ANH Hl/dNG CUA LUAN CI/ONG
VE VAN DE DAN TOC VA THUOC DIA CUA V.I.LENIN DOI V6l HO CHl MINH
• GS, TS MACH QUANG THANG Hoc viin Chitth tri quoc gia Ho Chi Mitth
%T6tn tat: Ho ChiMinh trd thanh lanh tii cita Bang Cong sdn Viet Nam, "Anh himg gidi phongdan tgc, Nhd vdn hoa kiet xudt", chien slkien ciidng cua phongtrdo cgngsdn, cong nhdn quoc te vd phong trdo gidi phong ddn tgc bdi stf tdc dgng tich ctfc tii nhieu yeu to, ddc biet la stf tdc dgng tiihtdn ciidng ve van de ddn tgc vd vdn de thugc dia cita V.I.Lemn.
Bdi viet tap trung ldm ro dnh hudng ndy, dong thdi khimg dinh lgi nhitng gid tri cot loi cita Lugn ciidng doi vdi nen tdng tU tiidng cua Bdng ta.
• Tiikhoa: Ho ChiMinh, Ludn ciidng VLLenin, gidi phong ddn tgc, cdch mgng.
khac. Dau mdc dau tien va cdng la dau mdc ldn de Hd Chi Minh den vol chu nghia cpng san, dm th^y muc tieu va con dudng ciiu nuoc mdi, dung dan cho su phat trien Ciia dan tgc Yiet Nam chinh la tu khi Hd Chi Minh dgc Luan cuang VI.Lenin.
Tai sao nhu vay?
Ttrkhatvonggiaipbongdan tocva tuduyphS phan
Nguyen Sinh Huy, cha ciia Hd Chi Muih, la mgt nha nho, do Pho bang nam 1901, la ngtrdi 1. Ly giai ve mot sir anh hirong sau dam
doivdiHoCMMinhm
Hd Chi Minh giac ngd chu nghia cgng san chinh la b§t dau tu khi dgc va hilu han Sa thao lan thij nhat NhUng luan ctiongvevan dedan tgc va v^ de thudc dia (D6 trinh bay tai Dai hoi II Qudc t^Cong san) ciia V.LLenin (tit day ggi tat la Luan ctrong VLLenin). Ban Luan cuong nay dtrgc thac luan tai Dai hdi II Qudc te Cgng san hgp tii ngay 19-7 den ngay 7-8-1920 a Pettograd (nay la
Sankt Peterhurg, Nga), Ngudi ygu nuoc nhiet yeu nuac nhung khong den noi cue doan ghet thanh ndi chung d tat ca cac thai ky va vao nhiing
nam dau thg ky XX d Viet Nam thi khong phai chl cd Hd Chi Minh, Nhung Hd Chi Minh la ngitdi da kgt hgp dupe chii nghia ygu nuac vol chu nghia cgng san, dg vay, day la dlfo chii chdt nhat lam cho H6 Chl Minh khac vdi nhiing nha yeu nui>c
thuc dan Phap rdi ghet ludn ca tigng Phap, ma khich le cac con mmh hgc tieng Phap. Dd la ly dg tai sao vag dd mdi 13, Hd Chi Minh dugc cha cho di hgc mgt thda gian ngSn d Trudng Phap - Vigt tai tinh ly Vinh (tinh Nghe An). Nam 1923, nha hao - nha tho Lign Xd Oxip Mandensgtam da ttd
LV LUISN CHiNH TR! - So 4/2020
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K V N I § M 150 N A M NGAY SINH V.I.LENINehuyen vdi Ho Chi Minh khi Ngudi vira mdi sang Lien Xo. Sau cudc ud chuyen dd, Oxip Mandensotam cd hdi Tham mot chiin si quoc te cdng sin - Nguyen Ai Qudc dang bao Ogo- niok (Lien Xd), sd 39, ngay 23-12-1923. Oxip Mandensotam thudt lai ldi Hd CM Minh: "Tdi sinh ratrongmdt gia ^nh nha nho AnNam... Khi tdi do mudi ba tudi, lan dau tien tdi dupe nghe ba chii Phap: Tu do, Binh dang, Bac ai... Va tir thud dy, tdi rat muon lam quen vdi nen van minh Phap, mudn tim xem nhiing ^ an ddng sau nhiing chir ay. Nhung Uong nhiing trudng hgc cho ngudi ban xu, bgn Phdp day ngudi nhu day con vet. Chung giau khdng cho ngudi nudc tdi xem sdch bao.
