Tac dong ciia dao Tin Lanh den kinh te if Viet Nam hien nay
Hoang Van Chung', Tran Thi Phuffng Anh'
' Vi?n Nghien cuu Ton giao, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Vipt Nam.
Email: vanchung.hoang@gmailxom
Nhin ngay 28 thing 8 nam 2018. Chip nhan dang ngay 13 thing 10 nam 2018.
Tom t5t: Trong nhung nam gin ddy, tten thi gidi da cd nhilu nghien cuu vl ton giao va kinh te. Theo do, ton giao la mpt trong nhimg nhan t l dong gop vao phdt trien kinh tl, dgc bipt d cac qudc gia phit triln. 6 Viet Nam tir khi Doi mdi, cac ton giao ngay cang dong gop iJiilu hon cho phat triln kinh tS, trong do khong thi khong nhdc toi dao Tin Lanh - vin cd su phat trien nhanh ttong nhiing nam qua.
Nilm tin va thyc hanh cua dao Tin Lanh da c6 nhirng tac dpng dieo huang tfch cyc doi vdi dm singkinh te cua tin dl, co thi thay trong each Dao Tin Lanh gdp phan ndng cao nhan diiic cho tin do ve lam kinh tl va thoat ngheo; chia se cho cac tin dl ve cac phuang thiic mdi trong san xuat vd kinh nghiem lam kinh doanh; gdy dyng v6n tai chfnh va von xa hpi cho tfn do.
Tir khda: Ton giao, dao Tin Lanh, kinh tl, von xa hpi.
Phdn loai nganh: Ton giao hpc
Abstract: In recent years, there have been many studies in the world on religion and economy.
Accordingly, religion is one of the factors that contribute to economic growth, especially in developed countries. In Vietnam since the Renovation process started, religions have been making more and more contributions to the country's economic growth. In recent decades. Protestantism has grown rapidly. This religion's faith and practices have had positive impacts on the followers' economic life, as can be seen in how it has conttibuted to raising awareness for the believers on renovating economic activities and escape from poverty; sharing new modes of production and business experiences; and generating financial and social capital.
Keywords: Religion, Protestantism, economy, social capital.
Subject classification: Religious studies
1. M d dau trong nhiing thap ky gdn ddy, dac bipt ttong boi cdnh ciia si^ phyc hoi tdn giao ttSn Mdi quan he giiia ton giao va kinh te dupc pham vi toan cdu. 6 Viet Nam nhiing nam gidi khoa hpc xd hdi quan tam nhilu ban gan day, bdt ddu xudt hien cac nghien ciiu
Hodng Van Chung, Trdn Thi Phuang Anh quan hp giiia kinh te vd tdn gido. Tuy nhien,
cdc ket qua nghien cuu ve quan hp nay cdn hgn che. Trong khi do, ddy la "manh dat"
hiia hen nhieu kham pha thii vi va y nghia.
Dac bipt, nghien ciru tac dpng cua tdn giao doi vdi kinh te cd the mang lai nhirng kiln giai ve siic sdng, su tdn tai bin bi va vai ttd cua tdn giao ddi vdi xa hdi Viet Nam dang hipn dai boa, cung nhu lam ro ban vai ttd vd chirc nang cua tdn gido vdi su phat trien eua xa hdi.
Xd hdi hpc ve tdn gido cd nhiing quan tdm dang ke ve moi quan he giiia tdn gido vd kinh te. Ddi vdi xa hpi hpc tdn gido cd dien, Max Weber trong tde phdm Bga due Tin Lanh vd tinh thdn cua chii nghia tu bdn chi ra rang. Tin Ldnh cdi cdch qua viec dl cao cdc gid tti (nhu lao dpng chdm chi, f thiic ti6t kipm, tfnh ky luat) da ddn tdi thinh VUpng kinh tl. Tuy nhien, trong thyc tien, cac nha xa hpi hpc sau Weber khong tim dupc dii lipu thuyet phyc ve mdi lien he giiia cac qudc gia ngoai Chdu Au tir bd ton gido tpc ngudi va di theo Kitd giao co duac sy tdng trudng thdn kj' ve kinh te 126, p.7].
Theo Michael Fitzgerald, cac dii lipu thdng k£ xa hdi hpc trd nen phong phii va cd the phii tten dipn rpng ban, eimg vdi su phat triln eiia thudt toan, da cho phep cae nha kinh te hpc thuc hipn cac phdn tieh sd Upu ttSn phgm vi quoc te vdi khdi lupng dii Upu ldn cung hang ttdm bien sd. Tir cudi nhung nam 2000, cac nha kinh te hpc Italia dd cdng bo ket qua nghien ciiu, theo dd tdn giao cd the thiic day tdng san pham qudc npi (GDP) bdng each gia tang nilm tin ttong mpt xa hdi cy the. Ddng thcri, cdc nha nghien ciiu d My cho thay rang, tdn giao gdp phdn giam tham nhiing va tang sy tdn trpng ludt phap - - nhirng each thiic nay dd thiic day tang trudng kinh te. Trong sd cac
edng trinh nghien ciiu xa hpi hpc dinh lupng vl quan he tdn gido va tdng tnrdng kinh tl, dang chii y nhat la nghien ciiu cua hai vp chdng diu Idm viec eho Dgi hpc Harvard, Robert Bairo va Rachel McCleary. Hp da thu thdp dii lipu tir 59 quoc gia, nai da phan dan so theo mpt ttong 4 phan nhdm tdn gido Idn: Ki td gido, Islam gido, Hindu giao, Phdt giao. Diing cdc md hinh thdng ke, hp xu ly du lieu thu thdp trong eac nam tir 1981 din 1999 vdn do cdc miic dp ve niem tin vao Thuang De, thien ddng va dia ngue, kiep sau, viec d\t nghi le tai nhd thd. Kit qua nghien cuu ciia hp cho thdy, mli lien he giiia tang trudng kinh te vd nhiing gia tang nhat dinh ttong niem tin, du chi d cac qudc gia dang phat trien. Sy gia tang niem tin vdo "thien ddng", "dia ngyc", vd "kilp sau" c6 xu huang gia tang phdt triln kinh te. TiSu bieu nhdt trong ket qua dd la nhan dinh cho rang, neu niem tin vao dia ngyc tdng vupt bdc ttong khi tan suat den du le nhd thd khong thay ddi, thi cd mdi lien he thuan chieu vdi tang trudng kinh tl [27, p.35-38].
