NGHIEN CCrU Li L U A N
Mpt so giai ptiap nang cao chat iUdng day lipc tfpc liieu van ban thong tin oi trifcing phd thong
Pham Thj Thu Kien
Tri/dng D^l hgc Giao die, Oai hoc Quoc gia Hi N6' 144 Xoan Thuy, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet Nam Email: h]eriphaml70980@gmail com
TOM TAT: Day hoc dgc hieu vdn bin thdng tin cho hgc sinh phi thdng d nhieu nUdc tren thi gidi da duge tiin hinh tU lau, nhung 6 Viit Nam 1^1 Id mot diem mdi trong Chuang trinh mdn NgU vdn 2018. Gido vidn Ngd viti cua Viet Nam Idu nay hau nhu chl day hgc sinh doc hiiu vdn bin vdn ftpc, chua nam duac each day hgc doc hiiu vdn bin thdng tin. Viec day hgc dpc hieu van bin liu nay chi cd trong mdn Ngd vdn, khdng cd trong cic mdn hgc khde. Han nUa, tU trUde din nay, giio viin chl dgy cdc vin bin dugc quy dinh sin trong ehuang trinh, sdch gido khoa mi chUa phii ttf tim ho$c ehua dim thay doi ngd lieu day hgc. Tam linggi Ung dung cdng ngh$ thdttg tin trong viec day hgc NgO' vdn ndi chung cung khiin cho vigc dgy hgc dpc hiiu van bin thdng tin theo yeu eau eua ChUang trinh NgU vSn 2018 gfti khd khdn. Can phdi cd nhdng giii phdp trudc mit vi liu dii de khic phifc nhUng trd nggi ndy.
Tif KHOA ChUdng trinh Ngif van; Vein bdn thong tin; doc hieu van bdn thdng tin.
•J Nh?n bii 12/6/2019 -^ Nhan ket quS pfiin bien vS chinh sila 20/7/2019 - * Duyet iiang 25/8/2019.
1 . D^t van de
Ndm 2018, Bg Giao due va Ddo tao ban hanh Chuang trinh (CT) gido due phd thdng (GDPT) - CT tong the va CT cdc mdn hpc, trong dd cd CT GDPT mon Ngir vdn (ggi tdt Id CT Ngir van 2018). Day hgc (DH) van bdn thdng tin (VBTT) - bao gdm ca day dgc va day vigt - la mot digm mdi trong CT nay, thg hien myc tieu dap iing ygu cdu ciia thyc tien va xu the qudc te trong day hpc Ngii vdn. Hien nay, trong nudc chua cd nhigu nghien cuu ve DH dgc higu (DH) VBTT theo yeu cdu cua CT Ngu van 2018. Vi thi, dfii vdi gido vien (GV) Ngu van, vigc DH dpc higu VBTT theo yeu cau ciia CT la mgt dieu con mdi me vd cfi khdng it khd khdn, ihii thach. Do v^y, can phai cd nhimg giai phap mang tinh vT mfi vd vi md de nang cao chdt lupng DH dpc hieu I091 vdn ban (VB) nay d nha trudng phd thdng ciia Vigt Nam trong thdi gian tdi.
2. NOi d u n g n g h i e n ciiu
2.1. Tam quan trpng cua vifc day hpc dpc hieu vin ban thong tin cho hpc sinh ph^ th&ng
2.1.1. Quan niem vl van ban Ihong tin
VBTT tu Idu da dupe dua vao CT GDPT mdn Ngii vdn ciia cac qudc gia ldn ygn thg gidi nhu Hoa Ki. Singapore, Anh, Uc. Canada, Han Qudc vd nhieu nudc khac (Tac gid Sli dyng thudt ngii Ngu vdn dg gpi chung tgn mdn hgc d cdc nudc khac tuong iing vdi mfin NgO: vdn trong nhd trudng phd thong ciia Vipt Nam, vi du: Hoa Ki gpi mfin hpc nay la "English - Language Arts", Singapore ggi la "English Language", Hdn Qudc ggi Id "Korean language"...). CT ciia cdc nudc ke trgn deu cd quy dinh ro rang ve cac loai VBTT dupe d^y hgc DH d moi ldp, myc tieu DH. chudn
cdn dat, phuang phdp day hpc (PPDH) va kiem tra ddnh gii (KTDG) khd ndng dpc cdc loai VB dy.
Trong CT GDPT mdn Ngii vdn hi?n hdnh ciia Vi?! Nam (ban hanh ndm 2006, gpi tdt Id CT Ngii vdn 2006), thu?!
ngu "VBTT" chua xudt hien, thay vao dd la thu^t ngii "VB nhdt dung" (VEND) vdi each higu "khdng phai Id mpt the loai van hgc hay mdt kieu VB. Sd dT ggi VB nh|t dyng la xudt phat tii npi dung de tai (gdn vdi nhiing vdn de cd tinh thdi sy )... vd vi thg nhiing VB ndy cd the thupc bat ki the lo^i nao ciia van hpc hoac khdng phdi VB vdn hpc" [1].
