TRAO OOI
\>l'^}:,l;,t
CAC YEU TO ANH Hl/dNG DEN PHONG VAN SAU:
THU'C TIEN TU* M O T SO NGHIEN CUtT XA H O I
NGUYEN THI KIM HOA*
DANG THI ANH NGUYET"
PHAN HONG GIANG*"
Gioi thieu
Mdt phdng vdn la mdt cau ehuyen gifla ngudi di phdng van va ngudi dugc phdng van ed muc dich thu thap thdng tin. Phdng vdn sau tap trung vao ehu de va van de nghien cflu, tfl dd rflt ra nhiing hilu bilt sau sdc cua ngudi dugc phdng van ve chfl de va van de nghien cuu. Do vay, phdng van sau dugc xem la mdt phuong phap tim kiem va thu thap thdng tin ea ban trong cae nghien cflu xa hgi. Tuy nhien, su thanh edng cfla mgt cugc phdng van khdrig chi dua vao su hgp tac gifta ngudi dugc phdng van va ngudi phdng vdn, va kha nang lua chgn ngudi phdng van. Cd nhieu yeu td anh hudng den phdng van sau, nhu trong thuc tien nghien ciiu cfla chflng tdi ve dan sd, gia dinh va chat lugng cugc sdng, giao due, y td va HIV/AIDS d Viet Nam. Bai viet se phan tieh eae yeu td dd va neu len mgt sd khuyen nghi ddi vdi phdng van sau de dam bao tinh day dfl, hoan chirih va khach quan cfla nghien efln.
Cac loi the ctia phdng van sau trong nghien cmi xa hoi
Phdng van sau dugc xem la mgt phuang phap tim kiem va thu thap thdng tin ea ban trong eac nghien ciiu xa hgi (Seidman, 1998). Phuang phap nay eho phep nha nghien cflu trao ddi va thao luan vdi cac ca nhan tham gia nghien cuu, nhd dd thu thap dugc thdng tin sau, phat trien va lam rd eae khia canh cfla vdn dl nghien eflu (Hinds, 2000).
Ngudi phdng vdn va ngudi dugc phdng van ed ea hdi trao ddi y kiln, thdng tin, suy nghT. Nhihig thdng tin nay vfla la tu lieu, vfla la nhiing ggi y dl thao luan va tim hilu sau ban vdn dd nghien eflu (Holstein & Gubrium, 2003). Phdng vdn sau eung la phuong phap ehinh de tilp can nhimg vdn de nhay cam nhu mau thuin ea nhan, ehinh tri, dao dfle (Arksey & Knight, 1999). Day ehinh la lgi thi ma eae phuang phap khac nhu nghien eflu tai lieu, bang hdi, va quan sat khdng ed duge. Cu thd, cae tai lieu ehi ghi nhan mdt phan y kien va thdng tin ma khdng eho phep nha nghien eflu hidu sau ban vl cac nguyen nhan va vdn dl lien quan (McCulloch, 2004). Phuong phap dilu tra bang hdi khdng eho phep nha nghien eflu va ddi tugng duge nghidn cflu trao ddi thdng tin va y kiln (Hinds, 2000). Cung tuang tu nhu vay, quan sat true tilp ed the ghi nhan eae hanh vi va tuong tae cua cae ea nhan va nhdm ngudi lien quan, nhung thudng khdng cho nhieu thdng tin vl dgng ea va suy nghT ddng sau (Bryman, 2004).
* TS,; Dai hoc Qu6'c gia Ha Ndi.
** TS.; Dai hoc Qu6'c gia Ha N6i.
*** ThS.; Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha N6i.
58
NghiSn cuu Con ngudi so 4 (49) 2010Cdc yeu td dnh hu&ng..
