi Phat triln Kmh 16,27(3), 98-116
2. Cff sff li thuyet va phmrng phap nghien cuu
2.1. Ca s& li thuyit
Hieu qua san xuat la kha nang cua nha san xuat tao ra mgt lugng dau ra cho truoc voi muc chi phi thap nhat. Do vay, ti so giiJa chi phi thap nhat va muc chi phi thuc ti de tao ra lugng dau ra cho truac dugc ggi la hieu qua san xuat (Farrall, 1957). Hieu qui nay dugc do lutmg bang ba chi tieu: Hieu qua kT thuat, hieu qua phan phoi, va hieu qua chi phi (Hinh 1).
0 Hinh 1, gia dinh hg canh tac su dung hai nhap lugng xl va x2 de tao ra xuat lugng y vdi gia thuyet thu nhap khong doi theo quy mo. SS' la dudng dang lugng dugc su dung de do ludng hiSu qua kT thuat. Neu ndng hg nay sir dung hai nhap lugng tren tai diem P de tao ra y, liic do, tinh khdng hieu qua ve kT thuat cua ho canh tac dd dugc do ludng bdi khoang each QP. Khoang QP nay cd ;? nghta la lugng ma thong qua do tat ca cac nhap lugng cd the giam di mgt ti le nao dd ma khdng Iam giam lugng san pham dugc tao ra.
Ti le nay dugc do ludng bang ti so QP/OP va cd y nghta, ti le cac nhap lugng nao do can dugc giam, lam cho hd tao ra san lugng cd hieu qua ve mat kt thuat. Liic do, hieu qua kT thuat (TE) eiia mgt nong hg dugc do ludng bdi ti sd sau:
TEi = OQ/OP (I)
He so nay bSng 1 - (QP/OP). Khi TE co gia tri bSng 1, cd nghia la hd dat hieu qua kT thuat hoan toan, Thi du nhu hg canh tac se canh tac tai diem Q, la diem nam tren dudng dong lugng.
Doan Hoai NhSn & Bo Van Xe. Tap chi Phat trien Kinh te, 27(3), 98-116
0 A' xi/y Hinh 1: HiSu qua phan phdi va hieu qua ky thuat
Ti so gia ca ciia hai nhap lugng dugc the hien bang dudng dang phi AA'. Dudng dang phi nay dugc sir dung de tinh toan hieu qua phan phdi (AE). Theo Hinh 1 thi AE ciia hg canh tac dugc de cap tai diem P dugc xac dinh bdi ti sd (2). Bdi vi khoang RQ dugc xem la khoang chi phi dugc giam di khi hg canh tac dat hieu qua ca ve mat kt thuat va phan phdi.
AEi = OR/OQ (2) Liic dd, EEi se dugc tinh toan bdi ti sd sau:
CEi = TEi * AEi = (OQ/OP) *(OR/OQ) = OR/OP (3) Khoang each RQ liic nay cd the dugc giai thich nhu phan chi phi dugc giam di.
Md hinh DEA cd hai dang dira tren hai gia thiet la hieu qua khdng ddi theo quy md (Constant Retums to Scale - CRS) va gia thiet hieu qua thay ddi theo quy md (Variable Retums to Scale - VRS). Theo Banker, Chames va Cooper (1984) thi su dung gia thi6t CRS chi hgp li trong trudng hgp tat ca cac ndng h6 hoat ddng tai quy mo toi uu.
Tuy nhien, nhiing yeu td nhu canh tranh khdng hoan hao, nhiing rang budc ve mat tai chinh, v.v. cd the Iam cho hg canh tac khdng the hoat ddng tai muc quy md tdi uu. Ben canh dd, viec sir dung CRS khi khong cd hg nao hoat ddng tai muc quy md toi uu se dan d€n trudng hgp c^c hS sd kT thuat dugc tinh toan bi sai lech do anh hudng cua hieu qua
Doan Hoai Nhan & Do Van XS Tap chi Phai tn&i Kmh ti, 27(3), 98-116
quy md. Trong trudng hop nay neu tinh toan cac he sd hieu qua dua tren gia thiet VRS se traiih dugc anh hudng. Theo Hinh 2 thi cac he so hieu qua kT thuat dudi bai gia thuyet CRS va VRS va he sd hiSu qua quy md dugc xac dinh theo cac cdng thuc sau day:
TEcRS=APc/AP (4) TEvRS=APv/AP (5) SE=APc/APv (6) Tat ca cac he sd nay ciing nam trong khoang tir 0 den 1.
p^y
Bien san xuat CRS ^
\ /
Jpi
/ P v
•4 Bien san xuat VRS
Hinh 2. Tinh toan kinh te quy md trong DEA
Tir (4) va (5) cho thay khi tinh he sd hieu qua dua tren gia thiet CRS bao gid ciing c6 do ldn nhd hon trong trudng hgp VRS. Moi quan he giiia 3 he sd nay dugc the hien trong phuong trinh (7) dudi day:
TEcRs^TEvi,s*SE (7) Hieu qua quy md (Scale Efficiency - SE): La ti so giiia san pham binh quan cua hg
dat dugc khi hoat ddng tai diem dudi gia thiet VRS (PV) va san pham binh quan hg dat dugc khi hoat ddng tai diem cd quy mo toi uu (R).