CT GDPT mdn Ngir vdn mai cua Vipt Nam (ban hanh ndm 2018, gpi tdt la CT Ngii vdn 2018) dd xdc dinh VBTT la mpt trong ba lo^i VB ldn dupe day hpc tir tieu hgc deo tnmg hgc phd thdng (ben canh VB van hpc va VB nghi luan). Ddy la mdt loai "VB chii yiu diing de cung cdp thdng tin" [2]. Theo quan niem ciia CT Ngu van 2018, VBTT bao gdm VBND (VB chii yeu dimg d l dap iing nhu cau giao tigp hang ngdy) va VB thuylt minh (VB chu yiu dung iK cung cdp thdng tin), trong dd cd ca VB da phuong thirc (VB cd sy phdi hpp phuang ti?n ngdn ngu: vd cac phucmg tien khdc nhu ki hieu, sa dd, bilu do, hinh anh, dm thanh).
VBTT dugc d^y hgc d tdt cd cdc khdi Idp (tir ldp 11 den Idp 12). Quan nipm nay ciia CT Ngir vdn 2018 tucmg dong vai quan nipm ciia CT GDPT cua nhieu nudc tren thg gidi.
21.2. Vai tro cua viec day hoc dpc hieu vin bin thong tin d i hpc sinh pho thong
Nhieu nha nghign cim tren the gidi nhu Nell, K., &
Duke, Duke vd Pearson, Ruth Helen Yopp va Hallic Kaj Yopp, Jongseong Jeong, Janet S. Gaffhey va Jin-Oh Cboi.
Barbara Moss ... dd dua ra quan ni?m ve vai trd cua Dn TAP CHI KHOA HQC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Pham Thi Thu Hi6n
higu VBTT cua hpc sinh (HS) phd thdng va hudng GV day hpc loai VB nay. Ddc biet, Michael R. Graves rdng: "Ve ca bdn, chung ta dpc loai VB nay dk chuyin cdc thdng tin hodc kiln thirc trong VB thdnh tri thiie minh vdi muc dich sir dung ludn trong hpc tap vd ddi g hodc Idm tu lieu cho mai sau. Chi nguyen muc dich Hd lam cho viec dpc VBTT trd ngn khac vdi dpc VB hpc" [3]. Jongseong Jeong, Janet S. Gaffney vd Jin- Choi ddn ldi Schmar - Dobler (2003) da khdng dinh ndng truy c|p, sang lpc, danh gia va tfing hop mpt loat thfing tin tren Intemet la khfing thi thilu cho sy thanh g va sy song cdn d trufifng hpc cimg nhu t?i nai Idm : cua con ngudi [4].
loi din viec DH vd KTDG kit qua dgc hilu VBTT d rc ngoai khfing the khdng ke den CT ddnh gid hoc sinh
\c ti (PISA). Theo PISA [5], VB cdn dgc cua HS d lua 15 (cudi cdp Trung hoc co sd (THCS)) chii yeu Id TT, trong do cd VB da phuang thiic. PISA neu 5 nhiem dgc ma HS phai thyc hien, gfim: Lay thfing tin tir VB;
ngn sy hieu biet chung ve VB; Phdt trien su gidi thich VB; Phan anh vd danh gid vg npi dung ciia VB; Phdn anh 3anh gia ve hinh thiic cua VB. Nam nhiem vy trgn duac :hiic thanh ba khia canh chinh: Tmy cap va lay thdng Tich hpp vd giai thich; Phdn anh vd danh gia. PISA lg ngu 6 miic dp dpc vai VB in. Theo each dien giai ciia IA, muc dp 6, 5,4 bao gfim viec hifiu VB dugc hgc, van lg vao dgc VB mdi; Cac miic dp cdn lai dp dung vdi mg VB duoc hpc hoac quen thugc vdi ngudi dgc Cac c dfi nay vira Id yeu cau cdn dat, ciang la nhiing tifiu chi KTDG kit qua DHVB, chii yiu la VBTT cua HS. Quan m vd yeu cdu cua PISA vk DHVB khdng dya theo mpt GDPT cua mpt qufic gia cy thi nao ndo. Tuy nhien, tinh nay, da cd ban 80 nudc tham gia PISA vd Iam theo ygu ciia CT nay. Vigt Nam da tham gia PISA vdo nam 2012.
u do chiing td rdng trong xu the hdi nhap qufic te hien cac Qudc dang xich lai gdn nhau, thdng nhat mgt quan n va nhiing yeu cau chung vk DHVB.
hgn thdy dupe xu thi qudc tl trong DH dgc hilu VBTT, gia Pham Thi Thu Hiin [6] sau khi so sanh vdn dl VB trong CT GDPT mdn Ngii vdn ciia Vipt Nam va 6 nudc tren thi gidi nhu Singapore, Han Qudc, bang iforaia (Hoa Ki) da dua ra mpt sd dl xudt vl vdn dk VB cho CT GDPT ciia Vi?t Nam sau nam 2015. Tac gia manh, cdn phai coi trpng DH dpc hilu VBTT d nha mg phd thdng dl hinh thanh vd phat yiln NL dpc cho Dfing thdi, cdn hpc tap each xdy dyng ehudn dpe hilu, )H va KTDG khd nang dpc hilu VBTT cua cdc nudc tiln yen thi gidi, dac bi^t Id Hoa Ki (qua truomg hpp I California) ciing nhu PISA. Tac gid ciing nhan manh, hmh thanh va phdt ttiln ndng lyc DHVB. yong dd cd hilu VBTT khdng chi Id nhiem vy ciia GV mon Ngii md cdn Id nhipm vu cua GV d cac mon khoa hgc ty n (KHTN) vd khoa hpc xd hpi (KHXH) khdc.