Khdng phai chi sdch cua cdc nhd van mdi, ma ca Rutxd va Mdngtexkio ciing hi cam. Vdy thi phai lam the nao bay gid? Tdi quyet dinh tim cdch di ra nudc ngoai"'^', "xem nudc Phap vd cac nudc khac. Sau khi xera xet hp lam nhu the nao, tdi se trd ve giup ddng bao ehiing ta"'^'. Ngudi ta cd quyen tin hay khdng tin nhung ^ Hd Chi Minh hdi tudng, tuy la Ngudi it Idii ke vl ban than minh, va neu cd kl thi chi tren nhung net cham pha, nhimg, tdi tin nhiing ldi Ngudi ke la su that.
Di ra nude ngoai Id di nudc nao? Trong tac phimNhdngmau chuyen vi ddi boat ddng cua Hd Chu tich viet ndm 1948, tdc gia Tran Ddn Tien dua mdt thdng tin: "Cu Phan Bdi Chdu mudn dira anh vd mdt sd thanh nien sang Nhdt.
Nhung anh khdng di"*'". Hd Chl Minh quyet dinh di sang Phap rdi ttr dd di rat nhieu nudc khde d chdu Au, chau Phi, chau My, chdu A. Hd Chi Mmh rdt khdm phuc nhung khdng di theo muc tieu va eon dudng giai phdng dan tde cua eac phong trao khdng Phap theo tu tudng phong Men, tieu hieu la Phong trdo Can Virong {1885- 1896) va Phong Udo Ddn ehii tu san tir dau thi kyXX. Vdy la, sulirachpn con dudngxuat duong da Id mpt kgt qua phan anh tu duy phe phan sdc
ben, dung ddn ciia mot ngudi tudi edn tte nhu Ho Chi Minh luc nay. Ngay 5-6-I9I1, Hd Chi Mmh xudng tau Aimral Latouehe-Treviile de tu nguyen dan thdn vdo su nghiep giai phdng ddn tdc theo muc tieu va con dudng khac. Vd, Hd Chi Minh da tim thdy muc tieu va con dudng theo each mang vd san nhd cd Ludn cuong V.I.Lenin.
Sugap gdgida kbit vong vi lyluan giai phdng Hd Chi Minh cd tu chat thdng minh, ham hge, lai la eon nha gia giao, eon quan. Hd Chi Minh la ngudi cd dieu ki$n thuan lpi de tien thdn bdng eon dudng hgc tap dtrong nudc, cd sao laibd hgc giiia chimg de di nudc ngodi, sdng cuge sdng vd cimg gian khd? Kieu/tip ngudi khdng mdng danh lpi, bdng cdp hpc thuat, chuc tudc dViet Nam vd Uen the gidi la khdng hiem. Ngay ngudi dau tien md Hd Chi Mmh chiu anh hirdng tip ngudi ndy chinh la cha minh, mdt ngudi do Phd bang nam 1901 nhung khdng mudn ralam quanvi cd quan niem "Quan ttudng thi nd le trung chi nd le, huu nd le"'^', nghia la quan trudng Id nd le ttong nhiing ngudi no le, lai cang nd le han. Nguydn Sinh Huy day cac con minh rdng: "Vdt di quan gia vi ngd phong dang"'^', nghia la dimg lay phong each nha quan lam phong each nha mmh. Phan Bdi Chdu cimg vay, Id ngudi hgc rat gidi, do ddu Giai nguyen ky thi huong khoa Canh Ty (1900) nhung khong lay viec do dat de lap than, khdng ra lam quan, ma chieu tap luc lugng diing len ehdng Phdp, vi cd quan niem: Lap than tdi ha thi van chuong. Phan Chau Trmh dd Phd bang cung khda vdi cha eiia Hd Chi Mmh nhung ciing khdng ra lam quan ma ttd thdnh mdt thu linh cua cudc cdch raang duy tan dat nudc. Huynh Thue Khdng, mpt ttong nhiing "con hd" Duy Tdn d mien Tmng do tam gidp tien si nam 1904 eiing khdng mdng eon dudng quan Ip md de tam hoat ddngyeu nudc. Otten the gidi, ttongphongttao cdng san, thi chiing ta thay CMac lay bdng tien
L* LUAN CHINHTR!-So4/2020
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si Trilt hpc ndm 1841, liic 23 tudi, nhung khdng di theo con dudng hdn lam di ttd thdnh gido su dai hgc, ma di theo con dudng each mang vd san.