Mpt sd nhd xa hpi hpc duang dgi bat ddu xem xet mdi lien he giiia tu do tdn giao vd phdt trien kinh te. Tir vipc xix ly cac nguon tai lieu da dgng ve dong gop cua tdn giao vao phat trien kinh te tten pham vi todn cau, Elijah Brown da nhdn xet nhu sau: ty do tdn giao giiip tgo ra cac nen kinh te mgnh ban [4]. Ket qua nghien ciiu nay minh hpa cho trudng hop nudc My, noi thudng dupc cho la mpt ttong cdc qudc gia hang dau vl dam bao tu do tdn giao. Ndm 2016, theo tfnh toan ciia Brian Grim, cac doanh nghiep vd td chiic cd lien quan den tdn giao mang lgi dong gdp cho GDP mdi ndm khoang 1,2 nghin ti USD [22], nhieu ban cita tdt ca cdc
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, si 12 - 2018 cdng ty nhu Google, Apple va Amazon cpng lgi [25]. Day rd rdng Id mot minh chiing gay chdn dpng ve tac dpng tich cue ciia nhan to ton gido ddi vdi nin kinh te.
Mpt hudng nghien cihi mdi gdn ddy cua Gharad T. Bryan, James J. Choi va Dean Karlan tap trung tim hieu tac dpng cd tfnh nhan qud cua long nhiet thanh tdn gido ddi vdi thu nhap ciia 6.276 hd dan Philippines thupc dipn rdt ngheo vd la tin dd cua Cdng gido hoac Tin Ldnh. Sau khi chuang trinh keo ddi 6 thdng "giao due ve than hpc vd cdc gid tri Tin Ldnh (Phiic Am)" ddi vdi cac cpng ddng tfn dd nay ket thiic, hp tien hdnh ddnh gid tdc dpng va phdt hipn sy gia tdng ddng kl vl long nhiet thdnh tdn gido vd thu nhdp ciia hd gia dinh [24]. Ket qua cho thay cd su gia tdng song song va thudn chieu eua hai yeu td ndy.
Cdc ket qud nghiSn cihi nhu tren diu ehi ra cdc bien sd tham gia vao thiic ddy tang trudng kinh te, bao gdm gia tdng niem tin, miic dp ddm bdo ty do tdn giao, hay su gia tang long nhiet thanh tdn gido.
<!J Viet Nam, trong bdi cdnh xa hpi tir sau Doi mdi, giiia ton giao vd kinh tl cd nhiing tuang tac ngdy cdng ro rang. Tuy nhien, cac nghien ciiu cd quy md vl tdc dpng eua tdn gido ddi vdi kinh tl mdi d giai dogn khdi ddu. Nguyen nhan ndm d vipc khdng cd sdn nhiing dii lieu thing ke cd the khai thdc dupe dl sir dyng. Chdng ban nhu, d cdp dp vT md, thilu vdng sd lipu ve mdt ndm cdc td chiic tdn giao ldn vd nhd cd dupc bao nhieu tiln tir cac ngudn quyen gdp, tdi ttp, tu kinh doanh hay nhung U'nh todn vl ddng gdp cua cdc to chirc ndy cho GDP. Tuy thi, da cd nhiing cdng ttinh bat dau dl cap din nhimg tuang tdc giua ton giao va hogt dpng kinh tl.
Trong dd co hai nhdm. Nhdm tini nhdt
nghiSn ciiu cac quan hp giira tdn gido vd kinh tl noi ehung [7, tt.374-376], ve tuong lien giiia tdn giao vdi kinh tl [10, tt.44- 50], vai tro cua tdn giao ttong phdt triln kinh tl [16]. Nhom thii hai nghien ciiu dnh hudng ed tfnh gian tiep ciia giao ly hay nguyen tde dao diic cua mpt truyin thong tdn gido cy the doi vdi boat dpng kinh ti noi tin do. Da xuat hien nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu quan tdm khdm phd nhung ylu td tfch cue cua Phdt gido trong phdt trien kinh tl [11, tr.379]. Nam 2017, Hpi thao qudc te "Tdn giao, kinh te vd cpng ding ASEAN" da bdn ve nhiing quan hp rdt phong phd cita cac loai hinh tdn gido chi'iih d Viet Nam doi vdi hogt dpng kinh te. D6 la nhiing thay ddi tfch cue vl mat nhan thiic va ket qua ddng gdp thyc tien cua ngudi Cong gido ddi vdi phdt triln kinh tl ddt nudc; sy lien ket chat che giiia ddi sdng tdn gido va ddi sdng kinh tl ciia ngudi Cham d Ninh Thuan; nhiing lac ddng eiia sinh hogt tfn ngudng truyin thdng ddi vdi khfa canh kinh tl cita ddi sdng ngudi thuc hanh, v.v.. Mpt nghien cuu khdc chi ra "su cdi md cua Cao Dai la mpt vdn van hda rat tich cue cho sy phdt tiiln kinh tl" [13, tt.48]. Doi vdi dao Tin Lanh, mpt so nghien ciiu da lam ro nhiing thay ddi ttong ddi song kinh tl noi cd nhan tin do. Cac nghien ciiu ndy thudng phdn tan vd chua khai qudt rd cdc xu hudng hay md thiic ma tdn gido d cdc phuang dipn nilm tin vd thuc hanh tdc dpng vao tu duy va thyre tien cua hoat dpng kinh tl nai tfn dd.
Nhin tir gdc dp xa hpi hpc vl quan hp ton gido - kinh tl, chiing tdi da dl xuat mpt qud trinh, tgm gpi Id "ton gido hda kinh te".
Mpt each ngdn gpn, qua trinh "tdn giao hda kinh te" cd the quan sat tten hai phuang
Hodng Van Chung, Trdn Thj Phuang Anh dipn. Thu nhdt la mdt xu the cua thyc hdnh
tdn giao nham tim kiem su may mdn, su phu ttp, ciing nhu chi ddn cua luc lupng sieu nhien hay ddng thiSng ttong kinh doanh, lam giau vd duy tri tai san. Cy thi ban, ton gido dang dnh hudng tdi muc dp ma su phh ttp cua Dang thieng da ttd thdnh mpt yeu td quan ttpng ciia su thdnh - bai ttong boat dpng 1dm dn kinh te. Thu hai, tdn gido hoa kinh te ciing cd the xem xet thdng qua sir chuyen hudng li ludn ve tdn gido 1dm kinh te tii phia cdc truyen thdng ton gido ldn. Ngodi ra, d Viet Nam, tdn gido dang trd thdnh mpt chdt xiic tdc cho viee • tgo dung vdn vdt chat vd vdn xa hpi. Bai viet ndy nghidn ciiu tdc ddng cua tdn giao den kinh te tren the gidi va d Vipt Nam vd mpt sd tdc dpng cua dgo Tin Lanh ddi vdi hoat dpng kinh te ciia tin do.