ong nhihig cdng yinh nghign ciiu ciia minh, cac tac gia
Pham Thi Thu Huang, Trinh Thi Lan, Nguygn Thi Ngpc Thiiy, Trdn Thi Ngpc, Le Thj Mmh Nguygt, Nguyin Thi Hung... ciing cho rdng, sau ndm 2015, VBTT nen dupe can nhdc gidng day d rapt miic dp phii hop vdi vi tri quan trgng ciia loai VB ndy trong cudc sfing. Khi thilt kl ndi dung gidng day VBTT, nen luu y din tinh da dang ciia kieu loai VB nay, nhdt la quan tdm den viec day hpc VB da phucmg thiic dl tao ca hgi giiip HS tilp can vdi cang nhigu kieu loai VBTT cu thi cang tfit vi day chu yeu la nhiing dang VB ma HS tilp xiic hang ngay, Dfing thdi, can chii y nhigu hon den viec day loai VB nay theo hudng hmh thdnh va phat trien NL cho ngudi hpc.
Gan day, tac gia Dfi Ngpc Thfing va cdc cgng sy [7], [8] da neu ra nhiing huong ddn ve PPDH dgc hieu VBTT.
Trong do, tac gia neu chuan dau ra, yeu cau va quy trinh day dpc VBTT (chudn bi cho bdi day, quy trinh len ldp vdi nhiing chi ddn cu the ve cfing viec phan md dau bdi day DH, td chiic cho HS doc hieu; Hudng dan HS nit ra cac Iuu y ve each dgc va gpi md nhiing van de can tiep tuc suy nghT, dpc them de ciing cfi, phat trign ki ndng dpc) cimg mfit sd bdi day minh hga. Nhiing hudng dan nay cd tham khao each lam cua cac nudc khdc yen the gidi. Tuy nhien, van chua cd nhiing chi ddn th^t cy thi cho viec day hpe timg kigu lo^i VBTT.
Nhu vay, mdc dii chua cd tihieu cfing trinh nghifin cim ve VBTT vd DH dgc hilu VBTT d trudng phd thdng ciia Viet Nam, nhung khdng the phii dinh vai trd cua VBTT va tam quan trpng ciia viec DH dgc hilu loai VB nay cho HS d trudng phd thdng ciia Viet Nam yong thdi gian tdi.
2.2. NhOng thach Mc doi vdi viec day dpc hieu vdn ban thong tin cl trUifng pho thdng cua Viet Nam
2.2.1. Day hpc theo dinh hddng phat trien nang ldc van li mpt dieu mdi mh vdi giao vien Ngd van
Cho din nay, GV Ngu van d trudng phfi thdng vdn chu yiu day hpc theo CT vd SGK hign hdnh (CT Ngu van 2006). Hdu hit GV chua cd thdi quen sir dyng CT, DH theo yeu cdu ciia CT md chu ygu sii dung vd dua vao SGK, sach GV. CT vd SGK hien hanh dupe bien soan theo dinh hudng tilp can ngi dung Id chinh cho nen PPDH va KTDG ciia GV ciing theo huong nay. Mac dii, thdi gian qua, Bd Gido dye va Ddo tao (GD&DT) da ddt ra vdn dl dfii mdi PPDH va KTDG theo dinh hudng phat yiln NL cua HS, nhung do thdi quen day hpc, ddc bigt la chua cfi su ddi mdi manh mS, ddng bfi giira PPDH vd KTDG nen viec DH Ngy van cua GV d trudng phd thfing vdn thien vg hudng cung cdp kien thirc cho ngudi hpc.
CT Ngu: vdn 2018 dupe xdy dung theo dmh hudng phat trien NL cua HS, "thfing qua cac VB ngdn tir va nhiing hinh tupng nghp thu|t sinh dpng ffong cac tac phdm van hpc, bdng hoat dpng dpc, viet, ndi vd nghe, mdn Ngii vdn cd vai trd to ldn frong vigc giup HS hinh thdnh va phat trien nhihig phdm chdt tdt dpp cung nhu cac ndng lyc efit ldi dl sdng va Idm viec higu qua, de hpc suot ddi" [2]. Ngodi nhiing NL S(( 20 thing 8/2019 MI
NGHllN CQUULUAN
chung, CT hudng tdi hinh thdnh va phat trien cho HS hai NL chuyen biet, gdm NL ngfin ngu va NL vdn hpc. Trong dd, DHVB (gdm dgc hilu VB van hpc (VBVH) vd VBTT) gop phdn quan Upng trong vipc hinh thanh vd phat trign hai NL nay. Tuy nhien, DH theo dinh hudng phat hign NL - nhdt la NL dgc hieu, ddp iing ygu cau cua CT mdi va coi SGK chi Id tdi lieu tham khao Uong DH vin la mpt dieu mdi me vdi hau hgt cac GV Ngir van d trudng phfi thdng.