PhAngghen Id con nha tu sdn giau cd nhung sdn sang tu bd con dudng eiia gia dinh rainh di ttd thanh cay \a cam thii hai ben canh C.Mac.
Hd Chi Minh ehu ddng chdi tir nhung hoan Id hodc nhiing thdi ea dd tien than, chii ddng ddn thdn vdo eon dudng gian nan tim muc tieu va con dudng ciiu nudc mdi diing dan hon nhung muc tidu vd eon dudng cuu nudc md bdc yeu nudc tifo nhan da va dang lam. Hd Chl Minh bd Trudng Qudc hpc Hui giiia chung de xudng phuong nam tim each ra nudc ngoai, ma niu hge tilp lln, thi cd thi Ngudd se ttd thanh mdt cdng chuc hodc quan lai cua che dd thudc dia- phong kiln. Ndm 1938, Hd Chi Minh tiidi lam nghien ciiu sinh d Vien Nghiin cuu Nhiing vdn dl dan tde va thude dia eua Qudc te Cgng san tai Matxcava (Lien Xd) khi dd hoan thanh chuang trinh nam thu nhat va bat dau nhan de tai ludn an tiln si sii hgc. Hd Chi Minh lam nhilu nghi dl sdng va boat ddng cdch mang, ttong dd cd nhiing cdng vide rdt ndng nhpc khdng hgp vdi the chat thu sinh ciia Ngudi. Gpi Id ldm thdy thii thi ggi chung vdy thdi, ehii Hd Chi Minh lam tten tdu van tai bidn la phu bip, la "culi" theo edch ggi milt thi ciia thuc dan Phdp, ma cd luc Biii Quang Chieu, ky su canh ndng ed qude tich Phdp, di hang nhdt trdn tau eung vdi gia dinh, ttdng thdy Hd Chi Mmh ttin tau, khuyen rdng:
"Tai sao con lai lam cai nghi khd nhpc ndy. Bd nghe ndy di. Con nen chpn mpt nghi khac, danh giahon"*^. Sau ndy sdng dVuong qudc Anh, Hd Chl Minh lich su chdi tii ldi dl nghi ciia dng "vua ddu hip" ngudi Phap Etcdpphie rat gidu cd dang dieu khien nha bip ciia khaeh san Cdeloton a thil dd London, noi ma Ngudi dang lam bdi ban:
"Ong han tte tdi oi, anh nghe tdi...Tam thdi anh
hay gac y nghi cdch mang ciia anh lai mdt bin, vd tdi sl day cho anh edch lam bip, ldm ngon vd anh se dupe nhil'u tien. Anh bang ldng chii?"'^'.
Hd Chl Minh khdng nhan ldi bdi Ngudi khdng ham tien, bdi "it ldng tham mudn vl vdt chat""^', cung nhu "khdng ham mudn cdng danh phii quy chiit nao.. .khdng dinh Mu gi vdi vdng danh Ipi"'^"', bdi vi Ngudi cd mue dieh khac: di tim dudng cuu nudc mdi, diing dan cho dan tde sau bao phen dau ttanh cua ede phong trdo giai phdng dan tdc theo tu tudng phong kiln va theo tu tudng ddn ehu tu san hi that bai. Chang thi ma khi boat ddng yeu nude tai Phdp, mdt hdm Bp trudng Bd Thudc dia Phdp mdi Ho Chi Minh din gap tai Bd Thudc dia; vi Bd trudng nay Idc thi de dga, liic thi ra ve dn tdn khuyen Ngudi tir bd hoat ddng chdng thuc ddn Phdp thi Ngudi tta ldi: "Cai md tdi can nhdt tten ddi Id: Ddng bao tdi duge tu do, Td qudc tdi dugc ddc lap"'"'.
