KHOA HOC KINH TE VA QUAN LY NGANH MO
CO HOI VA THACH T H Q C DOI Vdl NGANH THEP VIET NAM GIAI D O A N 2 0 I 0 - 2 0 2 S
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d'i canh kinh te The gidi hien nay cd nhieu tac dpng den sy phat trien kinh te cua Viet Nam.Qua trinh hpi nhap kinh te The gidi tae nen ce hpi thuan lpi song cOng dang dat ra thach thQc ldn cho nganh Cong nghiep Viet Nam n6i chung va nganh Thep Viet Nam ndi rieng. Phat trien nganh Thep se tae nen dpng lye de chuyen ddi nen kinh te Viet Nam theo hudng cdng nghiep hea, hien dai hea (CNH- HDH). Trong bdi canh dd, viec nang cao chat iQpng, ha gia thanh va tao nen thQdng hieu san pham (gang va thep) la muc tieu dat ra cho nganh Thep Viet Nam trong giai doan 2010-2015, c6 tinh de'n nam 2025.
Cung vdi da tang trudng cua nganh Thep The gidi, nganh Thep Viet Nam da cd mQc tang trQdng dang ke tQ 15-17 %/nam. Tuy thupc vao mQc tang trQdng GDP cua Viet Nam, mQc tang nhu c i u sQ dung thep tang len tUPng Qng. DQ bao den nam 2020 nhu cau sQ dung thep cua Viet Nam se dat khoang tQ 24-31 trieu tan/nam.
1. Bdi canh kinh te The gidi tac dong de'n thi trudng thep Viet Nam
Bdi canh kinh te-xa hpi cua The gidi giai doan 2003-2008, dac biet la nam 2007-2009 cd nhiiu bie'n dpng phQc tap va khd ludng, phai ddi mat vdi sy gia tang bien ddi khi hau, nan khung bd, dich benh, bien ddng gia ca that thudng. Bd'i eanh dd dang tao ra nhung cP hpi phat trie'n va thach thQc cho mpi qudc gia. Dac biet tQ cudi nam 2007 va nhung thang cudi 2008 gia cac nguyen lieu khoang san bien ddng that thUdng (tang ky luc va ha rat nhanh), tac ddng rat Idn tdi thj trUdng thep cua The gidi va Viet Nam. Thdng tin ve gia cua mpt sd nguyen lieu nhU sau:
• Gia dau th6: dau 2008 da tang gap tren 5 lin so vdi 2004 gia diu cao nhat dat 143,1 USD/thung, nhung ngay 13/11/2008 chi cdn 55 USD/thung;
•:• Gia than da dau nam 2008 dat mQc 142,5 USD/tan; gia Cdc cho luyen kim dat 199,6 USD/tan (tang 44,1 % se cung ky nam 2006). Nhung cud'i nam 2008 gia than da va Cd'c da giam 30-40 %;
• Gia quang sat, thep phe, phdi thep cd dien bien Idn trong 2008 (theo VSA, IISI va Steel Guru) nhUsau:
TS. NGHIEM GIA Tdng Cdng ty Thep Viet Nam
+ Gia quang sat cua BHP Billiton: dau nam 2008 tren 130 USD/tan, nhUng de'n thang 10/2008;
+ Gia thep phe (Odng Nam A): dau nam 2008 da len tdi 750 USD/tan CFR (leal HMS1/280/20), nhu'ng den thang 10/2008 gia giam manh chi cdn 235 USD/tan CFR;
+ Gia phoi thep (Thd NhT Ky): dau nam 2008 tCf 1.250-1.300 USD/tan FOB, nhUng de'n cudi nam 2008 giam rat manh chi cdn 400-420 USD/tan CFR.
Cac chuyen gia WTO va UNDP da danh gia tac dpng cua kinh te va xa hdi The gidi, khu vyc nhu sau:
•> Da cd anh hudng Idn de'n phat trien kinh te-xa hpi cua nhieu nUdc tren The gidi, Khu vUc Dong Nam A, treng dd cd Viet Nam;
• Trong xu the toan cau hoa manh me, xu the hpp tac mang tfnh canh tranh se mang lai cho nen kinh te Viet Nam ndi chung va sy phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam ndi rieng nhieu thuan ldi song cung cd nhieu khd khan va thach thQc mdi.