2.2.2. Giao vien Ngd van chtfa cd kinh nghiem day hoc dpc hieu van ban thdng lin
That vay, CT Ngii van 2006 quy dinh cu thi, chi tilt ten cac VB hodn chinh hodc doan trich dugc diing Iam ngii lieu DH dpc higu cho HS. Hign nay, d cdp THCS cfi 01 bg SGK dupe sir dung trgn ca nudc; 0 THPT cd 02 bd sach, nhung hdu nhu chi khac nhau ve sd lupng VB/doan trich (cdch nang cao day nhigu VB hon sach ca ban). HS trgn cd nudc se dpc hilucac VB/doan trich gidng nhau. Ddc bi?t, hau hgt cac VB dupe dimg lam ngir ligu DH dpc hieu trong SGK Ngfi van la cac VBVH (bao gdm ca van hpc Vipt Nam vd nudc ngoai, tir vdn hgc ddn gian den van hpc vigt, cd ca vdn hpc trung dai vd hien dai... dupe viet theo hau het cac the loai ciia vdn hgc. Mfii the loai, HS hgc it nhdt 01 VB/doan trich). HS trgn ca nudc deu hgc cac VB gidng nhau (vg sd lupng va npi dung), chua cd sy phdn hda theo trinh dp ciia HS va viing mien. Trong CT Ngir vdn 2006, cac VBND chiem ti I? rat nhd so vdi VBVH. Cang len cac khoi Idp cao hon, cdc VBND cang it dugc day ban.
Cy thi Id, d cdp THCS cfi 140 VBVH/154 VB/doan trich dugc DH, sfi con l^i la VB nhdt dung (VBND). 6 THPT co 70 VBVH yong tdng sd 72 VB/doan Uich dupe DH chmh thirc cho HS theo CT chuan. Tren thyc te, yong SGK Ngu vdn, cd nhieu VB dupe xep vdo loai VBTT nhu cac bdi hpc ve vdn hpc sir va li ludn vdn hgc. Nhung GV khfing day cac bdi ndy theo hudng dpc hieu VB ma thuygt trinh, giang giai, phdn tich, ygu cau HS ghi nhd kign thirc Ngoai ra, trong CT Ngii vdn 2006 chua cd VB da phuang thuc. HS chua dupe d^y dpc higu cac lotii VB nay.
Mdt khac, lau nay d Vi?t Nam, day hpc dgc higu VB chi CO yong mdn Ngii vdn, khdng eo trong cac mdn hpc khdc.
Mdc dil yong tdt cd cdc mdn hpc/hoat dfing giao dye, HS dgu phdi Sli dung ki ndng dpc (gdm dgc SGK, dpc tai lieu tham khdo...) de hpc tap. Dfing thdi, trong SGK cac mdn KHTN va KHXH, tdt ed cac bai hpc diu dugc thilt kl, trinh bay dudi dang VBTT. Ngoai ra, sau khi tdt nghipp THPT.
ngudi hpc ciang sg phdi dpc nhieu VBTT... nhung vipc ren luygn ki ndng dpc, nhat la dgc higu VB cho HS Viet Nam lau nay chi dupe coi la Uach nhiem cua cac GV Ngii vdn.
Trong gid hgc cac mdn hpc khdc, GV khdng dat ra myc tieu hudng dan HS cdch dgc VB. khdng chii Upng din vipc yeu cdu HS dgc VB theo nhiing kT ndng nhdt djnh. Dilu nay ddn dgn vipc HS it cd co hpi dupe ren luypn, phat yiln cac kl ndng dpc hilu VBTT.
Nguygn nhan ciia hi?n tugng nay la do xu hudng coi ypng
vdn hpc va DH vdn hpc d tnidng phd thdng ciia Vi^ Nam Ten gpi mfin hpc "Ngy van" da cd tu nam 2002, nhung dli nay ngudi ta van thuong gpi ddy Id mdn "Vdn" (literature) Nhac den mfin hpc ndy Id ngudi ta nghT den cac tac phim van hpc va vigc "giang vdn" (GV ndi ra cai hay, cai dpp ciit tde phdm vdn hgc theo each higu ciia minh hodc each hili ciia cdc nha phe binh van hpc ndi tigng cho HS nghe vdghi chep liii) Cling nhu lam van nghi ludn vdn hpc. Dieu nay isb hudng rat Idn den quan nipm DH ciia GV. Ngay ca khi vin de "dpc higu" va "day hgc dgc higu" da dupe d$t ra vdi CT Ngu van 2006, nhigu ngudi vdn cho rang d^y hpc dpc hilu VB chii ygu la day dgc hieu VBVH, bdn chat mon Ngii vSn la DH vg cac tac phdm vdn chuong.