Doan Hoai Nhan & DO VSn Xc Tpp chl Phil tnin Kinh te. 27(3). 98-116
2.2. Phuangphdp nghiin eiiu 2.2.1. Phuang phap do ludng hi6u qua
Coelli va Battese (1996) chi ra khi danh gia hieu qua canh tac trong Itnh vuc ndng nghiep thi ham canh tac bien nglu nhien la thich hgp han DEA; dac biet la tai cac nudc dang phat trien, day la nai cd the de dimg hiing chiu nhiJng tac ddng cua nhidu ygu t6 ngau nhien tir ben ngoai ma ban than nhiing ngudi ndng dan khdng kiSm soat dugc nhu dieu kien thdi tiet, benh, dich hai, v.v. va cac yeu td khac tac ddng dSn tinh khdng hi6u qua.
Phuong phap DEA cd uu diem la: (1) Khdng yeu cau phai xac dinh mgt dang ham cu the khi xay dung bien canh tac; (2) Dudng gidi han bien canh tac dugc xay dung true tiep ttr dii lieu quan sat thdng qua he thdng phuang trinh tuy6n tinh. Vi thk, cd the ung dung trong nhiing nghien cuu vdi sd lugng quan sat han che; va (3) Cd the sii dung de udc lugng rieng biet cac loai hieu qua canh tac nhu hieu qua kT thuat, hifu qua phan phoi, hieu qua su dung chi phi va hieu qua theo quy md canh tac. Vi vay, trong nghien cuu nay tac gia quySt djnh chgn DEA do ludng hieu qua canh tac dua hau.
DEA la phuang phap danh gia tdng quat ket qua thuc hien cua hoat ddng kinh te nao do dya tren tap hgp nhieu chi tieu phiic hgp. DEA giiip cd dugc nhihig udc lugng bien thong qua viec sii dung md hinh tuyen tinh phi tham sd, ket qua udc lugng se la nhiing diem so hieu qua cho tat ca cac quan sat va chung cd gia tri trong khoang tii 0 den 1.
Muc tieu ciia phan ti'ch nay khong phai la udc lugng ham canh tac. Thay vao dd, nd su dung de xac dinh nhflng dan vi quan sat dat hieu qua tot nhat Thdng qua dd, bien do canh tac tot nhat se dugc xac dinh cho tat ca cac quan sat dugc sir dung trong phan tich.
DEA dugc hieu mgt each dan gian la nflng hd nay dugc xem la hoat ddng canh tac cd hieu qua hon nong hg kia khi sd dung it sd lugng dau vao hon de tao ra mdt lugng san pham. Cac he sd hieu qua dugc tinh toan dya tren ti sd cao nhat giira san lugng tren sd lugng cua tat ca cac quan sat dugc su dung de phan tich.
Gan day, DEA trd thanh cdng cu dugc chap nhan trong cac phan tich kinh te va co nhieu tac gia da sii dung phuang phap nay trong viec phan tich hieu qua hoat ddng ciia ndng trai, ngan hang, y te, giao due, che tao san phSm, danh gia hieu qua trong viec quan li, ban hang v.v.. (Fank & Thanda, 1999). Trong nhieu nghien ciiu, DEA da cung cap nhiSu thdng tin sau sac va phong phii ma trong phan tich kinh te lugng thuan tiiy khdng dap ling dugc. Ddng thdi, sii dung DEA thi tuong doi dan gian han so vdi viec sii dung phuong phap kinh te lugng ve mat toan hgc nhu phai xac djnh dang ham canh tac phii
Do^n Hoai Nhan & D 5 Van Xe Tap chl Phil Irlfin Kinh te, 27(3), 98-116
hgp (Forsund, 1991). Hon nira, sir dung phuang phap kinh te lugng khdng dua ra dugc danh gia tdm tat ve mat hieu qua canh tac. Trong khi dd, DEA cd the dap ung dugc vSn dk nay dya tren co sd quy hoach tuyen tinh.
Md hinh DEA djnh hudng dau vao va dau ra de do ludng hieu qua chi phi (CE) va hieu qua kT thuat (TE). Liic dd, hieu qua phan phdi (AE) se dugc tinh toan dua tren ti so giiia hieu qua kinh te tren he sd hieu qua kt thuat. Md hinh dugc sir dung dua tren co sd sd lieu m bien sd lugng va san lugng tren mdi hd canh tac. Ddi vai hg canh tac thii i, nhiing sd lieu ve san lugng va sd lugng dugc sii dung theo nhtmg vecta cdt y, va x, tuong ling. Ma tran so lugng Xmsn. va ma tran san lugng Ysxn, se the hien tat ca so lieu cho tat ca cac hd canh tac trong mau dieu tra.