Cac nghien eflu cfla chflng tdi vl dan sd, gia (finh va chat lugng eude sdng, giao due, y tl va HIV/AIDS d Viet Nam la nhung vi du khlng djnh eae uu thd nay eua phdng vdn sau (Bang Anh Nguyet, 2009; Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, 2000,2007a, 2007b; Nguydn, Trin, &. Pham, 1997;
Phan Hdng Giang, 2005). Trong cae nghien eflu nay, chflng tdi tim kiem thdng tin tfl eae ngudn Tchac nhau, trong dd gdm cac kho luu trfl, tu Ueu eua eac td chflc, t ^ the va ea nhan, ban than
eac ca nhan qua phdng vdn, va quan sat true tiep. Chflng tdi nhan thay eae tu lieu va tai Ueu thudng ghi ehep ngay thang, sd Ueu, eae quyet dinh, boat ddng ehinh thflc cfla cae ea quan doan the nhung lai It khi de cap den ddi sdng hang ngay eiing nhu eae hoat dgng cu the eua eac ea nhan Uen quan, dac biet la nhan vien hay nhiing ngudi dan thudng. Quan sat eua chflng tdi cftng chi cho thay thai do va hanh vi eiia eac ea nhan ehu khdng eho thay nguyen nhan, ddng ea va suy nghT eua hg. Nhiing dieu nay ehi duge lam rd nhd phdng van sau.
Phdng van sau eung cho phep tiep can va lam sang td eac van de nhay cam, gdm chinh tri, te nan xa hgi nhu nghien hflt, HIV/AIDS, bao hanh gia dinh, va bat binh dang gidi, nhiing van de khdng eho phep quan sat true tiep hay nghien eflu qua tu lieu. Vi du, phdng van eae quan chuc tnmg uong va dia phuang eung cap eae ehi tiet eiing nhu didn giai ve qua trinh hoach dinh, trien khai va danh gia eae quyet saeh, dae biet la su tae dgng qua lai gifta eae ben lien quan, ly giai eho eae hanh dgng eiuig nhu danh gia cfla timg ben ve eae qua trinh va ket qua eua ehinh sach (Dang Anh Nguyet, 2009).
Khi nghien eflu vl HIV/AIDS, chflng tdi da tien hanh phdng van sau de lay y kien cua ngudi dan ve thai do cfla hg trong nhung tinh hudng gia dinh khae nhau (flng xfl khi ban be, ngudi than, hang xdm la ngudi ed HIV,...) va tfl dd xae dinh dflge mfle do ky - thi, hinh thflc, bieu hien eua ky thi va phan biet ddi xfl trong egng ddng vdi ngudi ed HIV mdt each rd net. Dae bidt, chflng tdi phat hien thay, nhiing ngudi ed HIV phai chiu sir ky thi va phan biet ddi xu trong ehinh gia dinh eua hg va tai eae ea sd kham ehfla benh. Ben eanh dd, yeu td gidi the hien rd net trong nhung hinh thfle trai nghiem ve ky thi va mfle do eua ky thi lien quan tdi HIV. Nhiing dieu nay khdng xae dinh dugc qua phdng van bang bang hdi, eae bao cao va tai lieu chinh thfle (Phan Hdng Giang, 2005).
Tuong tu, trong mgt nghien cuu khae, nhd phdng van sau eae thanh nien mac vao te nan xa hgi, chflng tdi xae nhan duge tam trang cfla hg, nhiing nguyen nhan chfl quan va khach quan dan den viee hg tham gia te nan. Vide nay khdng the xae dinh duge trong quan sat hoac qua eae tu lieu. VI du qua trinh do thi hda, thu hdi dat dai eua nha nude va di dan tfl hdng thdn ra thanh thi da lam thay ddi ea eau lao dgng vide lam cfla ngfldi dan, mgt sd thanh nien nghi hge, khdng ed vide lam sa vao te nan xa hgi (ed bae, ma tiiy, mai dam, dua xe may) (Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, 2007b).
Nguyen nhdn khien cho te nan xd hgi ngdy cdng phuc tgp vd buc xuc Id do ngudi ddn mdt ddt, khong cd cong dn viee ldm, nhieu gia dinh nhdn tien den bii ddt xdy nhd trg, nhd nghi mgc len nhu ndm, co nhieu gdi mgi ddm, gdi ggi tro tren dia bdn, t$ nan cd bgc cd cd phu nit, tre em gdi vd nhung bd cu gid, mgt buoi toi mdy trieu bgc, co nhd ham choi, thua bgc cdn phdi bdn nhd di de trd ng, nhiiu ddi tugng lao dgng thdi vu ldm viec tren dia bdn khong khai bdo gdy mdt trdt tu cong cgng Id nguon goc te nan xd hgi (trieh tai lieu phdng vdn sau).