TrQdc sy bien dpng gia nguyen, nhien va vat lieu (tang va giam) nen thj trUdng Thep The gidi da chiu nhieu tac dpng Idn, the hien d cac mat sau day:
• Khi gia xang dau tang cae da dan de'n chi phi van tai bang dudng bien tang cao;
• Khi gia than, khi va gia dien cho san xuat thep bang Ld dien tang cao, nhieu nUdc (trong dd c6 Viet Nam) da phai dieu tie't cat giam tieu thu dien va ap dung phUdng thQc san xuat phdi thep Ld dien vao ca 3 (gid gia dien thap). NhUng den khi gia xudng qua thap thi nhieu nha may da phai cat giam sin lUdng, tham chi mdt sd doanh nghiep nhd da phai ddng cQa;
••• Gia xang, d i u , khi va dien... da keo theo gia quang sat, Cdc va thep phe tang cao rat nhieu so vdi 2005. NhQng khi gia xang va cae nguyen lieu giam, thi gia phdi thep cung giam rat manh trong nhUng thang cudi 2008.
Sy thay ddi dot bien gia nguyen lieu dau vao cho sin xuat thep da lam cho thj trQdng thep Viet Nam didn ra phQc tap, bieu hien d cac mat sau:
•:• Viec nhap khau thep phe de sin xuat phdi thep (bang 16 dien) gap khd khan;
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•:• Tdn kho phdi thep, thep thanh pham tang manh. LUdng thep can tQ ngudn phdi nhap vdi gia cao tieu tliu cham, tham chf khdng tieu thu dUdc vi gia qua thap... t d n khe thep thanh pham treng nUdc tang do nhu ciu mua giam, tam ly ngQdi tieu dung sd gia thep tiep tuc giam. Ddng thdi do thj trUdng bat dpng san, dau tU xay dyng gian tien dp nen nhu c i u tieu thu thep xay dUng cang giam manh.
TQ phan tich, nghien cQu thj trUdng cho thay: sy phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam da, dang va se chiu anh hudng Idn vao nganh Thep Trung Qud'c vi cac ly do:
•:• Cdc, than md (de luyen Cdc) va phan ldn phdi thep chu ye'u phai nhap tQ Trung Qudc. Treng nhung thang eudi nam 2007 va d i u 2008 hang trieu tan thep xay dUng kem chat lupng (thep thanh va thep day) da dQdc nhap tQ Trung Qudc, gay anh hudng de'n san xuat treng nUdc;
• Trung Qudc la nUdc san xua't thep ldn nhat The gidi va dang dU thQa cdng sua't;
• Trung Qudc da ky Hiep dinh mau djch ty de vdi ASEAN, trong dd cd Viet Nam. Trong nhu'ng nam gin day, quan he Viet Nam-Trung Qudc da dupc nang len tam cao mdi. Chi'nh phu 2 nUde da thdng nhat hinh thanh 2 hanh lang va 1 vanh dai kinh te, phan da'u dUa kim ngach thUdng mai giQa 2 nQdc len khoang tren 10 ty USD vao 2010.
2. Nhiimg cd hoi thuan ldi va thach thdrc ddi vdi su phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam
Phan tich bdi eanh neu tren da rut ra dUdc nhung ed hpi thuan lpi va khd khan thach thQc tac ddng tdi sy phat trie'n nganh Thep Viet Nam nhU sau:
2.1. Nhung cahgi thuan Igi
• Nang cao hieu qua va sQc canh tranh: Viec cat, giam va loai bd hang rao thue va phi thue quan, md cQa thi trudng se giup cac doanh nghiep tie'p can cac ye'u td dau vae vdi chi phi hpp ly hdn, cd cd hdi de nang cao sQc eanh tranh d trong nUde va tren thi trudng qude te;
• Thu hut vd'n d i u tU tQ nQdc ngoai: la thanh vien WTO, Viet Nam cd met mdi trQdng phap ly hoan ehinh va minh bach hdn, mdi trQdng dau tU cd sQc hap din hdn dd'i vdi nudc ngoai;
• Do chfnh sach md cua thu hut d i u tu trQc tie'p tQ nude ngoai, cho nen nganh Thep Viet Nam cd cd hdi tiep nhan cae cdng nghe luyen kim tien tien cua cac nude phat trien ed nen san xuat Thep hien dai mpt each nhanh chong hPn;
• Md rpng thi trudng va tang xuat kha'u: la thanh vien cua WTO, hang hda cua nUde ta se cd cP hdi ldn hdn, binh dSng hdn trong viec tham nhap va md rdng thj trUdng qud'c te va binh d§ng trong thUPng mai qude te.