Theo Coelli va cdng su (2005), md hinh DEA dugc sii dung de tinh toan hieu qua kt thuat (TE) la:
Mind X,6
Dieu kien rang budc -yi + Yj, > 0 exi-Xx>o x>o
Trong do, 9 la dai lugng vd hudng, va X la vecto, n, x la hang sd. Gia tri ciia B dat dugc tir md hinh 1 chi'nh la he sd hieu qua kt thuat cua hg canh tac thii i. 9 luon co gia tri nhd han hoac bang 1, vdi gia tri bang 1 chi ra diem nam tren dudng bien canh tac, va do vay hg dugc xem xet dat hieu qua hoan toan ve mat kT thuat (theo dinh nghta ciia Farrell, 1957; trong Coelli, 2005).
Gia SIT gia ca ciia cac yfiu td sd lugng dugc dua ra, liic do hieu qua kinh te don gian dugc tinh toan thong qua md hinh DEA dudi day:
Min GEE
Dieu kien rang buoc -y, + Yi > 0
OEEC, - C X > 0
? . > 0
Do^n Hoai NhSn & D S Van Xe Tpp chl Phat Infin Kinh 16. 27(3). 98-116 105
Trong dd: c, la dai lugng vd hudng the hien chi phi va C la ma tran I x n cua nhiing chi phi dugc quan sat ciia hd thii i. Va liic nay hieu qua phan phdi (AE) se dugc tinh toan theo cdng thiic:
AE = EE/TE
2.2.2 Cac nhan to anh hudng den hieu qua san xu^t
Nghien cuu ciia Kalirajan va Shand (1988), Coelli va Battese (1996), Assefa (1995) va Getachew (1995) chi ra hieu qua san xuat chju anh hudng bdi hang loat cac ygu t6 ve mat the che, chinh sach va kinh te xa hgi nhu tinh trang hdn nhan, gidi tinh, tudi tac, trinh dd hgc van, kinh nghiem san xuat ciia hd canh tac. Nhiing nhan to nay true tifip hoac gian tiep anh hudng den chkt Iugng quan li san xuat cua hg va do vay se co kha nang anh hudng den miic do hieu qua trong canh tac. Theo Assefa (1995), san xu4t nong nghiep cdn cd the bi anh hudng bdi cac ygu td nhu chat lugng ciia h$ thdng tudi tieu, chat lugng dat bj suy thoai, khd ti£p can vdi cac td chirc tin dung, djch vu khuySn ndng khdng dii manh, quan li chat lugng dat khdng hieu qua, he thdng phan ph6i san phSm va cac yeu to nhap lugng kem hieu qua, he thong giao thdng xau va cac phuang tien bao quan san pham ngheo nan.
Mdi quan he giiia hieu qua ciia cac hg canh tac va cac bien sd vira neu tren cd the dugc khao sat bang hai each lya chgn la tinh toan cac he so tuang quan hoac thyc hien phan tich phi tham sd don gian. Cach thii hai dugc sir dung trong nghien ciiu nay thdng qua qua trinh hai budc. Trong do, budc thii nhat la do ludng hieu qua canh tac va k6 dd la sir dung md hinh hdi quy vdi bien sd phu thugc la cac he sd hieu qua, cdn cac bien so dgc lap bao gdm nhiing dac diem nhan chung hgc va kinh te xa hdi cua h6 dieu tra. Tuy nhien, nd khdng cd kha nang chju anh hudng bdi tat ca nhiing y6u td cd kha nang gay anh hudng den miic do hiSu qua. Thay vao dd, chi cd mdt sd yeu td dd dugc mong dgi la cd anh hudng dua tren ca sd xem xet miic do tac dgng cd y nghta ciia cac bien ddc lap (Bravo-Ureta&Pinheiro, 1993).
Trong nghien ciiu nay, cac udc lugng ve hieu qua kinh te, phan phdi va kt thuat d tren dugc hoi quy thdng qua viec sir dung md hlnh Censored Tobit tren cac bien sd dgc lap cd the giai thich dugc sy thay ddi trong hieu qua san xuat giiia cac hg canh tac dugc quan sat. Li do sir dung md hinh nay la do gidi ban ciia bien sd phu thugc nam trong khoang tir 0 dSn 1 (Hussain, 1989; Greene, 1991).
Md hinh hdi quy Tobit nay co dang (Tobin, 1958) nhu sau:
Boan Hoai Nh§n & B S Van Xe T?p chi Phat Inin Kinh tS, 27(3). 98-116
E, = l niu E*> 1 E, = E* niu E*<1
Trong dd, Ei la he sd hieu qua; v cd phan phdi ngau nhien v ~ N(0, o^) va PJ la cac tham sd hoi quy; Zj la cac bien sd dgc lap cd tac ddng den hieu qua canh tac.
2.2.3 Phucmg phap thu thap va phan tich so lieu
Sd lieu sa cip diing trong phan ti'ch dugc thu thap thdng qua cac bang cau hoi, dugc phdng vkn tryc tiep ndng dan trong dua hku tai huyen Phong Dien, Cd Dd, Thdi Lai va quan Binh Thiiy la nhihig dja phuang cd hoat dgng canh tac hoa mau chiem den 87,54%
dien tich trdng nam 2014 tai TPCT.
Dg dam bao tinh dai dien cua du lieu, phucmg phap chon miu dugc tiSn hanh theo 2 bude: Budc 1: TiSn hanh phan tang dja ban khao sat theo tieu chi dien tich canh tac.