Cac yen to anh hirong den phong van: cac ben tham gia phong van
Chflng tdi nhan thay ed eac ben tham gia va quan he cfla hg la mgt nhdm ylu td anh hudng ldn din eae phdng vdn sau. Khae vdi eac loai hinh thu thap thdng tin, phdng vdn
NghiSn cdu Con ngudi s64 (49) 2010 e g
Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, Ddng Thi Anh Nguyet, Phan Hdng Giang sau thudng chi gdm hai ben tham gia, la nha nghien eflu va ea nhan dugc mdi tham du
phdng vdn. Tuy nhien, eung cd the cd su tham gia cfla ben thfl ba, cd thi la thfl ky nghien cflu, hoac ngudi giam hd hoac trg giflp cho ca nhan dugc phdng van. Quan he phdng vdn bat dau tu Iflc nha nghien cuu cd nhiing hanh dgng lien lac dau tidn vdi ben dugc phdng van va eae ben lien quan de xin phep phdng van nhung diem ket thuc cfla mdi quan he nay thudng khdng trflng vdi su kdt thfle cfla cude phdng van va ed the cdn vugt ra ngoai pham vi nghien eflu (Bryman, 2004).
Dilu ddu tien nha nghien cflu phai lam la xae dinh va tiep can eae ea nhan ed kha nang cung edp thdng tin va thuylt phuc hg ddng y tham gia vao nghien efln. Vide xae dinh cac ca nhan cd thi dua tren ban than eae phdng vdn, hoac eae ngudn tai lieu (Arksey & Knight, 1999; McCulloch & Richardson, 2000), nhung nhilu khi khdng thd tilp can va mdi dugc eac ca nhan nay tham gia nghien eflu do hg ed the vi mgt nguyen nhan nao dd ma khdng mudn hoac khdng thd tham gia duge vao nghien efln, kl ea thieu thdi gian. Vi du, nhftng ngudi tham gia hoach dinh mdt ehinh saeh hien hanh ed the tii chdi phdng vdn dl trarih tilt Id eae thdng tin mat hoac tao ra nhung tin tuc bdt lgi cho ban than (Gewirtz & Ozga, 1994). Cac nghien eflu eua ehung tdi ed nhieu din chflng cho dilii nay. Chdng ban trong nghien efln vd giao due, mdt sd lanh dao td chuc va quan chflc chirih quyin tfl chdi phdng vdn vdi ly do ndi dung phdng van la nhftng vdn de dang dugc ban thao, chua ed quylt dinh ehinh thfle cfla chinh quyen, do dd hg khdng mudn tilt Id thdng tin eung nhu neu y kiln cfla ban than eho nha nghien efln. Mdt sd ca nhan khac td ra nghi ngd nha nghien eflu va tfl chdi phdng van, ed the do lo sg viec trao ddi thdng tin vdi nhimg ngudi khdng quen biet se din den hau qua xau nhu vide sfl dung thdng tin dl chdng lai hg. Vide phdng vdn eae quan ehflc va giao su dai hgc cung thudng gap khd khan do hg qua ban va khdng ed thdi gian eho phdng van (Dang Anh Nguyet, 2009).
Chung tdi cung gap nhilu khd khan khi tilp can va phdng van nhiing ngudi ed HIV, ngudi sfl dung ma tfly, hay gai mai dam. Ban than nhdm ddi tugng nay khdng the "edng khai danh tinh" cfla hg. Mat khac, chinh nhdm ddi tugng nay sg vide hgp tae vdi ngudi nghien ciiu se lam cho thanh vien trong gia dinh cfla hg chiu sir ky thi va phan biet ddi xfl cfla cdng ddng. Them nfta, hg ed tam ly lo sg rang nhiing thdng tin hg eung cap se gay bat lgi eho hg. (Phari Hdng Giang, 2005).