Theo quan nigm cua CTNgii vdn 2018, VBTT (bao gim ca VB da phucmg thuc) duoc d?y hpc d tdt cd cde khoi 16p d trudng phd thfing. Nhung hi?n nay, yong nudc chua co nhieu nghign ciiu ve DH dpc hieu VBTT theo yeu cku cit CT 2018. Vi thi, dfii voi GV phfi thdng, vipc DH dpc hieu VBTT Id mgt thdch thiic Idn.
2.2.3. Gi^o vien Ngu' van chi day cac vdn bin ddpc quy djnh sin trong chddng trinh, sach giao khoa, chda phai td tim bdn/ngil lieu de day hoc
Ngu CT Ngft vdn 2006 quy dinh chi tiet ten tiing tac pham/doan trich phdi day d mdi tudn, mfii hpc ki d moi khdi tdp; HS tren ca nudc d mdi hpc ki, mdi khdi ldp phai dpc cac VB giong nhau thi CT Ngii vdn 2018 chi quy djnli mpt sd VBVH - la mpt sd tac pham ldn cua nen VH dan t^
bat bugc phai d^y hpc. Cdn lai, CT dua ra danh myc cdc VB dugc gpi y de lya chpn. Tuy nhign, cac VB dd chu yiu \i VBVH. Vdi VBTT, CT chi ngu ten cdc kilu lo^i vd de t^
cua VB, khfing ngu dich danh VB nao. Cdc tac gia vilt SGK se dua vdo do hoac dya vdo tigu chi lya chpn VB (m^ CT ngu ra) de tim ngCi lipu cho bp sach cua minh. GV ciing co the ty tim cac ngir heu phii hpp dg thilt kg bai gidng ho|ic ra dl KTDG hpc sinh. Dieu ndy sg giup GV day hpc d^
ling dupe trinh dp ciia ngudi hpc, phat huy dupe sy sing tao ciia ban than.
Tuy nhign, sy "thdng thoang" nay vira Id ca hgi nhung ciing la thdch thtic ddi voi nhirng GV vdn dd quen vdi vi^
phu thupc vdo ngu lieu DH trong SGK, vdo cdc sdch than khao. Viec ngai dpc, khdng ty tin vao nhung VB mil minh lua chpn cung se khiln GV khd tim dupe nhiing ngii lifri phii hop, nhdt la nhiing VBTT cd npi dung c|p nh$t, mm me. Se cd nhieu GV vdn cii "tnmg thdnh" vdi mpt b$ SGK ndo do ma khdng dam dilu chinh, thay ddi vi sp "sai" vi sp mat thdi gian. Vdi cac GV d vimg sdu, viing xa, vi(c ty minh lya chpn VB dl DH, nhdt Id VB da phucmg Upi cung nhu vipc ty thilt kl npi dung DH dl d?! chuto/y*"
cdu cdn d^t cua CT NgO vdn 2018 sg la nhiing yd ng^i Wo ddi vdi hg.
2.2.4. Kh^ ndng va dieu kien dng dung cdng nghi thdng tin trvt day hpc Ngd van cua g i ^ vien chda tot
Cdc VB ttong SGK Ngiir vdn hipn hanh dupe vilt bill chir, trinh bay theo kieu truyen t h ^ g , in den trdng "*
62 TAP CHI KHOA HQC GIAODUC VIET NAM
Phgm Thj Thu Hien
^; khong cd VB da phuong thuc. Trong gid d^y hoc doc 1 VB, ngoai phan mem Powerpoint, hdu nhu GV khdng dung cdc phan mem khac dl DH; HS hdu nhu khdng mang mtemet dS tim kilm cac ngudn hoc lifiu hoac ng tac vdi nhau qua cac nln tang CNTT. Ngoai ra, nhilu mg phd thdng d Viet Nam hien nay chua duoc frang bi phuong tifin day hgc hifin dai. Phdng hgc hdu nhu chi c6 lg, ban ghe, Chua cd nhilu phdng hpc dugc yang bi may 1, may chieu, bang thfing minh... Chdt lugng cua mang
;met d cac trudng phfi thfing chua thyc su tdt.
Jhiing rdo can ve mat tam Ii va thilu thdn vl ca sd vat it nay da keo theo sy tri yg, ngai ngdn cua phdn Idn GV ng viec img dyng CNTT ttong DH Ngu van noi chung, ' hpc dgc higu VB ndi rieng. Rdt nhilu GV Ngii van ra co kha nang iing dung CNTT ttong day hgc. Trong do, theo yeu cdu cua CT mod, GV phai day nhilu VBTT, ag do cd nhigu VB da phuang thiic. Dac biet, thdi dai :h mang cdng nghiep 4.0 ddi hdi phai iing dung nhilu 1, CO hipu qua hon CNTT ttong day hpc se khien cho GV it van gap khd khan ttong DH dpc hieu VBTT.
;,3. Gi^l phap nang cao chat Iddng day hoc dpc hieu van ban liong tin cl trddng pho thong cua Vi6t Ham trong thdi gian tdi Tong khufin kho cua bdi vigt nay, chiing tfii chii ygu ngu nhiing giai phap mang tinh vT mfi dg budc dau giiip GV 0 gd nhiing kho khan khi DH dpc higu VBTT d trudng i thong.