2. Tac dpng cua dao Tin Lanh doi vdi nhSn thih; ciia tin d l ve each lam kinh te va each thoat ngheo
Nhin chung, trong cdch 1dm eua Tin Lanh, viee tao ra thay ddi tu duy ve kinh te ludn gdn vdi qua trinh nang cao nhdn thiie ndi chung eua tin do ddi vdi lao dpng, gia tri ciia lao dpng, nghia vy tao ra cua cai va quan ly ciia cdi. Nhiing tdc ddng ndy ve mat tu duyidiong chi xuat phat tii ldi Chiia dgy ttong Kinh Thdnh, than hpc Tin Lanh, ma cdn Id nhung nd luc ciia nhiing ngudi 1dm edng viec truyen giao va qudn tri hpi thanh dia phuang. Tren ca sd cdc nghien euu da CO va bd sung vdi cac dii lipu thuc dia ciia minh, theo chung tdi cd 3 hudng tdc dpng cua Tin Lanh ddi vdi hogt ddng kinh te cua tin dd Tin Lanh d Vipt Nam nhu sau.
Van dl nhgn thiic vl thoat ngheo va lam gidu noi ngudi Tin Lanh cd sy lien hp den
su thay doi cua the gidi quan. Mpt myc su va ddng thdi la mpt nha nghien ciiu Tin Ldnh ngudi Canada tung d Viet Nam lau nam cho thdy rdng, viec den vdi due tin Ki td giao (chi chung cac truyen thong tdn gido thd Tbien Chiia, d Vipt Nam cd the hiiu la Cdng giao vd/hoac Tin Lanh) da gdp phdn cdi thien ddi sdng kinh te cho ngudi dan tpc thilu s6 Stieng tren cdc phuang dipn quan sat dupc (nhu hp coi ttpng vipc hpc hanh ban, ft lang phf thdi gian vao viec xem vd tuyen va da xay dupc nhiing ngdi nhd dep).
Ong cho rdng, do la vi "thi gidi quan Kitd gido khdng chi hap dan ngudi nghfeo ma con ttd thanh phuang tien de ndng cao kinh tl vd xa hpi" [15, tt.207-215].
Su tac ddng din nhan thuc ve thodt ngb&o vd sau do den lam giau cdn d chd, Tin Lanh khuyen khich vd chi ra nhiing Ipi fch cua vipc tiet kipm ttong tieu dung, trdnh lang phf, hay nhiing thoi quen sdng kem tfch cue can phai thay ddi. Cac nghien cuu thuc dia ttong ban 10 ndm qua cho thay, tir khi theo dgo Tin Lanh, nhd dupc gidng day ve gido ly va nep sdng, nhieu ngudi ddn tpc thieu sd d mien nui phfa Bdc hay d Tdy Nguyen da bd di nhieu tap tuc cii va di theo dudng hudng mdi ttong to chiic ddi song.
Tren khia cgnh tinh toan loi ich ve mat chi phf, ngudi tin Chiia bd dupc thdi quen bdt thude hay udng rupu qua nhieu vd thay ddi nhiing chi phi dupc cho la tdn kem ttong thd cung da than theo truyen thdng [1, tr.74-76], [6, tt.7-8], [8, tt.26-28], [12, tr.263], [17, tt.115-116], [18, tt.74-86]. Mdt loi fch ddng thdi ciia su loai bd nhiing thdi quen cd hiiu la, viee tin do cd the ddnh nhieu thdi gian han cho lao dpng, sdn xuat hoac md rdng eac quan he lam dn. Dieu nay khdng chi dien ra ttong cdc nhdm tt'n dd Tin Ldnh viing dan tpc thieu sd, ma cdn dupc ghi nhan d cd viing thanh thi. Mpt mue su
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam, s6 12-2018 (nam, 42 tudi) cho rdng: "Khi mpt ngudi tin Kinh thdnh tiii ddi sdng kinh tl chac chan thay ddi. Vf du toi day, ngdy xua tdi hiit mdi ngay 2 bao thudc Id, nhu vay mdi thdng toi phdi chi cho nd la 1,8 ttieu. Nhung khi tdi ngiing hiit thudc thi mpt ndm tdi tiet kipm dupc cho gia dinh 20 tripu. Va keo theo van dl sue khde ciia toi cung tdt ban, chi phf cho y tl cGng dupc tidt kipm".
Cac nghien ciiu thyc dia dupe Vien Nghien ciiu Tdn giao tiln hdnh nam 2014 d Tdy Bac cho thdy, dao Tin Ldnh de xdm nhdp d nhiing xd ngheo ciia vimg cao. Dieu do mpt mat la do van hda truyen thdng d day dang mai mpt dan, mat khdc la do vdo cdc dip nhu dam tang, dam cudi hay cung thdn linh, ngudi ddn thudng phdi bd ra rkt nhieu logi chi phi. Mpt cdn bp cap xa thudc tinh Ha Giang cho biet: "Ddm tang ngay nay mat ft nhdt 1 den 2 con trdu va tat cd cac hd gia dinh deu tham gia". Khi ngudi dan theo Tin Ldnh, cac nghi thuc dupc phdn nao gidm nhe, nhd do ddi sdng ngudi dan cung da khd khan ban. Mpt can bd tinh Lao Cai ndi: "khi tfn do Tin Ldnh da tur bd tfn nguong truyin thdng thi it khi hp muln quay trd lgi. Ngudi Mdng theo dgo cd kinh te kha hon do tinh tiet kiem, nhd cira sach se ban do cd ngay nghi de dpn dep nha".
Mpt tt'n dd Tin Ldnh tai Sapa, Ldo Cai (nam, 30 tudi) ndi: "Phong tyc ciia ngudi Mdng rdt ton kem. Khi co ngudi chit tiii bdt bupc phai md 1 con ttau. Nhilu nha khdng cd dilu kien_ thi phdi ddi dat ldy ttau, din khi cd ttau dl tta lai thi hp lai khdng trd ddt.
Gidi quylt nhiing vu nhu vay rdt khd. Khi theo Tin Lanh tlu tranh dupe nhiing vu do.