2.1. Nhung khd khan thach thdc
•:• Do nganh thep Viet Nam (tQ khau khai thac va che bie'n quang sat eho den luyen can thep) c6 quy m6 nhd, c6ng nghe chUa hien dai, chi phi san xuat cao... nen khd canh tranh tren thj trUdng The gidi.
Sy canh tranh giUa cac doanh nghiep trong nUdc v6i cac lien doanh cd vdn nUdc ngoai va 100 % vdn nUdc ngoai da, dang va se dien ra gay gat. DQdi sQc ep canh tranh, mdt sd doanh nghiep san xuat thep nhd c6 the phai d6ng cQa;
•:• Yeu c i u ve bao ve m6i trQdng ngay cang khat khe d pham vi toan c i u d i n tdi viec dau tU khai thac cac md nguyen lieu va cac dy an luyen kim Idn ddi hdi phai tang vd'n dau tU nhieu hPn de bao ve mdi trQdng (trong khi ngudn vdn Viet Nam rat han ehe).
3. Boi canh kinh te' va xa hoi trong nu6c tac dong de'n sU phat trien cua nganh Thep Viet Nam
Sau 22 nam thye hien cdng cupc ddi mdi (1987- 2009), Viet Nam da dat dQdc nhieu thanh tyu to ldn ve kinh te va xa hpi. Nen kinh te cua Viet Nam tang trudng kha cae va dn djnh vdi mQc binh quan td 7- 8,5 %. Nganh Cdng nghiep Viet Nam tang trudng lien tuc vdi mQc 14-17 %, trong dd nganh Thep Viet Nam c6 mQc tang trQdng binh quan hang nam tren 17 %. Seng chung ta dang phai ddi mat vdi nhQng thach thQc ve sy can kiet dan cac ngudn nguyen lieu, d nhidm va suy thoai mdi trUdng.
Vi the viec khai thac va che bie'n nguyen lieu treng nUdc che nganh Thep Viet Nam dang dat ra nhiem vu nang ne la "khai thac va sQ dyng hieu qua che tang trudng nganh Thep, nhUng phai g i n vdi bao ve moi trUdng va phat trien ben vUng".
Ban "Quy hoach phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam giai dean 2007-2015, cd xet de'n nam 2025"
dupc Thu tudng Chi'nh phu phe duyet thed Quye't dinh sd 145/2007/QD-TTg ngay 04/9/2007 va Chien iQpc phat trie'n kinh te-xa hdi den 2010 da dQpc Oai hdi Dang lin thQ IX thdng qua vdi dinh hudng phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam nhU sau:
• o i u tu md rpng san xuat thep tai C6ng ty Gang thep Thai Nguyen tren cP sd ngudn quang sat trong nUdc.
••• Dau tu khai thac quang sat Quy Xa, Lao Cai.
• Xay dyng nha may san xua't quang sat hoan nguyen trye tiep (tQ quang sat va khi ty nhien trong nudc) de thay the din thep phe lieu.
• Chuan bj diu tU xay dyng Nha may thep lien hdp tren cd sd ngudn quang sat ty md Thach Khe, Ha TTnh.
Quan diem cua Chinh phu ve khai thac, che bie'n quang sat phuc vu eho phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam dUde neu trong Quyet djnh sd 124/2006/QD-
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TTg ngay 30/5/2006 cua Thu tQdng Chinh phu ve viee phe duyet Quy hoach phan vung tham dd, khai thac, che bien quang s i t den nam 2010, dinh hUdng den nam 2020 vdi mdt sd npi dung chi'nh sau day:
•:• Quang sat Viet Nam phai dUdc tham dd, khai thac, che bie'n va sQ dung hdp ly, tiet kiem va hieu qua, bao ve mdi trUdng sinh thai va bao dam an ninh trat ty xa hdi tai cac dja ban cd quang sat.