1.3.1. Gili phap trddc mat
"hu nhdt, qua cac phuang tien thong tin dai chung, cac n dan, cdc hpi thao, tap hudn,... cdn giiip GV thay dfii in thurc vl DH dgc hilu VBTT ttong va ngodi mfin Ngii thdy dupe tdm quan trpng ciia viec DH dgc hieu lo^i 1 nay cho HS phfi thong. Bod day Id mgt xu the qufic tg ng DH Ngir van. VB dupe dimg dl DH dgc hilu cho HS hieu nudc khdng chi la VBVH ma cdn la VBTT. Chdng 1, ttong CT Tiing Anh cua Singapore, cac nha khoa hgc cho bilt CT SIJ dyng mpt loat cac ngudn tai nguyen in khong in - nhiing tai nguyen cung cdp cac ngii cdnh xac :c cho viec dpc va quan sat. Theo do, cac tdi nguyen m
?c gpi y Id bao chi, hinh anh va cac ban in quang cdo;
nguyen khdng in gdm cdc ngufin ki thudt sd nhu VB 1 cac website (Vi du: cac bai bao, blog, wiki...). Chudn ing cdt loi cua nhilu bang d Hoa Ki ciing quy dinh cdc I md HS se dpc hilu, ttong dd cd VBTT, bao gfim cdc I dupe m dn hoac dupe trinh bay bdng phan mim ki thuat Thdm chi, ti 1$ VBTT ma HS d Hoa Ki phdi dpc so vdi VH ngdy cdng tang vd duac quy dinh nhu sau [9]:
L<yp h^c Lcrp4 Ldp 8 LApU
VB van hpc 50%
45%
30%
VB thong tin 50%
55%
70%
Thu hai, can gidi thieu va phfi bien rdng rai cdch lam ciia cac qufic gia di ddu vk viec DH dpc hieu VBTT d truong phfi thflng ttong viec xay dyng chuan dgc hieu, PPDH va KTDG dpc hilu VBTT ttong mdn Ngu^ van ciing nhu ttong cac mdn KHTN va KHXH khac.
Trong mdn Ngii van, CT Ngii van 2018 da xac dinh dugc 4 nhdm chuin vl dgc hilu VBTT, bao gdm nhdm chudn ve dpc hieu npi dung; Nhdra chudn ve dpc higu hinh thiic;
Nhdm chudn vl lien h6, so sanh, kgt nfii va nhdm chudn vl dpc md rdng. Ve ca ban, nhiJng yeu cau nay da tiep can vdi xu thg qufic tl ttong DH dpc hilu VBTT ttong mdn Ngft van ciia nhieu nudc tten the gidi. Song, dg giiip HS dat dugc nhiing chudn nay can cd nhuTig nghign ciiu sdu va cu thi ban vg each day hgc dgc hieu VBTT cho HS phd thong.
Do do, rat can tim hieu each day hgc ciia cac nudc nhu Mi, Uc, Smgapore... va dinh huong van dung cho phii hgp vdi nha truong ciia Viet Nam.
Trong cac mdn KHTN vd KHXH khac nhu da de cap den d tten, HS dpc rdt nhieu VBTT ttong SGK de linh hdi tri thiJc va ren luyen Id nang. Tuy nhign, kha nang dgc higu cua HS ddi vod nhiing VB nay chua cao. Vi vdy, can c6 nhirag hudng dan GV day cac mdn hpc nay each thurc day HS dpc hifiu VBTT ttong SGK nhu each ma GV d cac nudc tien tign da lam. Tuy nhien, cdn phdi cd sy van dung linh boat cho phu hpp vdi thyc tign cua Viet Nam theo nhiing dinh hudng sau ddy:
- Ve muc tieu DH dpc hieu VBTT ttong cac mdn KHTN va KHXH: Gdp phdn bfii duong va nang cao NL ngdn ngu cho HS, giiip HS linh hpi tfit hon tn thiic va ki nang cua cac mdn hpc thugc hai Iinh vyc nay de nang cao ket qua hgc tap.
- v l PPDH dgc hilu VB ttong cdc mon KHTN va KHXH:
Ngudi tiln hanh day dpc hilu VB ttong cdc mdn hpc nay chmh la GV phu ttach mdn hpc. Nhung, cdn Iuu y rdng nhiem vu chinh cua GV la budng ddn HS ITnh hpi kiln thirc, ki ndng ttong lmh vyc mfin hpc ma hg phu ttach chii khflng phai hudng din HS dgc hieu nhu ttong mfin Ngii van. Tuy nhien, hg se Id ngudi cd vai ttd quan ttgng ttong su phat ttiln NL dpc cua HS, gnip HS van dung nhiing kl nang dd hpc vao thuc tiln. D I hudng ddn HS dgc hieu VBTT ttong cac mfin KHTN va KHXH, ttudc hit GV d cac bg mfin ndy cdn ndm vung PPDH bp mdn md minh dam nhiem, ndm viing dac dilm cua cac loai VB thuong dimg ttong CT, SGK vd cdc ngudn tdi lieu khac cd lign quan den mdn hgc, dflng thdi ciing phai nam viing ki ndng dgc hieu VBTT.