Tham chf, tiieo Tin Lanh, khi cd ngudi chit, hp cdn keu gpi nhiing tin dd khac ddng tiln vdo cho gia dinh c6 tang, vf du mdi ngudi chi lO.OOOd thdi thi cung gdp dupc 10 trieu cho gia dinh dd. Vi thi, nhilu ngudi bao...
tdi khdng thich Tin Lanh nhung tdi thfch chit ma khdng bi ngheo di".
Viec trd thanh tin do Tin Lanh khdng chi dan thuan Id su chuyen ddi niem tin tdn giao ciia mpt cd nhan, ma cdn la su biln doi con ngudi mpt each toan dien, ttong dd bao ham cd su thay ddi ttong nhan thuc vl lam kinh te. Chung tdi da gap go va ttao ddi vdi mpt tfn dd d Hd Npi (nam, 34 tudi). Trudc day anh timg la mpt ngudi nghien ma tuy nhilu nam. Cudc ddi anh da thay ddi tCr khi theo Tin Lanh. Anh cho biet, ket qua kinh doanh thdnh cdng md hai vp chong c6 duac la nhd vdo nhung bien ddi ttong cdch tu duy va cdc nguyen tac kinh doanh ttong Kinh Thdnh md anh hpc dupc tir "Nhom kinh doanh hipu qud" cua Hdi thanh minh theo. Anh da bat dau bang viec md mpt ciia tap hda, sau mpt nam, lai dupe 28 tripu ddng; vd sau dd da md dupe 1 eua hang gao va nang sd vdn minh co len tten 100 trieu ddng. Anh cho bilt: "Cupc sdng minh chua bao gid ma dupc lai d td, mua dupc mdnh ddt. Nhung Chiia da lam nhiing dilu rdt ky dieu. Khi minh lam vipc vd eau nguypn nam nay co dupc chiec d td thi Chiia cho minh dupc chiec oto. Bay gid vp ehdng minh dang CO ke hoach kinh doanh ldn hon, nhung cdt ldi ddi vdi minh thi Kinh Thanh van la sd 1 de hpc hdi. Mpt ngudi kinh doanh theo dure tin khac mpt ngudi kinh doanh vdi niem tin. Ngudi kinh doanh theo niem tin cd the bdt chap mpi thu dogn de 1dm. Ngudi kinh doanh theo diic tin thi chii dire phdi dat len hang ddu. Minh 1dm chan chinh thi minh se ggt lgi sy chan chfnh".
Ben cgnh do, ndng cao nhan thiic ve cham lo siic khde, ddc biet van de ve sinh ttong dn d ciing dugc dao Tin Ldnh chd trpng khi truyen vdo vung dan tpc thieu so.
Nha do, ngudi dan bi dau dm, thay vi mdi
Hoang Vdn Chung, Tran Thi Phuong Anh thdy Cling ve ciing thi dupc kham chiia, cap
thuoe, thgm chf dupe hd ttp chi phi de di kham d benh vien. Mpt trudng diem nhom Tin Lanh tai Lao Cai (nam, 30 ludi) ndi:
' T r u d c day, d bdn neu cd ngudi dau dm, benh tdt thi gia dinh se di cdu ciing. Nhilu gia dinh nhu vay cd the phai di vay np.
Theo Tin Ldnh, da dm thi chi cdu nguyen thdi, khdng tdn kem cho thdy ciing, cling bdi. Ngudi dan budc vao Tin Lanh, khi dau dm chiia bet each khdng khdi thi chi cdu nguypn, ddng thai cung dupc nhiing ngudi khac ddng gop gidp tien di chua benh".
Ddng thdi. Tin Lanh ciing chii trpng den viec ndng cao tnnh dp hpc van cua con em ttong cpng ddng tin hiiu. Viec cdc chiic sac Tin Ldnh khuyen khfch tfn dd uu tien cho ndng cao hpc van ndi rieng vd vdn hda noi chung cd tac dyng gian tiep ddn den thay ddi nhdn thiic va cai thien ddi song kinh te.
Ddi vdi ngudi ddn tpc thieu so, vipc hpc chir, dac bipt la tieng Viet, co vai trd rat ldn.
Cac cpng dong Tin Ldnh da giiip dd nhiing ngudi anh em thudc viing dan tpc thieu so dpc, ndi, viet tieng Viet, gdp phdn ttong cdng cupc xda mu chii [12, tt.263].
Vipc thay ddi nhan thuc, col ttpng hpc van da gian tiep giiip tin do thay ddi nhan tinic ttong vipc lam kinh te. Qua mpt khdo sat dinh lupng gdn day, ket qua cho thay, tfn dd Tin Lanh cung cd sy quan tam hon ban ttong van de kinh te so vdi tin dd cua cdc tdn gido khac. Ket qua mpt khdo sat ddi song tdn giao cita cdc tin do Tin Ldnh d Tdy Nguyfin nhung ndm 2013-2015 cho thay, ttong nhiing mdi quan tam hdng dau cua tin dd, vdn d l kinh t l diimg vi tri thii 5 (chiem ti le 79%) ttong sd 10 tieu chi dupe hdi.
Ben cgnh do, so sanh mdi quan tam vd sy dnh hudng cita chiic sde ttong linh vuc kinh t l doi vdi tfn do cdc tdn gido tilp tyc
cho tiiay, chiic sac Tin Ldnh ciing cd sy quan tam hon ttong van de nay. Sd lipu dieu tra cho thdy, su hudng dan ciia chiic sac Tin Ldnh ddi vdi tt'n dd cua hp ttong vdn de lam an kinh t l chiim ti le cao nhat so vdi cdc tdn giao con lai, cu the la 56,6% so vdi Cdng gido (50,8%), Cao Dai (45%) hay Phat gido Hda Hao (20%).
Dao Tin Ldnh ho ttp tfn dd cita hp ttong hogt dpng kinh t l (bao gdm cd vipc gido due nhiing diic tfnh nhu sdng can kiem, gian di, cham chi lao ddng), tir dd tgo nen nin tang d l phdt triln kinh te hp gia dinh.
Mpt tin huu d Hdi thanh Ha Npi (nam, 55 tudi) ndi: "Nhung thoi quen tdt cua ti'n do Tin Lanh d l tao nen nen tdng kinh te gia dinh la: tir bd thdi quen thii vui cd nhan (vf du: ca phS, nhau nhet, nhung cau chuyen mdt thdi gian); ludn biet xdy dung ke hoach va trinh k l hoach eho Chiia ciing nhu mpi ngudi de hp ciing cdu nguyen cho minh".