Phdng van eac ea nhan vdi ngi dung lien quan den gia dinh thudng nhan dugc su tra ldi va eung cap thdng tin mdt each de dat, tham dd. Hg e ngai khi kd chuyen vd gia dinh, ve ban than, nhat la cae gia dinh ed vdn dl nhu: ly hdn, ly than, bat binh dang, bao luc gia dinh. Chdng ban khi dugc hdi vd sir dp bugc tinh due, ban ddu nhiing ngudi dugc phdng vdn td ra khdng thoai mai khi nghe cum tfl "dp huge tinh due trong hdn nhan". Vi hg cho rang "dp bugc tinh due" dudng nhu la chuyen xay ra ben ngoai gia dinh, ngoai hdn nhan, ehu khdng thd xay ra gifla vg va ehdng. Tai sao hg lai ed suy nghT vay? Bdi lap luan cua hg cho ring da ggi la hdn nhan thi khdng cd chuyen dp huge vi, theo hg, yeu nhau thi mdi ldy nhau va d vdi nhau trong hdn nhan (Vu Hdng Phong, 2006). Mgt vi du khae vl phu nft ldy chdng d nudc ngoai, khi dugc phdng van, cha me hg, thudng khdng cdi md. Hg td ra khdng rd, hoac khdng muon kl vl hoan eanh sdng thue eua eon minh khi ldy chdng nudc ngoai. Vide thu thap eac thdng tin ve nan budn ban phu nft va tre em eung gap nhung trudng hgp khd khan do sir lo sg bi chinh quyen gay philn ha.
60 NghiSn cdu Con ngudi sd 4 (49) 2010
Cdc yeu to dnh hu&ng...
nhu phan anh cua mdt ngudi cung cdp thdng tin sau day:
Phu nu dudng nhu rdt nggi bdo cdo ve viec ndy. Neu phu nQ vd gia dinh eua hg khdng bdo cdo thi ehinh quyin rdt khd biet duae ai Id ngUdi ra di tU nguyen vd ai Id nan nhdn eua mat vu buon bdn phu nQ. Han nQa, ed mgt sd lugng ldn ngudi qua lgi tgi cQa khdu bien gidi Mong Cdi, ehdng toi hodn todn khong kiem sodt duae sU qua lgi bien gidi ndy. Chung toi khong the biet dugc nhQng ngudi phu nQ qua bien gidi de buon bdn hay hg bi IQa sang debdn (trich tai lieu phdng vdn sau).
Do eac mdi quan he xa hgi thudng khdng binh dang va eae ea nhan ed nhieu mdi quan tam khac nhau, cac ben tham gia phdng van cd the bat ddng vd muc dich, ngdn ngft, hilu biet, v.v. va dieu nay cd the can trd viec chia se va hieu biet gifta eae ben de dam bao eho cugc phdng van cd ket qua va mang lai thdng tin cho nha phdng van. Ve muc dich, ngudi dugc phdng van thudng mudn neu y kidn va quan diem cfla hg va mudn nha nghien eflu flng hg minh. Nha nghien efln lai mudn thu thap ca chi tiet su vide va nhiing nguyen nhan ddng sau nua va dieu nay ed the gay mau thuan lam ban che phdng vdn (Ball, 1994; McHugg, 1994).
Chenh lech quyin lue gifla eac ben phdng van cflng la mgt yeu td can trd phdng van do nhiing ngudi cd quydn thudng hay tim each ehi phdi cude phdng van edn ngudi yeu thi ban cd thi chdng ddi lai dieu nay (Fitz & Halpin, 1994). Trong eae phdng vdn cfla chflng tdi vdi cae quan ehflc chinh phfl hoac nhflng ngudi cd dia vi trong xa hgi nhu cae giao su thi day la nhiing ngudi dieu khien cugc phdng van. Hg neu ehu de va cung cap cau tra ldi lien quan din nghien cuu va ddng thdi tim each gay anh hudng den suy nghT cfla ban than ehung tdi la nhiing nha nghien eflu va kdt qua nghien efln. Mdt sd ngudi cung dat eau hdi v l nghien efln va dua ra cae ggi y de "nghien efln trd nen hgp ly hon"
(Dang Anh Nguyet, 2009).