KI nang dpc hilu VBTT cua GV d cac bg mdn nay mpt mat da dugc hmh thdnh tii khi cdn la HS phd thdng, mdt khac dugc hinh thanh ttong qua trinh tu hpc hodc dugc bdi duong d trufing d^i hgc. Ngoai ra, viec hudng ddn HS dpc hilu VBTT ttong cdc mfin hpc khac se khdng diln ra theo trinh tu ciia gid DH dgc hilu VBTT ttong mdn Ngii vdn ma tay thugc vdo myc dich cua bdi hpc, kgt hpp vdi PPDH cua bd mon, GV se hudng ddn HS tim kilm, lya chpn, giai thich va danh gid thdng tin tir VB.
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2.3.2. Giai phap lau dai
a. Dua vdo CT ddo tgo GV eiia ede trudng dgi hge cdc hge phdn ve VBTT, dgy hgc vd kiem tra ddnh gid kit qud dpc hieu VBTT cua HSphd thdng
Hipn nay, trong CT dao t^o cir nhdn su pham Ngii vdn cua cac truong dai hgc chua cd cdc mfin hpc rieng vg VBTT.
PPDH vd KTDG dpc hilu VBTT ciia HS phfi thdng. Cac sinh vign (SV) hgc ngdnh nay dang hpc rdt nhigu cac hpc phan vl VH vd day hgc VBVH. Hp it duoc hpc hodc nghe ndi vl VBTT vd PPDH, KTDG kit qud dpc hilu VBTT.
Dilu do se khiln cho SV khi ra trudng gap nhieu khd khan ttong khi huong ddn HS dpc higu. Ngodi ra, SV cac ngdnh Su pham Toan, V^t li, Hoa hgc, Sinh hpc, Lich sii, Dia li...
chua bao gid nghT rang minh cfi nhiem vu phai huong ddn HS dpc VBTT ttong SGK cac mdn hgc dy. 6 cac CT dao tao SV day cac mfin KHTN vd KHXH, khdng cd bdt ki mpt hpc phdn nao nhdc den cfing vigc ndy.
Vi vay, dl giiip SV nganh Su pham Ngir van va SV cac nganh Su pham khac khi ra truong cfi the dap irng dupe ygu cdu cua thyc tien, can phai bd sung vao cdc hpc phdn hoac dua them vao cac hpc phan mdi vg VBTT, PPDH vd KTDG kit qua dpc higu VB ciia HS phfi thfing. Ddng thdi, can sdm bign soan cdc giao ttinh ve linh vyc nay dg phyc vu cho cde CT ddo tao.
b. Tien hdnh nghien cuu ve phucmg phdp dgy hpe va ddnh gid ket qud dgc hieu VBTT cita HS theo yeu cdu cua CT NgO- vdn 2018
Nhu dd ndi a ttfin, VBTT trong CT NgQ vdn (2018) bao gfim VBND (VB chu ygu dimg dg dap iing nhu cau giao tiep hang ngdy) va VB thuyet minh (VB chii yeu diing dg cung cdp thfing tin), trong dd c6 ca VB da phuang thiic.
Hien nay, cac tai lieu nghien ciiu ttong nudc ve DH vd KTDG kgt qua dgc hieu cac loai VB nay con kha it, Vi vay, de giup GV cfi the day dgc hieu cac loai VB nay, can nghien eiiu vl PPDH va KTDG kit qua dpc hilu VBTT ciia HS theo ygu cau cua CT Ngii vdn 2018, tap trung vao nhimg van de sau: Dac diem ciia VBTT ndi chung, VBND va VB thuyfit minh ndi rigng, each dpc VBTT (cdch dpc chung va cdch dpc timg loai VB), PPDH va KTDG kit qud dgc higu VBTT {chung vd rigng cho timg loai). Ddc bigt, cdn cfi nhiing hudng dan ve each img dung cdng nghe thdng tin vdo DH dpc hilu VBTT, bdi hien nay, nhilu VBTT thudc nhdm VB da phuong thiic, neu GV khfing biet each ung dyng cfing nghg thdng tin thi se khdng the day cac VB nay dugc diing hudng, dap ung muc tigu da d^t ra.
Hi?n nay, ttgn thi gidi dd cd nhilu nghien ciiu vl PPDH vd KTDG kit qud dpc hilu VBTT cua HS phfi thong. Nhirag kit qud nghign ciiu dupe thg hipn ra trong cdc VB CT va chuan CT mdn hpc (chdng h^n nhu CT mdn Tiing Anh ciia Singapore, Chudn chung efit ldi ciia bang California - Hoa Ki) vdi nhimg yeu cdu cdn d?t, gpi y vl PPDH vd KTDG.
Cdc tdi lipu nay dd dugc dua Ien mang internet, rdt de dang dl xem, dich ra va phd biln cho GV. Bgn canh dd, cdc tdi licu ciia OECD, NAEP cung cfi thi la nhimg hr lieu tham
khdo quy gid ddi vdi GV cua Vigt Nam ngu chung dupe pbl biln rpng rai.