Cdc chiic sac tdn gido ciing giiip tin do phdt trien kinh te gia dinh. Theo ket qua mpt cupc khao sat gdn ddy (ciia Vien Nghien ciiu Tdn giao, vol 1.425 phiSu hdi danh cho cac dai dien gia dinh thupc cdc tdn giao khac nhau tten 6 virng ca nudc), hon 1/3 so ngudi dupe hdi ddnh gia tfch cyc ve vai ttd ciia tdn giao ddi vdi boat ddng kinh te ciia gia dinh. Dang chu y, nhdm cdc tin do thupc dao Tin Lanh cho rang, tdn gido giiip lam an kinh te tdt ban tiep tyc chiem ti le cao nhdt, vdi tten 50% sd ngudi dupc hdi.
Nhiing chuyen bien cho thdy, nhiing tdc dpng tinh te cua thay ddi ttong tu duy va nhan thiic ddn tdi nhiing thay ddi trong cdch tao thu nhdp vd tim kiem ca hpi nang cao thu nhap cita tfn do Tin Ldnh. Tac dpng nay vua cd the quan sat tur ben ngoai v l dieu kipn sdng, vira dupc thira nhan tir ben ttong bdi chinh cac tin do.
Khoa hpc xa hpi Vipt Nam, s6 12 - 2018 3. Tac ddng cua dao Tin Lanh doi vdi ky ndng san xu^t va kinh doanh ciia tin do Viec chia se cdc phuang thiic mdi nhdm tao ra ciia cai la mdt diem mdi me ma dgo Tin Ldnh mang lgi cho tin dd. Ddi vdi ngudi dan tpc thilu sd, theo mdt nghien ciiu, ttudc nam 1975, da phan hp lam kinh tl dua vdo sdn bat, hai lupm, ddt rimg 1dm ray, du canh du eu. Sau khi theo dao Tin Ldnh, qua cac gido sT, hp da tilp thu nhung cdch lam mdi. Dd la loi sdng cdn ch, chiu khd cting vdi vipc tiep thu nhiing kiln thiic mdi trong chan nudi, ttdng ttpt. Dac bipt la, hp biet su dyng nhiing phuang tipn ky thuat ca gidi ttong lam - nong nghipp, bilt ttdng lua nudc va ky thugt canh tdc tien tien [6, tt.7-8].
Mpt su thay ddi kha quan Id Tin Ldnh giiip tin do thay ddi phuang thiic cu tni theo hudng dinh cu trong nhieu viing ddng bdo dan tpc thieu sd. Phuang thiic ndy da giup hinh thanh nen nhung cpng dong tin hiiu sinh sdng tap tmng, dn dinh de thudn lgi ttong viec sinh hogt tdn gido nhung nhd do Cling tao dieu kien thugn Ipi cho viec cai thien ddi sdng kinh te. Thyc te cho thay, d dau ed nha thd Tin Lanh dupe xay dyng Iden cd, d do dan cu song tap trung va dn dinh san xudt [14, tt.8].
Ngodi ra. Tin Lanh ciing hd ttp boat dpng san xuat cua tin dd thdng qua ddo tao nghi vd ndng eao ky nang lao ddng. Khi dat chan den mdi edng ddng, tdn gido ndy ludn quan tam den cdc hogt dpng md cdc Idp hpc, Idp day nghi, hay cac budi sinh boat, khda hpc ky ndng ttong cupc song. Mdt nghien ciiu tiln hanh d Tay Nguyen cho thay vai ttd cua Tin Lanh d khia canh giao dye cac tri thirc vl lao dpng va 1dm kinh tl.
Nhiing diem cau nguypn Tin Lanh ciing la nai cung cap cdc hogt dpng vui chai vd hudng nghiep, xen ke la viec gidng Kinh thanh [2, tt.381-382]. Theo bdo cao ciia
TAICH tir nam 1968, Tin Lanh d Viet Nam cd nhilu hogt dpng liSn quan den md tmng tdm giao dye ban ngay, chii ylu Id cdc trudng hpe, ddo tgo nghe va ddo tao ky thudt (nhu md cdc lap hpc ngdn ngu ddn tpc thieu sd, cac Idp hpc chu; cdc trung tam hpc tap cho thanh nien, cdc phdng dpc, cac Idp hpc ngogi ngir; hd trp phat trien ndng nghiep) [9, tr.8].
Mpt sd nghien ciiu cho thay, mpt ttong nhiing Ipi fch khi ngudi ta theo dgo Tin Ldnh (md tin dd tu nhan) Id d cho tfnh each con ngudi thay ddi tfch cue. Tfn do Tin Ldnh bilt bd nhiing thoi quen tieu cyc, thay vdo do hp dupc khuyen khfch hpc each sir dung thdi gian mpt each hpp I^, biet tap tmng cho 1dm an vd tang gia sdn xuat. Da sd tfn dd dupc hdi cho biet, viec tham gia cac sinh hogt ton giao tap the da giiip hp ty tin ban trong giao tiep (76,2%), md rpng quan hp xa hpi (68%), thay ddi hinh Ihiic to chiic ma chay, cudi hdi (68,5%), thay doi cdch ling xir va loi sdng (74,6%) [21].
Nhiing thay ddi ndy xuat phdt tir vipc hp c6 ca hpi gap ga, giao tiep va chia se vdi nhau nhieu ban.
6 vung dd thi, da xuat hipn nhiing doanh nhdn theo dgo Tin Lanh. Vi dy, mpt nam doanh nhdn 55 tudi cho biet ban thdn dd tir tay ttang, qua nhiing cdch thuc tao von vd chuyen ddi md hinh ddu tu ttong ITnh vyc van tdi vd bdt dpng san, tiep nhan ldi khuyen cua nhiing ngudi quan nhiem Hpi Thanh, ciing nhu chap nhgn thay ddi ban than va lam theo dan hudng cua Chiia, nen da trd nen thdnh cdng. Anh cho biet, minh sdn long tu van, chi dan vd ho ttp dong dgo cung 1dm gidu. Nhung nguyen tac ciing can phdi giu la, ludn khdn ngoan vdi tien bgc, neu khdng, khdng chi ban thdn mat tien, mat bgn, ma Hpi Thdnh cdn cd the mat ti'n do.