<• Xay dyng va phat trie'n cdng nghiep khai thac, che bie'n quang sat vdi cdng nghe hien dai, phu hpp vdi dieu kien Viet Nam, nang cao he sdthu hdi khoang sin.
•:• Khuyen khfeh cac thanh phan kinh te tham gia diu tu tham dd, khai thac va che bien quang sat, tren cd sd tuan thu cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve heat dpng khoang s i n , dam bao an toan lao ddng va bao ve tai nguyen.
Thee danh gia cua cac chuyen gia nganh Thep Viet Nam bdi canh kinh te va xa hpi treng nUdc tao thuan lpi de phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam giai doan nam 2010-2020 the hien d cac mat sau day:
•t* Dang, Nha nUde quan tam va chi dao sat sao ddi vdi sU phat trie'n nganh Thep Viet Nam. Viec khai thac, che bien quang sat md Thach Khe de' cung cap cho Nha may thep lien hpp cd cdng sua't 4,5 trieu tan/nam se dupe xay dyng tai Ha TTnh da dupc khang dinh trong cac nghj quyet cua Dang, Chinh phu, dd la quyet dinh quan trpng cho sy phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam trong giai doan 2010-2020;
• Nen kinh te Viet Nam da cd mQc tang trQdng GDP dn dinh d mQc cao trong nhieu nam g i n day (tren 7,5-8 %) va nam 2007 da dat dupe 8,5 %;
• Nhu c i u tieu thu thep tang nhanh, nam 2007 tieu thu thep tang tren 20 % so vdi nam 2006 va da dat dupe tQ 8,4-8,5 trieu tan/nam, binh quan tieu thy thep nam 2007 da dat 100 kg/ngUdi. Vdi dan sd 84 trieu ngudi, Viet Nam se la thi trQdng tieu thy thep ldn d khu vUc Ddng Nam A treng giai doan tQ nam 2010-2020.
TQ nam 2006-2009 da cd sy "bung nd d i u tQ cac dy an san xuait thep" (nam 2007 va quy I nam 2008 tren nhieu tinh da c6 6 dU an Nha may thep lien hpp dUdc cap phep hoac da ky ke't thoa thuan lien doanh hoac dUdc Chinh phu ddng y chu trUdng. Ngay d Ha Tfnh da cd 3 DU an Nha may thep lien hpp va 1 Dy an san suit ph6i thep). Dieu do da gay tac ddng tdi quy hoach phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam, the hien nhQ sau:
3.1. Kha nang cung vugt cau qua Idn gay lang phi ve dau tu
"> Trong "Quy hoach phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam giai dean 2007-2015 cd xet den nam 2025"
da dupe Chfnh phu phe duyet, muc tieu de'n 2020
phai san xuat 15-18 trieu tain thep (thep det 8-10 trieu tain va thep dai 7-8 trieu tan) nham dap Qng nhu cau cua Viet Nam va xuat khau. NghTa la: vdi tdng cdng suit hien c6 tren 7 trieu tan/nam, thi trong 10 nam tdi, nganh Thep Viet Nam chi can d i u tu xay dyng tQ 1 den 2 Nha may thep lien hdp vdi cdng suit mdi nha may 4-5 trieu tan/nam la du.
<" Nang lye cac nha may s i n xuat thep cay, thep cupn Viet Nam hien nay da gap ddi nhu ciu.
Ne'u tie'p tuc d i u tU them vdi cdng suit 2 trieu tan/nam nua se khdng hpp ly va lam cho san xuat va tieu thy thep xay dyng (thep cay va cupn) trong nudc cang khd khan.
• Khdng chuan bj du ngudn nhan lye va vdn trong thdi gian ngan: vi de thye hien cac dy an nay ddi hdi ngudn lye (vdn va nhan cdng c6 ky thuat) rat ldn, ma Viet Nam khong the c6 ngay vay se huy dpng d dau?
*> Ngudn nguyen lieu san xuat thep khong the dap Qng (thieu quang sat, Cdc va nguyen lieu trp dung). Neu nhap kha'u thi ha tang cP sd, cang bien kh6ng the dap Qng...