Trong trudng hgp nha nghien efln cd dia vi eao ban so vdi ngudi duge phdng van, nhu nghien cflu v l phu nft ngheo ndng thdn hay dan tgc thieu sd, nhung ngudi duge phdng vdn ed thi khdng tu ndi ve ban than minh ma lai thu dgng tra ldi theo su ggi y cua nha nghien efln va eau hdi nghien efln. Dieu nay dan den sir thien lech trong qua trinh va kit qua phdng vdn theo chu quan cfla nha nghien eflu (Bryman, 2004;
Fitzgerald, 2004). Cac nghien cflu cfla chflng tdi vd phu nu, gia dinh, gidi va HIV/AIDS cho thay dieu nay.
VI du khi tiln hanh phdng van sau phu nfl trong do tudi sinh de ve edng tac dan sd, ke hoach hda gia dinh, cham sde sflc khde sinh san cfla mdt sd dan tgc it ngudi d Tay Nguyen, cae cau tra ldi thudng la cd, hoac khdng va rat it dien giai, ed the do trinh do hgc van thap, de nhieu eon, khdng hieu biet vd cham sdc sue khde sinh san, nen hg Iflng tflng, e ngai, khdng tu tin. Hg tham dd ngudi phdng van hdi vd nhimg van de gi, thdng thudng phdng van vien phai the hien sir cdi md, hda ddng, cam thdng va ehia se, ggi y va dan dat eau ehuyen mdt each tu nhien, kheo leo thi mdi thu thap dugc nhieu thdng tin (Pham Tat Dong va Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, 2003).
Khac biet ve hieu biet va quan diem ed anh hudng ldn den phdng van. Do cae ea nhan d cac dia vi khae nhau vdi qua trinh nhan thflc khac nhau ndn hg hieu biet va dien giai eac van de eung khae nhau (McHugg, 1994). Phdng van la nai nhiing khac biet nay trd nen rd rang ed the dan tdi eae mau thuan va xung dot (Schostak, 2006). Cae nghien eflu cfla chflng tdi cung eho thay nhimg dieu nay. Vi du ve giao due, eae nha quan ly va
NghiSn cdu Con ngUdS so 4 (49) 2010 Q\
Nguyin Thi Kim Hoa, Dgng Thi Anh Nguyet, Phan Hdng Giang lanh dao coi giao due la mdt khach the ed thi quan ly va dilu khiln duge, edn ban than
chflng tdi la nha nghien efln lai eoi giao due la mdt hien tugng xa hdi ed vdn de nghien eflu. Dieu nay ddi khi din den mau thuin va lam can trd phdng vdn. Cu thd, ehung tdi quan tam den eae mau thuan ngi tai va eae dgng ca cua cac ea nhan va nhdm ngudi trong td chflc giao due cdn eae nha lanh dao va quan ly lai tranh khdng de cap den rihung ndi dung nay ma ehi nhan manh vao nhiing gi hg da dat dugc trong qua trinh quan ly, ed thi la do mudn xay dung mgt hinh anh tdt dep cho td chflc va eho ehinh hg.
Cac eau hdi cfla chflng tdi lam cho hg khd chiu va tu chdi khdng tra ldi (Dang Anh Nguyet, 2009). Mdt vi du khac ve sir xung dot lgi ich la khi phdng vdn chfl hd gia dinh cho sinh vien d thud ve vide quan ly sinh vien, ca sd vat chat, nha d, dieu kien ve sinh, mdi trudng, chflng tdi thudng gap su tfl chdi hay nhimg quan diem trai nguge lien quan den nang cap nha d va gia ea cho thud. Dieu nay la do ehu eho thud nha lo sg ve thud thu nhap cflng nhu nhftng philn ha lien quan den edng an va ehinh quyen sd tai (H. L.
Pham et al., 2001).