Trong nhung nam gan ddy d Hd Npi, c6 mpt mo hinh ciia Tin Ldnh ho ttp tin dd cua
Hoang Van Chung, Trdn Thi Phuang Anh minh 1dm kinh te. Dd la viec mpt hp phai
Tin Lanh thanh lap mdt Cau lac bp doanh nhan cho Ca ddc nhdn nhung md rpng cho tat cd mpi ngudi, khong phan biet he phdi, nham giiip da cae thdnh vien kinh doanh thdnh edng. Dd la noi chia se nhirng ky nang vd kinh nghipm, thdo lugn vl nhung khd khan vd thdch thiic cung nhu bf quylt de thdnh cong ttong kinh doanh. Ddng thdi, Cau lac bd cung ket ndi vdi cdc doanh nhdn de mang sy dnh hudng din cpng ddng. Qua dd, eac thanh vien hieu nguydn tae kinh doanh tten nen tang Kinh Thdnh; chia se cdc kinh nghipm va bdi hpc ttong 1dm kinh te. Ben eanh do, Cau lgc bd ciing khfch le doanh nhdn Tin Lanh chia se ve Chiia va dnh hudng noi thuang trudng qua cdng vipc vd ddi sdng cua hp. Cdc boat dpng chfnh cua Cdu lac bp bao gdm: td chuc chuang trinh hpi thao dinh ky hang thang; td chiic dao tgo qua eac khda hpc (kinh doanh qudn tri, thuyet tnnh, hpp tdc...); td chiie cac budi ket ndi doanh nhan (qua cac hogt dpng nhu mini expo, teambuilding, tham quan doanh nghipp, 1dm tir thien...); tu van, chia se nhiing kinh nghiem cho cac thanh vi6n va ho ttp cho cac ca nhdn khdi nghiep.
Tom lgi, vipc chia se cdc phuang thiic mdi ttong sdn xudt va kinh nghiem kinh doanh da mang lgi nhiing Ipi fch thuc tien, tir do ndng eao nhdn thiic ve lao ddng, sdn xudt, eiing nhu cdi thien ddi sdng kinh te khdng ehi ddi vdi cdc tfn do Tin Lanh md cdn md rdng cho ca nhung cpng ddng ben ngodi.
4. Tac dpng cua dao Tin Lanh doi vdi viec gay dung von kinh te va vin xa hpi cua tin do
Von kinh te la ngudn luc ve vat chat tu cd hoac duac hd ttp de kinh doanh, san xudt va
ddu tu sinh ra Ipi nhuan. 6 Viet Nam, cac tin dd Tin Ldnh cd till phdt triln kinh tl hp gia dinh thdng qua cac td chiic Tin Ldnh vi hp dupc hd ttp vl vdn kinh te vd vdn xa hpi.
Theo Bdo cdo tdng kit quy in/2015, Uy ban Y tl xd hpi cua Tdng hpi Hdi tiidnh Tin Ldnh Viet Nam - miin Nam da cd rat nhieu chuang ttinh hd fro tin do tao dyng vdn vat chdt. Ben cgnh viec hd ttp nhd d, Oy ban ndy cdn kit hpp vdi Hdi Thanh Tra Vinh hd ttp vdn giiip cac gia fflnh tfn hiiu ngh&o ttong hdi thdnh cd dieu kien mua sdm cac phuang tien lam dn, mua gidng, phdn bdn cho cdc vy miia [28]. Vipc ho ttp vdn cdn thdy d no lyc cai thien nhdn thuc, gia tdng tri thiic, thiie day ket ndi ca nhdn thdng qua cdc boat ddng gido due. Ben canh dd, cac hpi thdnh thudng cd quy khuyen hpc, van dpng cdc tin hiiu khd gid giiip hpc bdng cho eac hpc sinh vd sinh vien gia dinh ngheo khd hieu hpc. Di6u nay da giiip ich cho nhieu gia dinh ddng bao ddn ldc it ngudi, ngan chan tinh trgng nghi hpc sdm cua tte em [18, tt.214]. Cdng ddng Tin Lanh cung thiic day ede dy dn phdt trien kinh te cho que huang. Cac doanh nhan Tin Ldnh tten ca nude thudng xuyen chia se nhiing khda hpc ve quan ly doanh nghipp tiieo quan dilm Kinh tiidnh [12, tt.256-257].
Vdn xa hpi dupc hieu la toan bp ngudn luc cd dupc tii vipc ttd thanh mdt thdnh vien cua mpt bay nhieu mang ludi. Nhiing ca nhan, gia dinh, hay tap the nao cdng cd nhieu ket ndi thi cdng cd nhieu uu the, vi cdc mgng ludi co gid tri sir dyng, cung trd thanh mpt logi "vdn" [5, tr.100-101]. Theo cdch nhin ndy, vdn xa hpi cita cdc cd nhdn vd cpng ddng Tin Ldnh cd the Id mpt nguon lyc dang ke ddi vdi hogt dpng kinh te cua hp. Mdt khao sdt d Tay Nguyen cho thay, kha nang tao dyng von xa hpi ciia cpng ddng Tin Ldnh la khd cao. Mang ludi xa hpi thyc su dupc hinh thanh thong qua cac sinh
Khoa hgc xa hpi Viet Nam, so 12 - 2018 boat tdn gido, vd cai gid tti nhdt md tin dd nhan duoc la nilm tin. Vdn xa hpi cd dupc thdng qua sinh hogt tdn gido tac ddng khdng nhd tdi Imh vuc kinh tl ciia tin do cac ton giao. Khao sat ciing chi ra rang, tin dd Cdng giao vd Tin Lanh cd dilu kien su dung vdn xa hpi tot hon so vdi tin dd Phat gido [10, tt.44-50]. Nghien ciiru ndy da gai y rdng, von xa hpi ciing dupe tao dyng vd md rpng qua tuang tdc giira cac tin do vdi nhau.
Nhung cdch thiic ho trp vdn kinh td va xa hpi tao ra cac tdc dpng theo chieu dpc, tir tten xuong, nghia Id tu td chiic Tin Lanh xuong tin dd, dong thdi cung c6 nhirng tac dpng theo chilu ngang, bieu hien qua sy lien kit vd hd Ira cua chfnh cae tin dd Tin Ldnh vdi nhau.
Nhu da de cap d tren, su ra ddi ciia cau lgc bp doanh nhdn Tin Lanh, ben canh viec giiip cho cac tin do nhdn dupe nhirng kien thiic va nguyen tdc can bdn, bieu qud nhdt dua tten co sd gido ly Kinh Thanh de trd nen giau co ban thi ddng thdi cdc hp cdn tim thay d day nhiing mdi quan he c6 the hd ttp nhau kinh nghiem, quan hp xa hpi ciing nhu cd the ttd thdnh ddi tdc lam dn hay giup hp quang ba hinh dnh doanh nghiep,...