Budc 2: Chgn nglu nhien nhiing hg tham gia canh tac dua hau tren dja ban da chgn d budc 1. Phuong phap nay se giam thieu dugc cac van de ve binh dang va tang kha nang dai dien tir cac khu vyc nghien ciiu cd sy tucmg ddng ve cac dac trung can quan sat.
Ddi vdi phuang phap DEA khdng ddi hdi kich thudc mau quan sat Idn. Nhung doi vdi phuang phap hdi quy da bien thi cd mau dugc chon quan sat dua tren nguyen tac cang ldn cang tdt. Theo Tabachnick & Fidell (2007) thi so lugng quan sat mau toi thieu d6 dam bao dd tin cay cho phuong phap nay dugc xac dinh bdi cdng thiic: N > 50 + 8m, trong dd m la sd lucmg bien ddc lap trong md hinh hdi quy. Trong nghien ciiu nay, mo hinh hdi quy Tobit sir dung 10 bien dgc lap, sd lugng mau tdi thieu can thiet de dam bao do tin cay la: 50 + 8* 10 =130 quan sat. Vi vay, mgt nhdm gdm 344 hg dugc phdng van ghi nhan tinh hinh hoat ddng canh tac dua hau tai TP. Can Tho la phii hgp.
Cac he so hieu qua chi phi, kt thuat va hieu qua phan phdi dugc udc lugng bdi nhieu phan mem nhu DEEP, Stata, R, v.v.. Trong nghien ciiu, cac he so hieu qua dugc tinh toan dya tren chuong trinh R.
Du lieu phuc vu cho udc lugng hieu qua canh tac bao gdm: Bien xuat lugng (y) la san lugng cua dua hau dugc tinh bang tan/ha. Cac bien nhap lugng: dien tich dat trdng dua h&u (xl);chi phi giong (x2); chi phi phan bdn (x3); thudc ndng dugc (x4) nhu thuoc tri sau benh, thudc dudng cay...; chi phi thue lao ddng (x5); chi phi lai vay (x6), chi phi thue dat (x7), chi phi lam d§t (x8), chi phi nhien lieu de bam tudi trong qua trinh canh tac (x9); chi phi khau hao mang phii ndng nghiep, may mdc thiet bj (xlO), chi phi lao
Doan Hoai Nh§n & D 6 Van Xc Tap chi Phfit IriSn Kinh 16,27(3), 98-116 107
dgng gia dinh (xl 1) va chi phi khac (xl2) nhu vdi, tro, ram, chi phi van chuyen, cac khoan phat sinh trong qua trinh canh tac ciing nhu thu hoach.
3. Ket qua nghien cuu
3.1. Thdng ki md tdede bien nhdp luang vd xudt lugng
Cac bien sd nhap lugng va xuat lugng dugc thu thap thong qua dieu tra true tiep ngudi trdng dua hau va dugc sir dung d6 djnh lugng hieu qua canh tac ciia hoat ddng trong dua hau tai TPCT nhu sau:
Bangl
Cac bien nhap lugng va xuat Iugng ciia hd trdng dua hau Bi^n so
Xuit lircnig (tin/ha) Dua hiu Nhapluffng Dien tich (ha) Gling (l.OOOd/ha) Phan bon (i.OOOd/ha) Thuic nong duoc (l.OOOd/ha) Chi phi lao dong (I.OOOd/ha) Laivay(1.000d/ha) Thue dat (l.OOOd/ha) Lam dit (I.OOOd/ha)
thue
Chl phi bom tiroi (I.OOOd/ha) Khiu hao (l.OOOd/ha) Chi phi lao dong gia (1 OOOd/ha) Chi phi khac (lOOOdAa)
dinh Ten bien
y
Xl X2 X3 A .
X5
X6 X7 Xa X9 xto Xu
Xl2
Thap nhat
0,95
0.10 660.00
0,00 4.300,00 3 846,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1.456,00
525,64 0,00
Cao nhat
60,00
2,00 30.315,79 40.000,00 37 500,00 95.000,00 23.333,33 78 461,54 20.000,00 10.000,00 2.2567,00 80.000,00 64.100,00
Trang binh
26,45
0,56 8.581,82 4.664,60 13.614,20 10.496,23 6.114,36
851,90 1.053,66 1.202.56 7.002,00 8.532,60 2.967,29
D6 lech chuin
9,71
0,30 5.839,57 4.284,79 6.495,90 5.903,18 4.212,48 5.961,33 2.957,15 1.125,01 2.906,69 8.395,35 3.997,11 NguSn: K^t qua dieu tra thuc tlnatn2014
Bo^n Hoii Nhan & B6 VSn Xe Tap chi PhW IriSn Kinh 16,27(3), 98-116
3 2. Hieu qud eanh tdc
Ket qua Bang 2 cho thay sd hg dat hieu qua kT thuat cao, tren 90% chiem 99,4% trong tong sd hg la 344 hg khao sat tai TPCT. Chi cd 2 hg dat miic hieu qua kt thuat dudi 80%.