3.2. Nganh Thep khong co eg hgi dugc su dung thiet bj va cdng nghe tien tien
<• Hau he't cac dy an trong giai dean 1 deu chpn thie't bj va cdng nghe c6 quy mo nhd. Vdi thiet bi va cong nghe san suit gang L6 cao quy m6 nhd tuy vdn d i u tu thap, nhQng tieu hao nhieu nang lupng va nguyen lieu, hieu qua dau tU thap va gay 6 nhiem mdi trQdng (Trung Qudc da cam lUu hanh Ld cao nhd). Vay tai sae Viet Nam lai chap nhan sii dung cac thie't bj va cdng nghe nay? NhUng thie't bj ldn va cdng nghe hien dai trong cac Dy an neu sd sai mang tfnh djnh hQdng vao giai dean 2, ma khdng neu rd khi nao se dUdc d i u tUxay lap;
• Vdi phUdng thQc d i u tU xay dyng kieu cac dQ an "bung nd" nay se tiem an rui re cao, vi mdt sd nha d i u tu khdng cd nang lye ve vdn va c6ng nghe. Hau qua la nganh Thep Viet Nam se ganh chju (do sQ dung thie't bi va c6ng nghe lac hau, gay 6 nhiim m6i trudng va hieu qua d i u tuthap...).
c. Moi trudng dau tu, thdi gian dau tU bj anh hUdng
•:• Chfnh phu da phan cap che UBND tinh dupe quyen cap Giay phep d i u tU, dieu nay da rut ngan thdi gian cap phep. NhUng do sy hieu biet ve cdng nghe va ddi tac dau tQ bj han che, nen nhieu tinh da chap nhan ddi tac d i u tu khong du nang lye nen da kee dai thdi gian chuan bj dau tU. Vi the ddi vdi cac dy an Idn hang ty USD chQng ta can phai tham djnh ky cang ngay tQ bQdc chpn ddi tac, cac cd quan quan ly nganh can phan bien de tranh sai lim, mat cd hdi, anh hudng mdi trudng d i u tu;
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• Viec phan cap cho tinh can gan lien vdi quan ly thdng nha't ve qui hoach eua Chi'nh phu, ne'u khdng se d i n de'n tinh trang cap phep d i u tU d at, khdng quan tam den chat IQdng dy an, pha vd can ddi tdng the eung cap nang lUdng, nguyen lieu, thj trUdng. Hau qua se rat nang ne, lau dai va nganh Thep Viet Nam phai ganh chju.
4. Quan diem va muc tieu phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam giai doan nam 2010-2025
4.1. Quan diem phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam
•:• Phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam phu hdp vdi quy hoach tdng the phat trien kinh te-xa hpi va nganh cong nghiep cua ca nUde, quy hoach phat trien KT-XH cae dia phUdng va 16 trinh hpi nhap eua Viet Nam.
•:• Xay dyng, phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam thanh mpt nganh cong nghiep quan trpng, bae dam phat trien dn djnh, ben vUng, giam thieu sU mat can ddi giUa san xuat gang, phdi thep vdi san xuat thep thanh pham, giua san pham thep dai vdi san pham thep det.
• Xay dyng nganh Thep Viet Nam vdi cong nghe tien tie'n hpp ly, sQ dung tie't kiem va hieu qua ngudn tai nguyen cua dat nUdc, bao dam hai hoa vdi bao ve mdi trUdng sinh thai tai cac dja ban phat trien nganh Thep.
<• Coi trpng, khuyen khfeh eac thanh phan, cac nganh kinh te trong nUdc lien ket, hpp tac vdi nUdc ngoai dau tU xay dyng mdt sd td hdp md-luyen kim, nha may thep lien hpp va nha may can cac thep det quy md Idn.
4.2. Muc tieu chien luge phat trien nganh Thep Viet Nam
Myc tieu chien iQpc phat trien tdng the eua nganh Thep Viet Nam la dap Qng tdi da nhu c i u cac san pham thep, tang cudng xua't khau, vdi cac ndi dung cy the sau:
•t» San xuat gang: dap Qng du gang due cho san xuat cP khf phuc vu trong nudc, xuat kha'u, cung cap phan Idn gang che cd sd san xuat phdi thep trong nUdc. 2010 dat 1,5-1,9 trieu tan gang; 2015 dat 5,0-5,8 trieu tan gang; 2020 dat 8-9 trieu tan gang, san pham hean nguyen; 2025 dat 10-12 trieu tan gang, san pham hoan nguyen.