Hd Chl Minh din vdi Luan cuong V.LLenin la ca mdt qud trinh hpp Idgic eiia cudc ddi. Trudc do, Hd Chi Mmh ddhgc tap, quan sdt, nghign ciiu thuc tl nhilu nude chau Au, chdu My, chdu Phi vd nhdt Id d dia ban Anh, Phap vdi khdng khi ehinh tri sdi ddng ddu thi ky XX. Hd Chi Mmh tien them mdt budc hoat ddng ehinh tri; vao Dang Xd hdi Phap, mdt td chiic lam CO sd cho su md mang tri thuc va mai sdc them tu duy chinh tti.
Ve sau nay, thang 4-1960, trong bai vilt cho tap chi Cac van di phuang Ddng (UenXo) nhdn Ky niem ldn ±ir 90 Ngay smh ciia V.LLInin, Hd Chl Mmh kl lai rdng, ngay sau The chien 1, Ngudi ung hd cugc Cach mang Thdng Mudi Nga ndm 1917 la theo cam tinh tu nhien'^^': "Khi tdi nlu eau hdi: "Aikhangdinhrordngld minh dodn kit vdi cde dan tdc bi chii nghia thuc dan dp biic?"
thi ngudi ta tta ldi: Qudc tithu ba. Rdi rapt ddng chl dua eho tdi dpc Luan cuang vi cac van di dan toe va thudc dia cua Lenin vira ddng tren
LfLUAN CHINH TRI-So 4/2020
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KY NIEM 1 5 0 NAM N G A Y SINH V . I . L I N I Nbao Nhan dao... Tir dd tdi dd cd rapt su lua chpn:
tan thdnh Qudc te thir ba va hoan toan tin theo Lenin, ttn theo Qude tlthiiba"^'^'.
Vay, Luan cuong eua V.LLenin ed nhiing ndi dung gi ma anh hudng din nhan thirc va hanh ddng eua Ho Chi Mmh mdt cdch sau sdc va manh me din nhu vdy?
Luan cuong la van ban duoc V.LLenin vilt ngdy 5-6-1920, dang tten tap chi Qudc f^Cpng^
san, sd 11, ngdy 14-7-1920 dl Idy y kiln sira chua, bd sung, dieu chinh; bdo I'Humanite cua Dang Xd hpi Phdp dang lai vao thang 7-1920.
Trong Ludn cuong, V.LLenin chi ra nhung nhiem vu ca ban hang dau cua cae dang cdng san la: 1) Phai danh gia diing tinh hinh eu thi; 2) Phai thay ro lgi ieh eua giai cap hi dp biic, ciia nhung ngirdi lao ddng, cua nhung ngirdi hi bdc lot; 3) Phdi phdn biet ro nhiing dan tdc bi dp hue, phu thudc, khdng dugc hudng quyln binh dang, vdi nhiing dan tdc di dp biie, bdc lot, dugc hudng day dli mpi quyln lgi, de ddp lai su lira ddi kieu dan chu tu sdn khi raa thuc chdt la tuyet dai da sd nhan dan tten ttdi ddt bi mdt thieu sd nhd be nhung nudc tu ban tiln tiln rdt muc gidu cd nd dich vl mat thudc dia vd tdi chinh - su nd dieh nay la dae diem ciia thdi dai tu ban tai chinh vd chu nghia de quoc.
Trong Ludn cuong, V.LLInhi vach ro tinh chat lira ddi cua Hda udc Versailles, cho rdng, Hda ude dd chang qua Id "nhung ldi ndi vdn hoa ciia bpn ddn ehii tu san..., la mdt hdnh vi bao luc...