Su chenh lech ve miic hieu qua giiia hg thap nhat vdi do lech chuan 9,1%. Ro rang sir chenh lenh ve kt thuat trong dua hau cua nong dan la khdng ldn, chiing td viec tiep can khoa hgc kt thuat ciing nhu tham gia cac Idp tap huan ciia ndng dan trdng dua hau giiip mang lai hieu qua cao.
Ddi vdi miic trung binh ve hieu qua chi phi thi thap han nhieu so vdi hieu qua Id thuat, 16,69% so vdi 99,77%. Dieu nay ham y hieu qua phan phdi cua hd trong dua hau dat khdng cao va dieu nay hau nhu khong de de cai thien dugc. De dat hieu qua phan phoi nhirng hd tham gia canh tac can phai cd du trinh dd va thdng tin de chgn lya iugng dau vao mot each tdt nhat ma d dd nang suit bien cua dau vao bang vdi ti so giiia gia dau vao va gia dau ra, la dieu rat khd ddi vdi ndng dan VN, dac biet la ndng dan mien Tay. Ket qua nay cung co the giai thich phan ldn ngudi tham gia canh tac lya chgn lugng dau vao dya tren kinh nghiem canh tac cd dugc va it cd sy dieu chinh tuong ting vdi nhirng sy thay ddi cua gia, nen rkt khd dat t6i da hda lgi nhuan vdi v\%c sir dung hgp li cac yeu td dau vao. Mat khac, gia ca thudng thay ddi ma dd la yeu td ma ngudi tham gia canh tac khong the kiSm soat dugc. Khdng chgn dugc lugng dau vao tdi uu, ngudi trong dua hau khdng the dat lgi nhuan toi uu va do vay khdng dat miic hieu qua chi phi cao.
Chenh lech hieu qua chi phi giii'a cac nong hd cung rat ldn, vdi miic dao dgng trong khoang 5,1% den 100%. Sy chenh lech qua idn gi&a cac muc hieu qua dat dugc ciing cho thay tiem nang lan trong viec cai thien miic hieu qua cua nhung hd trong dua hau.
Dieu nay chi ra tinh khdng hieu qua ve mat chi phi va phan phoi trong qua trinh canh tac cua hg tham gia canh tac dua hau van cdn cao. Cac he sd hieu qua ndi tren dugc trinh bay trong Bang 2.
Bang 2
Hieu qua kinh te, phan phdi va kt thuat thay doi theo quy mo (VRS) Hieu qua
(%)
Tit Odin 10 10-20 20-30
TE 0 0 0
Tan so AE 32 238 59
CE 32 239 58
TE 0,0 0,0 0,0
Tan suat (%) AE 9,3 69,2 17.2
CE 9,3 69,5 16,9
Doin Hoal NhSn & D6 Vin Xe Tpp chl Phdt triln Kmh ti. 27(3), 9B-116
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 Tren 90 Ting
Hi|u qua
(%)
Ttung binh Do lech chuin Nho nhat Ldn nhat
TE 0 1 0 0 1 0 342 344 0,9977
0,091 0,454 1,000
Tan so AE 10 2 1 0 0 0 2 344 0,1674 0,031 0,051 1,000
CE 10 2 1 0 0 0 58 344 0,1669
0,091 0,051 1,000
TE 0,0 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,0 99,4 100
Tin suit (%) AE 2,9 0,6 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,6 100
CE 2,9 0,6 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 16,9 100
Ngudn: Ket qua dieu tra thirc te nam 2014
Nhiing ndng hg cd he sd hieu qua kT thuat, chi phi va phan phdi thap cho thay hg cd kha nang trong viec tiet kiem chi phi va nang cao hieu qua kinh te ma khong can phai dau tu them cac yeu to nhap lugng vdi kt thuat canh tac hien tai. He sd hieu qua kinh te 16,69% ham y neu nhu nhiing hg canh tac nay hoat dgng tai miic hieu qua hoan toan thi hg da CO the giam hoac tiet kiem den 83,21% chi phi canh tac ma van giii dugc mire san lugng kh6ng doi.
Bang 3
Hieu qua kinh te, phan phdi va kt thuat khdng doi theo quy md (CRS) Hieu qua TSn s5 T^n suit (%)
(%) TE AE EE TE AE CE Tit 0-10 I 24 146 0,3 7,0 42,4 10-20 12 164 166 3,5 47,7 48,3 20-30 30 91 26 8,7 26,5 7,6
Doan Hoai Nhan & D5 Van Xfi. T?p chl Phil InEn Kmh te, 27(3). 98-116
Hieu qua
(%)
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 Tr6n 90 Tong Trang binh Do lech chuin Nho nhat Ldn nhat
TE 40 38 49 28 32 23 91 344 0,638 0,272 0,049 1,000
Tan so AE
43 8 6 4 3 0 1 344 0,221 0,123 0,024 1,000
EE 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 344 0,125 0,077 0,005 1,000
TE 11,6 11,0 14,2 8,1 9,3 6,7 26,5 100
Tan suit (%) AE 12,5 2,3 1,7 1,2 0,9 0,0 0,3 100
CE 0,9 0,3 0,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,3 100
NguSn: Kit qua dieu tra thyc te nam 2014
Nh&ng ket qua dat dugc tir viec udc lugng cac he sd kt thuat trong trudng hgp thay ddi theo quy md (TEVRS) va khdng ddi theo quy md (TECRS) tir cac md hinh DEA cho thay hau het cac hg canh tac deu dat he sd hieu qua ve mat quy md (SE) tuong ddi thap (trung binh he sd SE la 63,98%). Dieu nay cho thay van cdn tdn tai tinh khdng hieu qua v6 mat quy mo canh tac ciia cac hg trong mau dieu tra tai viing nghien ciiu. Day la dilm d|c trung cho cac hd canh tac nhd le,- hay ndi each khac la cac hd canh tac vdi quy md ldn se thu dugc hieu qua kinh te cao hon.