Cac ben phdng vdn ddng nhieu vai trd phuc tap va mau thuan (Holstein & Gubrium, 2003) va cd thien lech ea nhan trong each nhin nhan va danh gia (Bryman, 2004) din den eac thdng tin phflc tap va mau thuan nhau. Dieu nay dae bidt dflng ddi vdi eac cugc phdng van vdi eae nha hoach dinh ehinh saeh, bdi mgt mat, hg la mgt ea nhan eu the cd eac quan diem rieng va cae thdng tin cu the ma ehinh hg ed duge nhd eac edng viec va mdi quan he. Mat khae, hg dai dien cho Dang va chinh quydn va ed nghTa vu phat ngon va tiet Id thdng tin theo dflng cac quan diem ehinh saeh va sir eho phep eua Dang va ehinh quyen. Phdng van cac ea nhan la vien ehflc va edng ehflc nha nude cflng eho thdy eac mau thuin vd vai trd tuong tu. Su lo lang, xam pham ddi tu mdt each rd rang hoac nhiing chfl dd ma hg eho la nguy hiem deu ed the can trd vide hg tham gia hgp tae trong qua trinh phdng van. Nha nghien cflu cflng gap phai mau thuin vai trd gay anh hudng din qua trinh va ket qua phdng vdn (Schostak, 2006). Tdi thilu nha nghien cun ddng hai vai, mgt la ngudi tim kiem va bao eao ket qua nghien efln, hai la ngudi duge ddi tugng nghien eflu tin cay va gfli gam cae suy nghT va thdng tin ea nhan va do vay ed nghTa vu phai bao ve sir rieng tu cfla hg. Chflng tdi da phai ddi mat vdi loai mau thuin nay trong mgt sd phdng van lien quan den eac van dl nhay cam nhu ehinh tri va HIV/AIDS.
Gifla eae ea nhan tham gia phdng van thudng ed nhung ngam dinh, chdng han nhu each hilu ve ngdn ngft, cfl chi, bieu hien va dilu nay kit hgp vdi ldi ndi tao ra nhflng eau tra ldi va y nghTa da ehilu canh va da tdng lap (Seidman, 1998). Nhiing dilu nay lai lam phflc tap qua trinh dien giai (Miniehiello, Aroni, Timewell, & Alexander, 1995).
Chflng tdi hay gap phai nhung didu nay khi phdng vdn eae ca nhan d eae vung miln trong ca nudc do sir da dang cfla tilng dia phuong cflng nhu phong tue tap quan va l6i sdng d dia phuang. Dilu nay eung ed khi phdng vdn cac nhdm d p thfl, nhu HIV/AIDS hay nhdm nhan vien eua mgt nganh eu thi, nhu giao due hoac y te khi hg sfl dung eae tfl chuyen nganh hoac cac tieng ldng hay ldi ndi vl von trong each diln dat. Ban than trong mgt nhdm lihd eung ed thd ed cac each hilu khae nhau ve mgt khai niem thdng thudng.
VI du khi ban vd ehinh saeh tuyin dung nhan sir d khu vue nha nude, ehung tdi nhan thdy eac quan ehflc va nhan vien diu neu len tieu chi Hdng va Chuyen. Hg khdng giai thieh them Hdng va Chuyen ed nghTa gi va hg cho ring chflng tdi, cflng la cae nhan vien nha nude, deu hieu rd vl eac tieu chi dd. Tuy nhien, eac vi du cung cdp lai cho thdy
g 2 NghiSn ciiru Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010
Cdc yeu to dnh hu&ng...
nhilu each hilu khac nhau vl hai tieu chi nay. 'Hdng' cd thi la yeu edu mdt ngudi phai tuan theo ly tudng va gia tri xa hdi chfl nghTa, cflng cd the la yeu cau mdt ngudi phai cd cac phdm chit dao due tdt.
Tri nhd va ky flc cfla nhiing ngudi dugc phdng van ciing anh hudng den phdng van va ket qua phdng vdn. Dilu nay la do tinh ban chd, thidn lech va de thay ddi cfla tri nhd va ky uc (Nora, 1989). Chflng tdi eung nhan thdy ngudi duge phdng van thudng khdng nhd rd ve nhiing su kidn dien ra da lau hoac nhiing sir kidn khdng quan trgng ddi vdi hg.
Ban than each hidu hien tai cfla mdt ca nhan cflng lam meo md tri nhd cua hg (Brjnian, 2001), chang ban vide kd ra eac su kidn va hanh vi trong qua khfl de ly giai cho quyet dinh va vai trd cua mgt ca nhan cflng nhu hau qua (Blake, 2007). Chflng tdi hay gap dilu nay khi phdng van eac ea nhan ve lich su cugc ddi cua hg, hay phdng van eae quan chflc ve eae quyet dinh va ket qua thuc hien.