Mpt tt'n hiiu Tin Lanh (nam, 55 tuli) dupc cho Id mpt ngudi kinh te rdt mgnh, eho biet: "Khi minh lam ra tiln thi ngoai sir dyng cho minh thi con phai nghT din nhiing trudng hop cdn ngheo khd, can giup dd ttong Hpi thanh vd ngodi xa hdi. Vi ddng tien do phan dnh sy vinh quang cua Chiia.
Chiia ndi giiip dd ngudi ngheo khd la dang cho Chiia ^ vay mupn. Ngudi Tin Ldnh khdng mudn giau mpt minh. Nlu hp giiip dd ngudi khac thi se dang dupc nhilu ban cho Chiia. Giiip da cd hai cdch: cho hp y tudng va eho hp mupn vdn lam an".
Nhu vay, vdn xa hdi ttong cpng ddng Tin Ldnh dupc tao dyng trudc hit la tir nen
tang ldi day ciia Thien Chiia, tiep den la mong mudn vinh danh Ngai va md rpng nuac Chiia den vdi nhieu ngudi - cung chfnh Id ttdch nhiem cua tin hiru Tin Ldnh.
Trong nhung phdng van sau khdc, chung toi da hdi vl sy ho ttp Ian nhau vl cdng viec cua nhiing ngudi cung theo Tin Lanh.
Mpt tin dd (nam, 48 tuoi, d Ha Npi) cho bilt anh ta da tim dupc vipc lam d mpt tl chuc phi chfnh phu qua gidi thipu ciia ngudi cting theo he phdi Tin Ldnh vdi minh. Mpt tfn dd (nil, 20 tudi) cung ndi rang minh da dupc gidi thieu viec lam nhd sinh hoat tai Ban Thanh nien cita Hdi thdnh.
Nhiing trudng hpp da n6u chiing td rang, Tin Lanh cd dnh hudng ddi vdi sy phdt trien kinh tl nai tin dd, mang lgi nhung tdc dpng tich cue den tang trudng kinh te. Tdn giao ndy tgo ra dpng ca vd chi ro myc dfch vd f nghTa ciia vipc 1dm gidu. Ndi ve mat niem tin tdn gido, thi vdi ngudi Tin Ldnh, do Id niem ty hdo vd ddc an dupc chng thye hipn Chuang tnnh ciia Chua, dupe tham gia vd qudn tri cua cdi the gian. Tin Ldnh khuyen tin do ddi tinh ttang thu nhdp vd thay ddi dia vi kinh te va xa hPi. Sy lan tmyIn cua Tin Ldnh khdng chi la cdu chuyen eua niem tin vd the gidi quan tdn giao, md eon Id nhiing giai phdp thue dung cho vipc cdi thien ddi sdng kmh te cua moi tin dd. Dd co the Id sy hd ttp tien von hay tao cdng an viec lam, nhung quan ttpng vd chiem ti le eao ban ca, do la su khuyen day dao due trong lao dpng, tu duy, each thiic lam dn md cac chiic sac Tin Ldnh hd ttp cho tin do cita minh.
5. Ket loan
Nhiing chuyen bien ttong quan he tdn giao vd kinh te tten thi gidi va d Viet Nam ngdy cang cd thi quan sat dupc ro rdng ban. 6
H o a n g V a n C h u n g , T r d n Thj P h u a n g A n h
Viet Nam, dgc biet d vung cdc cpng dong dan tpc thieu sd, nhiing tac dpng ciia Tin Lanh vdi tin do cua minh dien ra theo chieu tich cue. Cdc tdc dpng nay ciing dd dupc chi ra ttong cac nghien eiiu ttong va ngoai nudc.
Nhiing du Ueu dinh lupng vd dinh tfnh ma ehung tdi da thu thap, xtr Iy cung cho thdy nhiing tdc ddng do.
O Vipt Nam, vai ttd ciia ton gido vdi phat trien ben vung bat ddu the hipn rd ttong each gido due tin dd gdn hogt dpng sdn xudt vd kinh doanh vdi su dn dinh kinh tl - xd hpi, Ipi fch cpng ddng vd qudc gia, cung nhu bdo vp moi tmdng sdng. Tdn gido tgo dyng Idng tin, thiic day kinh te, hd trp cdc ddi tac lam an, muu cau tfnh minh bach, va gidm thieu khd nang bi lua doi hay loi dung. Tdc dpng cua tdn giao cd the la tryc tiep (bang cdch tao ra nhirng thi trudng cting vdi dpi ngii lao dpng todn thdi gian vd chuyen nghiep cung irng cdc san pham phuc vy nhu cau tdn giao va tam Unh), hoac bdng each gidn tiep (thdng qua anh hudng ve nhan thiie, ldi sdng, tri thiic khoa hpc vd tao dung vdn vat chat vd vdn xa hpi).
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] TrSn Thj Phucmg Anh (2016), "Moi quan he giira y£u t6 lgi I'ch, boi canh song vk lya chgn niem dn ton giao: truang hgp dao Tin Lanh trong dong bao dSn tgc thieu so a Tay Nguyen hipn nay", T^p chi Khoa hgc xd hgi vd nhdn vdn, so 1, t.2.
[2] Trucmg Huyen Chi (2010), "Hg ndi d i n g bilo khong biSt quy sy hgc: Nhijng mau thuan trong gi5o dye or viing da dan tpc TSy Nguyen Vipt Nam", Hi4n dgi vd dgng thdi cita truyin thong d Vi^t Nam: Nhiing cdch tiep can nhdn hgc, q.2, Nxb D^ii hgc Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chi Minh.
[3] Hoang Van Chung (2015), " L i m giiu voi than thanh: Ton giao vk sy mo rgng khong gian
kinh te a Viet Nam: Tiep can xa hpi hgc", Vdn hoa tdn gido vd sifphdt trien ben vung a Vi?t Nam, Nxb Ly luan chinh tri. Ha Npi.
[4] Elijah Brown (2017), "Religious freedom grows economies and stabilizes countries", Hgi thdo quoc ti "Doi thogi lien nlim tin ton gido vd trdch nhiem xa hgt', Vipn Nghien cuu Ton giao va Glocal.net, Ha Npi.