tan ac va de tien... ddi vdi cdc dan tdc nhd ylu""^'. Dilu ndy thi chiing ta thay rd d Hd Chi Minh vdi su kiln ngay 18-6-1919, Ngudi dd" thay mat nhdm nhdng ngudi yeu nudc An Nam"^'^^'* tai Phdp nam 19191ay tenlaiVgu/ifn^'Quoc vdi dja chi sd 56, phd Moxla Lo Pranhxa, Paris, gui tiiu kera theo ban Feu sach cua nhin dan An Nam cho Tdng thdng My V.Wilson vd Trudng Doan
dai bieu cdc nudc Ddng Mmh thdng ttdn ttong Thd ehien I hgp tai Versailles, Phdp. Tai Hdi nghi Versailles, Tdng ttidng My V.Wilson tilp tuc tuyen bdtiieo tinh than "Chuong tirinh 14 dilra"
ma dng ta da nlu tir nam 1918. Thuc ra, tam dilm ciia Chuong trinh nay la nhdm thiet lap vai trd Idnh dao ciia My doi vdi thi gidi, ddng thdi ehdng lai nudc Nga Xdviit vira mdi ra ddi. Tdng thdng My da dua ra nhiing 161 rat my raieu vl quyln dan tdc tu quyit, ve quyen ddn chu. Cd the ndi rdng, Tdng thdng My V.Wilson dd cham tning tam ly khat khao chay bdng vl nhiing chu de dd ttong con tim khoi dc nhiing ngudi yeu nudc cua eac dan tdc thudc dia tten thi gidi, ttong dd ed nhiing ngudi Viet Nam yeu nudc dang cd mat tai Phap ndm 1919, md tilu bieu la nhung nhan vat ehii ehdt ttong nhdm Phan Chau Trinh, Phan Van Truang, Nguyln Thi Truyen, Nguyln Tdt Thanh.
Ban Yeu sach chi la nhiing dieu "khiem tdn""^
dat ttong bdi canh luc bay gid. Dang tile thay, va cung khdng cd §. la bdt ngd, ehiing ta thdy tuyln bd vl quyln dan tdc tu quyit cua Tdng thdng My VWilson tai Hgi nghi Versailles ndm 1919 chi Id ttin ddu luoi, khdng ed mdt chiit nao vl gid tri tiiue tl. Vl sau, ttongbdi Cudc khing chiin ciia td hpp nhung bai vdi tieu dl chung la Ddng Duong nam 1923-1924, Hd Chi Minh cho rdng: "Chu nghia Uynxon" chl la mdt ttd bip bgm ldn""".
V.I.Lemn la ngudi da ndi Id lam. Trong Ludn cuong. Ong cho rdng, cudc ddu ttanh cua giai cdp vd san va nhan ddn cdc nudc tiiudc dia va phu tiiudc luc nay dd "tiiuc day su tan vd cua nhung ao ttidng ddn tdc tilu tu san ve kha nang chung sdng hda bmh va bmh ddng giua cae dan tdc dudi chl dp tu ban chii nghia""^), -pfj 35 V.LLenin eho rdng: "Dieu quan ttong nhat ttong chmh saeh cua Qudc te Cdng san ve van de dan tdc vd vdn de tiiude dia phai la ldm cho vo san vd
LYLUAN CHINHTR!-So 4/2020
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quan chiing lao ddng cua tat ea eae dan tdc va tat ca cac nudc gdn giii nhau de tien hanh cudc ddu ttanh cdch raang ehung nhdm ldt dd bgn dia chu va giai cap tu san. Bdi vi chi cd su gdn gui ay mdi bao dam vile chiln thdng chu nghia tuban, nlu khdng ed chiln thdng dd thi khdng the thu tieu dugc dch dp biic dan tge vd tinh ttang bdt binh ddng"'^^'. Trong Ludn cuong, V.LLenin nhan manh: "Thuc hien trude hit su dodn kit tdt ca nhiing ngudi vd san, rdi din todn the quan ehiing nhiing ngudi lao ddng, trong cudc ddu tranh chdng giai cdp tu san... Tdt ca cdc dang cdng san phai true tilp ung hd cac phong ttao each mang ciia nhiing ddn tdc phu thudc... Nlu khdng ...thi cudc dau tranh ciia nhiing dan tdc phu thudc vd cda cae thudc dia chdng dp biic...
chi la nhiing chieu bdi ddi tta"'^™.