Tuy nhien, khdng ngn bdt chude nguyen vgn hodc may mdc dp dyng tdt ca cac chuan cung nhu PPDH vd KTEKi cua cac nude nhu MT, Singapore, Uc... trong DH dgc hilu VBTT md cdn cd nhung nghien ciiu va giai phdp v$n dyng mpt each linh hoat, phu hop vdi trinh dg ciia GV, ca sd v|i chat cua cdc truong phd thdng cua Vigt Nam hien nay.
c, Ddo tgo lai va tap hudn eho GV phd thdng - nhimg ngudi da quen dgy theo CT Ngir vdn 2006 ve quy trinh dgv hge vd KTDG dgc hiiu VBTT
Hien nay, hau het cac GV day Ngii vdn d trudng phi thdng dgu quen thugc vdi cdch day VBVH theo hudmg gidng van, coi ttpng viec day hpc VBVH. Vi thi, de thay ddi quan ni|m vd nhdt la PPDH, each thiic KTDG kit qua dpc hieu VBTT ciia HS, can md cac ldp bfii dufing thudng xuyen, cdc CT tap hudn djnh ki dfi giiip hp bigt each DH loai VB mdi dupe dua vao CT Ngii van ndy. Bp GD&DT, cdc trudng dai hgc su pham cdn xdy dyng cdc CT bdi duOng GV mpt each co hieu qua de giiip GV dap iing dupe ygu c5u cua CT Ngii vdn 2018 ndi rieng ciing nhu nhiing sy thay ddi, cap nhat ttong qua trinh DH mdn Ngii vdn ndi chung, d. Xdy dung cdc tuyen tdp VBTTcd the diing ldm nguli^i dgy hgc va KTDG kit qua doc hiiu VB cua HS
CT Ngii van moi (2018) da dua ra nhiing tieu chi de l\ra chgn ngii ligu DH dpc higu, ttong dd cd VBTT. CT cung neu cac cac the loai vd de tdi ciia VBTT dugc d^y d timg khdi ldp nhung chua neu dich danh VB nao bdt bufic phai day hgc cho HS. GV cd quygn lya chpn VB Idm ngii li?u day hpc, mien la dap iing dupe cac tieu chi vg lya chgn ngft lieu theo quy dinh ciia CT. Tuy nhign, lya chpn ngi^ li?u de DH la mdt cdng vigc khd khdn, ddi hdi GV phai Id nguin dgc nhieu va cd trinh dp tham dinh cac VB. Mgt mfit, can cd nhirng hudng ddn GV each thirc lya chgn ngii li?u. Mp khdc, cac nha nghien curu nen tap tnmg suu tdm hofic bien soan h? thdng ngii lieu de giup cho GV va HS co tai li?ii tham khdo, sii dyng ttong qua trinh DH va md rpng ph?ra vi dpc cua bdn thdn.
3. K^t l u i n
DH dpc hilu VBTT cho HS phfi thdng Id mpt xu tbi quflc tg, phdn dnh tam quan ttpng cua lo^i VB ndy Uong hpc tap ciing nhu ttong dod sdng ciia HS. Dpc tot VBTT.
HS se ed kha ndng ty hpc va hpc suot ddi. Tuy nhien, djy dpc hieu loai VB ndy cho HS dap img ygu cdu ciia CT NgO vdn 2018 Id mpt thii thdch Ion doi vdi GV d Vipt Nam hifn nay. Vi v^y, trudc mdt cdn thyc hi?n tfit cac gidi phdp trfin ddy dg gdp phdn giiip vipc DH dpc hieu VBTT d?t dupe muc tigu day hgc ma CT Ngy vdn 2018 dd dl ra. Vl Uu ddi, can cd nhQng nghign ciru cy the hon ve PPDH vd cacb KTDG khd ndng dpc hilu VBTT cho timg cap. ldp vi limg tieu loai VB dg ndng cao chit iupng d^y hpc DHVB 6 trudng phd thong.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO DIJC VIET NAM
Ph9m Ttii Thu Hifin
di ii^u tham khdo
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[3] Michael R. Graves (2010), Teaching Reading in the 21"
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Doi mdi vd gidng dgy Ngu van trong nhd tnrdng Suphgm ciia Trutmg Dai hpc Su ph^m Ha Npi, NXB Giao dye Vift Nam.
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SOME SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE TEACHING QUALITY
3F INFORMATIONAL TEXT READING COMPREHENSION IN SCHOOLS
>ham Thi Thu Hien W University of Education, 'letnam National University, Hanoi 44 Xuan ThuvT Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam :mail. [email protected]
ABSTRACT: Teaching informational text reading comprehension for students in many countries around the world has been carried out for many years; however, in Vietnam it is a new feature in the 2018 Philology Curriculum. For a long time. Philology teachers have been only teaching students to read literature, they do not yet know how to teach informational text reading comprehension which is only taught in Philology subject with the texts in the course books, but not in other subjects. Moreover, the reluctance to use information technology in teaching Philology in general also makes the teaching activities of informational text reading more difficult to meet requirements of the 2018 Philology Curriculum. This article proposes both short-term and long-term solutions to overcome these obstacles.
KEYWORDS: Philology Curriculum; informational texts; reading Informational texts.
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