• San xuat phoi thep (thep thd): Nam 2010 dat 3,5-4,5 trieu tan, nam 2015 dat 6-8 trieu tan, nam 2020: 9-11 trieu tan; nam 2025: 12-15 trieu tan phdi thep.
• San xuat thep thanh pham: nam 2010 dat 6,3-6,5 trieu tan (treng dd 1,8-2,0 trieu tan san pham thep det), nam 2015 dat 11-12 tridu tan (6,5- 7,0 trieu tan thep det), nam 2020 dat 15-18 trieu tan
(8-10 trieu tan san pha'm det), nam 2025 dat khoang 19-22 trieu tan thanh pliam (11-13 trieu tan san pham det, 0,2 trieu tan thep dac biet).
•:• Xuat khau gang, thep cac loai: 2010 xuat khau dat 0,5-0,7 trieu tan; 2015 xuat khau dat 0,7- 0,8 trieu tan; 2020 xuat khau dat 0,9-1,0 trieu tan:
nam 2025 xua't khau khoang 1,2-1,5 trieu tan.
4.3. Mue tieu va chien luge phat trien cua Tdng Cdng ty Thep Viet Nam
Tdng Cdng ty Thep Viet Nam (VNSTEEL) dUdc thanh lap theo md hinh TCty 91 (theo Quyet dinh sd 255/QD-TTg ngay 29/4/1995 cua Thu tudng Chinh Phu). Cung vdi xu the phat trien kinh te cua Viet Nam va The gidi, VNSTEEL da thye hien viec chuyen ddi td chQc thee md hinh C6ng ty me-con tQ ngay 1/7/2007 (theo Quyet dinh sd 267/2006/00- TTg ngay 23/11/2006 cua Thu tudng Chinh phu thanh lap Cdng ty me-Tdng Cong ty Thep Viet Nam) va hien nay VNSTEEL dang xay dUng de an de trd thanh Tap dean Thep Viet Nam vao 2010.
a. Muc tieu phat trien Tdng Cdng ty thep Viet Nam giai doan 2010-2020
<• VNSTEEL c6 nhiem vy giU vai tr6 chu dao trong nganh Thep Viet Nam. D i u tU phat trien ben vUng va hieu qua, duy tri mQc tang trUdng dn dinh tren 10 %/nam dap Qng yeu c i u cua sy nghiep cdng nghiep hea, hien dai hoa da't nUdc. Xay dyng Tdng Cdng ty Thep Viet Nam trd thanh Tap doan kinh te du manh de giQ vai trd chu dao va binh dn thi trudng thep Viet Nam;
••• Phat trien can ddi giQa luyen thep va can thep, giam dan ty le nhap phdi thep, tien tdi dap Qng cd ban du ngudn phdi cho san xuat can thep xay dyng;
••• Nghien cQu khai thac va sQ dung hep ly, cd hieu qua va tiet kiem ngudn tai nguyen khoang sin trong nudc (trudc het la ngudn quang sat) cho luyen kim;
••• Nang trinh dp san xua't cua cac ddn vi dat mQc tie'n tie'n se vdi cac nQdc treng khu vyc du dieu kien hdi nhap vdi nganh Thep The gidi;
••• ThUc hien cac dy an dau tU trpng diem cua nganh Thep Viet Nam: khai thac md quang sat Quy Xa, tinh Lao Cai va Nha may luyen gang Lao Cai;
Khai thac md quang sat Thach Khe, tinh Ha TTnh de cung cap cho Nha may thep lien hpp cdng suit 4,5 trieu tan san pham/nam;
• Tyng budc chiem ITnh thj trQdng va lam chu thi trudng treng nQdc ve cac loai thep thdng dung (thep thanh, thep day va thep dng...), ddng thdi chu trpng thj trUdng xua't khau sang Lao va Campuchia.
b. Cac giai phap eu the
<• SQ dung triet de ngudn ndi lye, tranh thu tan dyng ngudn vd'n, cdng nghe nQdc ngoai, trong do (Xem tie'p trang 37)
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