2. Vai diem quy chieu vol gdc nhin dmmg dai Hien nay, cd mdt sd ngudi nhan dinh khdng diing vl mue tieu vd con dudng ddc lap dan tde va chii nghia xd hdi do Hd Chi Minh chpn. Cd mdt sd y kiln cho rdng, Hd Chl Minh da chpn sai, va he luy, theo hp, la khien cho ddt nude Viet Nam ldm vao nhieu cudc chiln tan khde khdng cdn tiiiet; rdng, vi mue tieu vd con dudng md Hd Chi Minh chgn khdng ddng, cho ndn ddt nudc Viet Nam mdi tiln cham ttong khi tilm luc, tilm ndng cua ddt nudc rdt ldn, nlu chpn dung muc tieu vd con dudng - tiieo hp - (md ndi thdng ra la mue tieu vdcon dudng tuban ehu nghia), thi dan tdc Viet Nam dau cd thua ehi kem em, se sdm sdnh vai vdi cac cudng quoc nam chau, chir ddu phai nhu hiln thdi mdi dvdo dang nudc viia thodt ngheo, GDP ddu ngudi nam 2019 chi dat gan 3.000 ddla My, van ehua thodt khdi bay ciia nudc thu nhdp trung bmh, ttong khi miic GDP binh quan ddu ngudi thi gidi dang dat con so gan 9.000 ddla My.
Cii cho Id nhung ngudi cd y kiln nhu ttin ed eai tdm Idnh di, thi ldp luan cua hp khdng phii
hpp vdi thuc t l cua Viet Nam va the gidi ttong nhiing ndm ddu thi ky XX. Thuc tl ngay tir cuoi the ky XIX dau the ky XX, Viet Nam da kiem nghiim tdt ca cdc muc tilu vd con dudng phdt triln rdi. Can Vuong u? Vu ttang danh dudi thuc dan Phap de rdi quay lai cung cd chl dp phong kiln thi di ngupc lai xu the phat trien ciia xd hdi Viet Nam. Nhung nang luc va siie manh cua thdi dai phong kiln Viet Nam hi tan lui mdt each tham hai, ttong khi thi gidi da vugt qua thdi ky tuban tu do canh ttanh md dd dat d mire tu ban xuyen qudc gia. Dan chu tu san u? Kl ca hinh thuc Cdng hda dai nghi va Quan chii lap hiln thi Id mdi d Viet Nam nhung dd id cii vd ldi thdi cua thi gidi. Do vay, cac phong ttao dd thdt bai nhanh chdng, thdt bai khdng phai chi vi Viet Nam chi cd vii khi tho so, ky thuat tac chien thua kem so vdi luc lupng xam lupc Phap himg hdu, ma chd ylu thdt bai la do cac phong trao ylu nudc dd khdng hgp thdi.
Xu the mdi - do Id eon dudng theo cdeh mang vd san, muc tieu vd con dudng ma ly ludn C.Mac vd V.LLInin neu len, Id ndm a giai cap cdng nhan, giai cdp dung trung tdm cua thdi dai. Mdt khi eac trao luu, phong trdo cdch mang d Viet Nam dupe kiem nghiem, thi cdi tdn tai va phat trien mdi chiing to dugc sice song hpp quy luat cua nd. Ho Chi Minh la ngudi ddp ting dugc yeu cdu cua xu the phdt trien eua ddn tdc. Mdt xuat phat diing, hpp le tu nhien, hgp quy ludt; nhan thirc, hanh ddng eua Hd Chi Minh la nhan thiic, hanh dpng cua ngudi dai dien, ngudi di tien phong eua xu till.
Vdi gdc nhin chinh tri md ndi, su phii nhan muc tieu va con dudng md Hd Chi Mmh chgn chinh la su phit nhdn chii nghia Lenin, la su vl hiia cimg cac the luc chfnh tri vdi cdi tam khdng lanh cita nhiing ngudi mudn da kich, xuyen tac iy ludn Mac - Linin, mudn "ha be" Ho Chl Minh.
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KY NIEM 150 N A M NGAY SINH V.I.LENINCd mdt sd ngirdi edn cho rdng, sir "lac dilu", "sai lam" ttong qua trinh tdn tai va phat trien cua ddn tdc Viet Nam so vdi the gidi khdng ehi Id bdt ngudn ttr su kiln 3-2-1930, ma edn sdm hon, tir Dai hdi XVIII Dang Xd hdi Phdp tai thdnh phd Tour (Phdp) thang 12-1920, thdm chixa ban nija, la ttr khi Hd Chi Minh dge - hieu - di theo sir chi dan cua Ludn cuong V.LLenin, thang 7-1920.
Nhimg y kien nay edn dupe td dam hon, gia cudng ngdn tu luc bdng bay hon, luc cay nghiet hon khi c h l dp chinh tri xa hdi chu nghia d lien Xd vd d nhieu nudc Ddng Au sup dd. Ciing tir dd, hg cho rdng - van ludn dieu cu ma thdi, khdng cd g3 mdi, - la chu nghia Mac - Lenin sai, "sai ca gdi".