Cac yeu to anh huong den phong van: boi canh phong van
Yeu td bdi canh ed tae dgng true tiep va gian tiep ddi vdi eae phdng van. Bdi canh cd the ban che nha nghien eflu va ngudi dugc phdng van ndi ldn nhflng suy nghi, ban khoan, quan sat cfla hg va do vay lam han che ket qua phdng van. Nhiing ban che nhu vay cd the la do eae quy tac van hda img xfl. Mgt dae trung trong van hda Viet Nam la eac ea nhan thudng tranh vide lam mat mat ngudi khae, va ea ban than minh (Dao, 2003; Tran, 1999). Do dd, hg thudng ne tranh eac cau hdi cd the huge hg phai ndi ra nhiing dieu khdng tdt hoac nhay cam cfla ngudi khae hoac td chflc cfla hg. Mdt vi du la khi chflng tdi phdng van cae linh muc vd edng tae truyen thdng dan sd - kd hoach hoa gia dinh, ap dung cae bien phap tranh thai trong cgng ddng thien ehfla giao, eae eha thudng ne tranh, vi day la nhiing boat dgng gap khd khan ddi vdi ba eon theo dao thien ehua giao d Viet Nam. Ngi dung cfla giao ly hdn nhan khdng khuyen khieh ap dung eac bien phap tranh thai hidn dai va nao pha thai (Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, 1997).
Su tu phdng ve cho ban than va edng ddng hoac nhimg rao ean bao vd cfla cgng ddng ciing khien eho eac ben tham gia nghien efln tranh ne cae van de nhay cam, nhu trudng hgp phdng van eae quan chflc nha nudc ve chinh sach va thuc hien ehinh saeh hay vide phdng van cae ddi tugng hi nhiem HIV/AIDS, eae ddi tugng lien quan den budn ban phu nft va tre em cflng nhu phdng van vd bao hanh gia dinh ma chflng tdi neu d tren.
Dia diem, khdng gian va thdi gian phdng van ciing tac dgng tdi phdng van theo hai hudng, thuan va nghich (Adler & Adler, 2003). Cu the, neu dia diem phdng van yen tTnh va tao cam giac an toan cho eae ben va It cd ngudi khac xen vao thi cau truyen thudng tap trung ban va sau sac ban. Ngugc lai, neu phdng van d chd dn ao, nhieu ngudi khae ed mat va ed the xen vao, va khdng an toan thi eau chuyen thudng bi gian doan va khdng tap tnmg. Trong eae nghien cflu cfla chflng tdi, nhiing phdng van nhu vay thudng khdng ed hidu qua. Ben eanh dd, sir ed mat cfla nhieu ngudi khac khien cho ngudi dugc phdng van ngai ndi thang quan diem cfla hg, dac biet la ve nhiing van de nhay cam.
Ket luan
Phdng van sau la mdt phuong phap thu thap thdng tin ca ban trong nghien eflu xa hgi nhung nd chiu tae dgng cfla nhieu ydu td, gdm eac ben tham gia nghien eflu va eac ydu td bdi canh. Cae yeu td nay ed the ban ehd qua trinh phdng van va lam meo md thdng tin thu thap. Do dd can xem xet day dfl cac yeu td nay dd xae dinh va giam thieu eae tac dgng eua chflng nham dam bao tinh day dfl, hoan ehinh va khach quan cfla nghien eflu.