Bang 4
Hieu qua kT thuat va hieu qua quy md cua cac hd canh tac dua hau
MSsSho TEcRS TEvRs SE 1
2 3
1,0000 1,0000 0,3096
1,0000 1,0000 1,0000
1,0000 1,0000 0,3096
Doin Hoai Nhan & Do Van Xe. T?p chl Phai men Kinh ti. 27(3), 98-116
343 0,3316 1,0000 0,3316 344 0,2598 1,0000 0,2598 Trung binh 0,6383 0,9977 0,6398 Nguon Ket qua dieu Ira thyc tk nSm 2014
Chii thich: TECRS la hieu qua kT thuat Irong trucmg hpp khong d6i theo quy mo va TEVRS la hieu qua kt thuSt trong trucmg hop thay doi theo quy tno
Theo dinh nghta thi he sd hieu qua phan phdi chi ra kha nang cda ndng hd trong viec Sli dung cac yeu td nhap lugng vdi cac ti le tdi uu trong dieu kien gia ca va kT thuat hien hanh. Do vay, he sd hieu qua phan phdi thap cd lien quan den nhiing do lech tir cac ti so nhap iugng vdi chi phi tdi thieu. Hi6u qua phan phdi thap cdn cao, trung binh 16,74%, dieu nay cd nghta la kha nang sii' dung dung su phdi hgp nhap lugng vdi gia ea duge dua ra cua ndng dan cdn thap. Ndi each khac, nhiing hd ndng dan tham gia canh tac dua hau con rkt han che ve kha nang tinh toan dugc sy can bang san ph&m bien cua mdt nhan to vdi gia ca ciia nhan td do trong thj trudng.
Theo Banker, Chames va Cooper (1984) thl su dung gia thilt VRS hgp li ban khi tnrdng hgp cd nhiing ndng hg hoat ddng canh tac hieu qua dat tai quy mo toi uu. Tuy nhien, nhirng yeu to nhu canh tranh khdng hoan hao, nhiing rang huge ve mat tai chinh, v.v. lam hd canh tac khdng thl hoat dgng tai mdc quy mo toi uu. Vi vay, trong nghien cuu nay viec sii dung tinh toan cac he so hieu qua dya tren gia thiet VRS se thich hgp hon.
3.3. Cdc nhdn td dnh hu&ng din hiiu qud canh tdc dua hdu 3.3.1. Xac dinh cac ylu td anh hudng din hieu qua chi phi (CE)
Thdng qua viec phan tich ham h6i quy Tobit dl giai thich sy khac biet vk mat hieu qua kinh tl giira cac hd canh tac dua hSu trong mau dieu tra. Nhiing ket qua hdi quy va cac udc lugng ve hieu qua bien dugc trinh bay trong Bang 5.
Dalai Hoai Nhan & D 6 Van Xe Tap chl Phat (rien Kmh 16,27(3), 98-116
Bangs
Nhiing nhan to anh hudng din hieu qua kinh tl cua cac hg canh tac dua hku Bien so
Hang s6 Tuii Trinh do hoc vin
s i nSm kinh nghiSm trong rau mau Quy mo gia dinh
Chi tieu gia dinh Quy mo dien tich S6 lin dirge h i tro Tiip cSn thong tin thi tnrong Tiep can nguon vin vay v i n ttr cd ciia gia dinb
Tham so hii quy 0,1499762 0,0000633 0,0037636*
0,0004703 0,0003119 -5,24E-07««
-0,0004217 -0,0019995 -0,0170136 0,0109268 5,43E-07
Sai so chuan 0,0369 0,0005771 0,0019164 0,0009593 0,0040123 2,04E-07 0,0137694 0,0020759 0,0133563 0,0248605 l,26E-07
Gia tri p 0,000 0,913 0,050 0,624 0,938 0,011 0,976 0,336 0,204 0,661 0,913 Nguon Ket qua xii li tii s5 lieu dieu tra tryc tiSp ho tr6ng dua hau nam 2014
* Y nghia tai miic 10%; ** Y nghia tai miic 5%,
Ket qua hoi quy d Bang 5 chi ra trinh do hgc van c6 tac ddng ti'ch cue va y nghta (tai muc y nghTa 10%) den hieu qua kinh te cua cac hg canh tac dua hau. Dieu nay hoan toan phu hgp vdi thyc te canh tac tai dia ban nghien ciiu bdi nhihig hg cd kinh nghiem canh tac la nhiing hd tuong doi Idn tuoi, thudng it dugc tap huan kt thuat, cd tinh bao thu cao, canh tac chu yeu la dya tren kinh nghiem ban than. Them vao do, nhiing hd cd kinh nghiem canh tac se cd xu hudng sir dung cac nhap lugng dau vao mdt each khong hgp li han, do vay se tao dugc hieu qua phan phoi thap hgn. Ket qua phan ti'ch d Bang 5 cung chi ra xu hudng cac hd tryc tiep canh tac cd trinh do hoc van them mdt Idp se lam tang hieu qua kinh tl len trung binh 0,38%.