Danh rdng, ttong phong ttao cdng san qude t l cd mdt sd hiln tupng ky qudi, nhung dd khdng phdn dnh ban chat cua ly luan chii nghia cdng san. Ciing tuong tu nhu vay, ttong qua trinh xay dung chu nghia xd hdi d Viet Nara, dd ed mdt so hidn tupng xdu, kera, nhung dd chi Id nhung hiln tugng khdng phan dnh ban chat. Nhiing cdi dd la nhiing yeu td phi xa hdi chu nghia. Ly ludn ve ehu ngtiia xa hdi ciia chit nghia Mae - Lenin van mang ban chat khoa hpc vd each mang.
Dang Cdng san Viet Nam nhan thirc ro dilu do, cho n i n da va dang lam het siic minh tay nia nhiing phan tii tieu cue ra khdi eo the Dang va he thdng chinh tri ndi chung, dd vd dang khac phue nhiing ban che, yeu kem de dat nudc phat trien nhanh va ben viing, sdnh vai vdi cac cudng qudc nam chdu nhu di nguyln cua Hd Chi Minh, budc tilp til mdc xudt phat nam 1920 khi Hd Chi Mmh dpc Ludn cuong V.I.Lemn.
Hd Chi Minh ludn ludn nhdt qudn tuan thii quan diem giai phdng ddn tdc raa V.LLInin neu lln. Dil Hd Chi Minh cd nhiing budc tiln ttong nhan thuc vd hdnh ddng ve muc tilu vd eon dudng phat triln ciia dan tdc Viet Nara theo ly ludn Mdc - Linin di chang nua, tiii Luan cuong
V.I.Lenin vdn la cdt mdc chdc chdn, simg sung lam be phdng cho Ngudi di tdi ehdn ly ciia each mang Viet Nam: ehi cd chu nghia xd hgi, chu nghia cdng san mdi giai phdng dupe ddn tdc mdt edch triet de. Vdi y nghia dd, Luan cuong V.I.LInm chinh la su khdi nguyln cho su nghiep ba giai phdng ma Hd Chi Mmh dan thdn trong sudt cupc ddi oanh Met cuaminh: Giai phdng dan tgc - Giai phdng giai cdp - Giai phdng con ngudi O
(I) Trong cugc doi minh, Ho Chi Minh co rdt nhilu ten va biit danh. Trong bai vilt nay, toi Idy ten Hd ChiMinh di dai dien cho tat ca cac ten va biit danh ciia Hd Chi Minh a tat ca cac thoi ky.
{2} Ho Chi Mmh: Toan tap, t.l, Nxb Chinh tn qudc gia,HaNoi,20n,tt.461.
(3), [4], (7), (8) Theo Tran Dan Tien: Nbiing mau chuyen vi ddi boat dong cua Hd Chu tich, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2015, tt.l6,15,21,37.
(5) Theo Ban Nghien ciiu lich sit Dang Trung uong:
Chii tich Hd ChiMinh - Tiiu susunghiep, Nxb Su that, HaNgi, 1980, tt. 12.
(6) Hoc vien Chinh tti - Hanh chinh qudc gia Hd Chi Minh - Song Thanh (Chii bien): Hd ChiMinh - Tiiu sii, Nxb Ly ludn chinh tri. Ha Ngi, 2006, tt.24.
(9) Hd Chl Minh: Toan t$p, t.2, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Noi, 2011, tt.280.
(10) Ho ChiMinh: Toantap, t.4, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia,HaNgi,2011,u.l87.
(II) TheoT.Lan: Vda di dudng vira ke chuyen, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia, HaNoi, 2015, tt.26.
(12), (13) Xem Ho Chi Mmh; Toan tap, t.l2, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, HaNgi, 2011, tt.561,562.
(14), (18), (19), (20) VI.Lenin: Toan tap, t.41, Nxb Tiln bd, Matxcova, 1978, tt.l99,199,199,202.
(15), (16), (17) Hd Chi Minh: Toan tap, t.l, Nxb Chinh di qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2011, tt.470,469,441.
LYLUAN CHINH TRj-So 4/2020