[5] Le Thu Ha (2012), "V|ii dyng ly thuygt v6n xa hpi cua Pierre Bourdieu vho phan tich vai tro ciia xa hpi dan su". Tap chi Xa hgi hgc, so 3 (119).
[6] Nguyin Xuan Hung (2010). 'TruySn gido Tin Lanh noi cac dan tpc it nguoi or vung Nam Truong Son - Tay NguySn tii khdi d£tu cho den nam 1915", Hgi thdo "Qud trinh phdt triin cua dgo Tin Ldnh a Viit Nam tu ndm 1911 din ndm 1975". Ha Npi.
[7] Do Quang Hung (2013), Chinh sdch tdn gido vd Nhd nudc phdp quyin, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, Ha Npi.
[8] Nguyen Quang Hung (2015), "BSn thgm ve nguyen nhan theo Tin Lanh cua mgt bg phan nguoi Hmong", Tap chi Nghien cuu Ton gido, so 6 (144).
[9] Luke S. Martin (2010), "Bao Tin Lanh a Viet Nam giai doan 1911-1975: NhiJng dong gop va thu thach (Cong vipc cuu trg nhSn dao va tinh nguyen ciia cac Hgi thdnh Tin Lanh)", Hgi thdo
"Qud trinh phdt trien cita dgo Tin Ldnh d Vi$t Nam tir ndm 1911 din ndm 1975", Ha Npi.
[10] Nguyen Thi Minh Nggc (2014), "M6i quan hp giira ton giao vdi kinh te a Tay Nguyen tir goc nhin voi xa hpi". Tap chi Nghiin cihi Ton gido, s6 8(134).
[11] Nguyen Thi Minh Nggc (2015), "Phat gido trong doi song kinh te", Vdn hda ton gido vdi vdn de phdt triin ben vimg d Viit Nam, Nxb Ly luan chiiih tri. Ha Npi.
[12] Biii Qu6c Phong, Nguyin Trgng Binh (2015;, ' T o n g quan ve nhiing giS tcj, dong gdp cua dao Tin Lanh tai Viet Nam", Hgi thdo "Gid trf, vai tro cua ton gido dot vdi vi^c xdy dymg vd ndng
K h o a h p c x a hpi Viet N a m , s i 12 - 2018
cao dgo due, loi song con ngudi VietNam hiin nay", Vipn Nghien cuu Ton giao, Ha Ngi.
[13] Binh Hong Phiic (2013), "Bao Cao Dai trong phdt triln kinh tS: Nhin tii gdc dp giao ly", Tap chi Nghtin ciiu ton gido, so 3.
[14] Le Minh Quang (2010), "Bao Tin Lanh 6 Lam Bong", Hgi thdo "Qud trinh phdt triin cua dgo Tin Ldnh d Viit Nam tu ndm 1911 den ndm 1975". Ha Ngi.
[15] Reginald Reimer (2011), Sy phat triln cua Ca doc giao cr phuang Nam - Mgt vai dac diem va sy bieu hien ciia C a doc giao cr Vipt Nam", Tga ddm "Dgo Tin Ldnh d Vi§t Nam giai dogn 1976-201 r.KiN^i.
[16] Ngd Huu Thao (2017), "Ton gido vd kinh ti:
Gdc nhin tic gidi ton gido d Viit Nam", Hoi thdo quoc te "Ton gido, kinh ti vd cgng ddng ASEAN, Trudng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xd hgi vd Nhdn vdn". H i Npi.
[17] Nguyin Van Thing (Chii bien) (2009). GiU ly CM hay theo ly mdi: Bdn chdi ciia nhung cdch phdn ung khdc nhau cda ngudi Hmong d Vi0t Nam vdi dnh hudng cua Tin Ldnh, Nxb Khoa hgc xahpi, Ha Npi.
[18] Le Van Tuyen (2014), "Vai tro ciia ton giao trong sy phat trien ben vijng TSy Nguyen:
trucmg hgp Tin Lanh". Hfii thdo khoa hgc
"Ton gido vdi phdt triin bin vimg Tdy Nguyen: quan diem vd gidi phdp", Vipn Nghien ciiu T6n gido. H i Npi.
[19] Vipn Nghi6n cuu Ton gido (2014), Bdo cdo kit qud xic ly so Hiu diiu tra di tdi cdp Nhd nudc
"Phdt huy gid tri cUa ton gido nhdm xdy d^tng, ndng cao dgo dice, ldi sdng con ngudi Viit Nam hiin nay". Ha Npi.
[20] Vi?n Nghien cuu Ton gido (2017), Bdo cdo xir ly da lieu cua Di tdi cap Bg "Hogt dgng tin ngudng - ton gido trong gia dinh Vi^t Nam hi4n nay". Ha Ngi,
[21] Vien Nghien cuu Ton gido (2016), Bdo cdo kit qud xic ;y da Hiu di tdi dp Bg "Biin ddi ciia
Tin Ldnh trong phdt triin ben vung d Vi^t Nam hi^n nay". Ha Npi.
[22] Brian Grim and Melissa Grim (2016). "The Socio-economic Contribution of Religion to American Society: An Empirical Analysis", Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion, Vo\.\2
[23] Chung Van Hoang (2017), "Evangelizing Post-Doi moi Vietnam: The Rise of Protestantism and the state's response".
Perspective, Issue 2017, No. 34, ISEAS.
[24] Gharad T. Biyan, James J. Choi, and Dean Karlan (2018), Randomizing Religion: The Impact (^
Protestant Evangelism on Economic Outcomes, NBER Working Paper No.24278.2018.
[25] Kelsey Dallas (2018), "Economic impact of religion: New report says it's worth more than Google, Apple and Amazon combined".
https://www.deseretnews.com/article/8656624 54/Econoinic-impact-of-reIigion-New-report- says-its-worth-more-than-Google-Apple-and- Amazon-combined.html, truy c§p ngiy 30 thdng 1 nam 2018.
[26] Michael Fitzgerald (2009), Satan, the great motivator: the curious economic effects on religion, http://archive.boston.com/
bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/ll/15/thc_curi ous_economic_efFects_of_religion/, truy c?p ngay 2/5/2016.
[27] Robert J. Barro and Rachel M. McCleary (2003), Religion and Economic Growth, National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/papers/w9682.pdf, truy cap ngay 2/5/2016.
[28] Tdng hpi Hpi thdnh Tin LSnh Vipt Nam - MiSn Nam (2015), Bdo cdo aia Uy ban y te xd hgi:
Tdng kit qu-y IIU2Q15. http://htUvn.org/
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