So lieu d Bang 5 chi ra muc chi tieu sinh hoat gia dinh cd anh hudng y nghTa den hi£u qua chi phi cua nhirng hg canh tac dua hau trong vimg nghien ciiu tai miic y nghta 5%.
Ket qua phan tich hdi quy cho thay neu hd trong dua hau cd xu hudng tang chi tieu gia dinh thi hieu qua chi phi se giam, cu thl la neu tang them I nghin ddng trong chi tieu se lam gia giam trung binh 0,05% trong hieu qua chi phi.
BoSn Hoai Nhan & Do Van Xe Tap chi Phat IriEn Kinh t£, 27(3), 98-116
Tom Iai, cd mdt yeu td tac dgng tich cue tai miic y nghTa 5% la chi tieu gia dinh va yeu to trinh do hgc van tai miic y nghta 10% ddi vdi hieu qua kinh tl dat dugc cua nhiing hg canh tac dua hSu.
Nhu de cap d tren, nguyen nhan chinh dSn den hieu qua chi phi cua cac hd canh tac dua hau trong mau dieu tra thap la do hieu qua phan phdi ngudn lyc thkp, va do vay viec xac dinh cac yeu td anh hudng den hieu qua phan phdi ngudn luc trd nen cin thilt dl lam ca sd cho viec ap dung chinh sach, ciJng nhu dua ra cac kiln nghj cho viec phat triln nghe trdng dua hau tai TPCT.
3.3.2. Xac dinh cac nhan td anh hudng den hieu qua phan phdi
Phucmg trinh hdi quy Tobit cung dugc sii dyng de xac dinh cac ylu t6 anh hudng co y nghta den hieu qua phan phdi. O do, cac bien dgc lap gidng vdi cae biln da dugc sii dung trong phuang trinh hoi quy Tobit da dugc sir dung trong phan 3.3.1. Kit qua phan tich hdi quy dugc the hien trong Bang 6.
Bang 6
Nhiing nhan td anh hudng den hieu qua phan phdi Bien so
Hang so Tuoi Trinh do bgc van So nam kinh nghiem Quy mo gia dinh Chi tiSu gia dinh Quy mo dien tich So lan dugc hd trg Ti^p can thong tin th Tiep can ngudn von •
trong rau mau
i tnrtmg vay Von ttr CO cua gia dinh
Tham so h6i quy 0,2079551 0,0000579 0,0023698 0,0003725 -0,0013923 -3,95E-07*«
0,0051802 -0,0007414 -0,001505 -0,0637655«*"
l,15E-07
Sal so chuan 0,0376624 0,00056 0,0018794 0,0009306 0,0038916 2,00E-07 0,0134075 0,0020278 0,0134115 0,0144323 l,54E-07
Gia tri p 0,000 0,918 0,208 0,689 0,721 0,049 0,699 0,715 0,911 0,000 0,458 Ngu6n: Kit qua xir li tii so lieu dieu tra true tiSp ho trSng dua h
** Y nghia tai mire 5%, *** Y nghTa t?ii muc 1%
Doan Hoai Nhan & DS Van Xe. Tap chl Phil trien Kmh l^, 27(3), 98-116
So lieu d Bang 6 cho thay mdt yeu to tac ddng tich cue va cd y nghia din hieu qua phan phdi la chi tieu gia dinh tai miic y nghTa 5%. Kit qua phan tich hoi quy ham y ngudi canh tac co chi tieu cho sinh hoat gia dinh tang thi hieu qua phan phdi cd xu hudng giam. Neu ngudi canh tac tang them 1 nghin ddng trong chi tieu sinh boat gia dinh thi lam cho hiSu qua phan phoi giam trung binh 0,039%. Ket qua nay cung kha phii hgp vdi thuc te dia phuang la ndng hg tang chi tieu sinh hoat gia dinh thi giam dau tu cho canh tac. Ndng hg cd kha nang mua chiu vat tu nong nghiep, thanh toan khi thu hoach, vi thl hg phai chap nhan dieu kien cua dai li vat tu nong nghiep dat ra (gia va chiing loai) va khd kiem soat dugc chat lugng, do dd hieu qua phan phdi giam, dan den hieu qua chi phi ciing se giam theo (Bang 5).
Ket qua Bang 6 cung chi ra cd mdt yeu td cd y nghTa ldn ddi vdi hieu qua phan phdi ngudn luc tai miic y nghTa 1% la tiep can ngudn vdn vay. Ket qua nay cho thay ngudi canh tac vay von nham myc dich canh tac dua hau thi cd hieu qua phan phdi thip hon vdi ngudi canh tac kh6ng vay vdn. Dieu nay cung tuong doi phu hgp vdi thyc tl tai TPCT. Nhung hg vay vdn dl canh tac dua hau tai viing nghien ciiu da so cd tiem lyc kinh tl thap hon, cd trinh do thap, it tiep can thdng tin thi trudng, it cd sy dilu chinh tuang ling vdi nhung su thay ddi ciia gia nen hieu qua phan phdi ciia hg se thip hem.
Theo ket qua hdi quy thi hd khdng vay vdn cao hon trung binh 6,37% so vdi ngudi vay vdn.
4. Ket luan va kien nghj 4.1. Kit ludn
Ket qua sau khi phan tich DEA chi ra rSng hieu qua kT thuat cao nhung hieu qua kinh te va hieu qua trong viec su' dung cac ngudn luc con chua cao.
HiSu qua kt thuat cua cac hd canh tac dat dugc hku nhu la tuyet ddi (99,77%). Tuy nhien, hieu qua phan phdi trong viec sii dung cac ngudn lyc canh tac cdn han chl, do vay din den he s6 hieu qua chi phi chi dat co khoang 16,69%.
Nh&ng yeu to cd tac ddng tich cue cd y nghta din hieu qua chi phi cua cac hg canh tac bao gdm: (I) Chi tieu sinh hoat gia dinh tai miic y nghta 5%; va(2) Trinh dd hgc v5n tai miic y nghTa 10%.
Cac yeu td anh hudng din hieu qua phan phdi trong canh tac bao gom; (1) Tilp can ngudn vdn vay tai mire y nghta 1%; (2) Chi tieu sinh boat gia dinh tai mirc y ntjhTa 5%.
Doan HD^I Nhan & Do Van Xe Tap chl PhSt Wien Kinh Ie, 27(3), 98-116
Kit qua nay la ca sd quan trgng trong viec danh gia lai thyc trang hieu qua canh tac hoa mau tai dia phuang, cung nhu giup cho cac ca quan chu quan tham khao trong thyc thi cac chinh sach lien quan den chuyen ddi ndng sarrhang hda can thiet cho qua trinh do thi hda. Ben canh dd, han chl ciia kit qua nghien ciiu nay la chua so sanh dugc vdi phuang phap bien ngSu nhien va viec lya chgn bien trong md hinh Tobit. Dong thdi, chua kiem chiing lai dugc han chl trong phuang phap DEA ma Coelli va Battese (1996) da khang dinh.
4.2. Kien nghi vd gai y ehinh sdch
De cai thien dugc hieu qua phan phdi, hieu qua chi phi trong hoat dgng canh tac dua hdu ciing nhu hoat dgng canh tac hoa mau tai TPCT, ckn thyc hien mgt so viec nhu sau;
Trung tam khuyen nong thanh phd phdi hgp vdi su hd trg ciia trudng Dai hgc Can Tha tap huan kien thiic ve quan li kinh te ndng hg, giup ndng hd trdng hoa mau de dang quan li cac ngudn lyc trong san xuat, gop phan tang hieu qua kinh te trong canh tac ndng nghiep. D6ng thdi, tang cudng hd trg viec cung ckp kien thiic ve tinh hieu qua kinh te trong san xuSt cho ndng dan canh tac dua hau cung nhu mdt sd loai hoa mau khac cd the tr6ng dugc tren dat rudng nhu dua leo, kho qua, bau, bi, v.v..
Sd NN&PTNT va Trung tam xuc tiln thuang mai tang cudng cdng tac cung cap thong tin thj trudng cho cac hg canh tac. Sd Cong thuang phdi hgp vdi chinh quyIn dia phuang tang cudng kilm tra, giam sat chat lugng vat tu ndng nghiep tren dia ban. Tap huan va ho trg cac ca nhan, td hgp tac/HTX, doanh nghiep xay dung thuong hieu rau an toan. LTng dung cdng nghe ma vach tren bao bi san pham de dam bao trach nhiem cua ngudi canh tac vdi ngudi tieu dimg.
can phai lien kit vimg rau cua TPCT vdi cac tinh/thanh Ian can nhiim dieu chinh co cdu hoa mau hgp li cho muc dich tieu thy san pham ngi dia cung nhu xudt khau. Ddi vdi xudt khdu cdn phai tap trung va ddng nhdt chiing loai dl tao hang hda dii vl so lugng lan chdt lugng, vdi ndi dia thi ngugc lai, cdn cung cdp thdng tin thi trudng, khuyin cao ve vdn de gia dl ndng dan cd the da dang hda san phdm, tranh thiet hai ve kinh te, giam riii ro trong viec dugc miia mat gia.
Ngoai ra, cdn nghien ciiu mo hinh cdng ty c6 phan ndng nghiep, td chiic md rgng loai hinh cdng ty kinh doanh thudc bao ve thyc vat, phan bdn, gidng, v.v. gdn vdi viec gidi thieu san phdm hoa mau, tham gia cung irng vat tu, thilt bi trdng rau va bao tieu san phdm phyc vu cho cac bep an tap thl, sieu thi va xuat khau •
Doan Hoai Nhan & Do Vfln Xe Tpp chl Phat Irian Kmh 16,27(3), 98-116
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