NghiSn cvM Con ngudi so 4 (49) 2010 g 3
Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, Ddng Thi Anh Nguyet, Phan Hdng Giang Chung tdi sfl dung nhieu ky nang phdng vdn dl giflp giai quyet cae vdn dl nay sinh
gifla nha nghien eflu va ngudi dugc phdng vdn, bao gdm vide tao dung ldng tin gifta hai ben trudc khi phdng vdn, xay dung hinh anh tdt trong ngudi dugc phdng van vl ngudi phdng vdn nhd viee tuan thfl eae quy tdc giao tidp d dia phuang (McHugg, 1994). VI du, d Viet Nam can ed su eho phep va flng hg cfla chinh quyin va eae ea quan nha nude ddi vdi cae nghien efln va day cung la ca sd de nha nghien efln tilp can vdi eac ddi tugng nghien eflu, thdng qua he thong ehinh quydn d edp ea sd. Chdng ban nhu, nhftng nghien efln eua chflng tdi gdn vdi ddi tflgng la ngudi sfl dung ma tfly, hay nhdm ngudi cd HIV, hoac nhdm gai mai dam, qua eae ea sd y tl tai xa, phudng, edng an xa/phudng, UBND xa/phudng, chflng tdi de dang tiep can ban den nhimg nhdm doi tugng nay va gia dinh cfla hg. Qua trinh nay cung se thuan lgi hon ddi vdi nha nghien eflu, bdi viee nay giflp xae dinh duge ddi tugng. Them nfla, khi tien hanh nghien eflu, chflng tdi thudng xin hd trg cfla eae vien nghien eflu va trudng dai hge. Ben eanh dd, hinh anh, hanh vi eu xfl, thai do nghiem tflc va cdu thi cfla nha nghien efln eung giup gay dung ldng tin eua eac ddi tugng nghien cuu (Arksey & Knight, 1999).
Dilu chinh thdi gian nghien efln phfl hgp vdi ddi tugng nghien eflu va lira ehgn dia diem thuan lgi cho phdng van giup giam thieu eac tac dgng xau eua bdi canh nghien eflu (McHugg, 1994). Chflng tdi thudng thda thuan trudc vdi ngudi dugc-phdng van va cimg nhau chgn dia diem va thdi gian thich hgp. Tuy vide nay anh hudng den tien do nghien eflu, nhung bfl lai, nd giflp eho phdng van sau dat hieu qua eao. VI du, trong eac nghien eflu vl nhdm ddi tugng HIV/AIDS chflng tdi thuc hien phdng van khi khdng ed sir ed mat eiia eae can bg cap ca sd. Nhd vay, da thu thap dugc cae thdng tin ehi tiet ban, xda bd duge tam ly e ngai cfla nhdm ddi tugng ngudi cd HIV, ngudi sfl dimg ma tfly, hay gai mai dam khi ed mat nhiing can bd nay. Chflng toi cflng dam bao su "an danh" eho hg, de dam bao hg khdng lo sg ve sir ky thi cua "cdng ddng" ddi vdi ban than va gia dinh hg.
Trong qua trinh phdng van, chflng tdi thudng dat eae eau hdi md va eac eau hdi kiem tra eung nhu hdi sau vao van dd va dua ra eae gia dinh trong phdng van sau dl xae minh tinh thue va mfle do rd rang eua eau tra ldi ma ngudi phdng vdn dua ra (Bryman, 2004; McHugg, 1994). VI du khi ngudi dugc phdng vdn dua ra mdt nhan dinh, chflng tdi thudng de nghi dua ra eae chflng cu xae minh, sau dd ed thd neu ra mdt nhan dinh ngugc lai, hoae khae vdi nhan dinh dd, hoac eae bdng chflng khac va yeu cau ngudi phdng vdn danh gia va giai thieh. D I lam dugc vide nay, chflng tdi da chudn bi trude eho minh eae kiln thue ea ban vl vdn dl va bdi eanh nghien cflu (Arksey & Knight, 1999). Yeu cdu giai thieh va lam rd eac thuat ngfl eung giflp lam rd eae thdng tin do ngudi dugc phdng vdn cung cap. Cflng edn tim kilm va lam rd nhftng gia dinh va ban chi vl phia ngudi dugc phdng vdn (Fitz &
Halpin, 1994). Cae thdng tin ea sd nhu ban than ngudi dugc phdng vdn, eac moi quan tam va lo ngai cua hg, hgc vdn, gia dinh va cugc ddi se eho thay eac ylu td anh hudng din ea nhan ngudi duge phdng vdn va hilu bilt cua hg vl vdn dl nghien cflu. Dieu nay gdp phdn phe phan va rflt ra thdng tin sau va rdng ve van dl nghien cflu (Lincoln & Guba, 2000).
Chflng toi nhan thdy cin cd thai do eho phep va ghi nhan eac mau thuin va xung dot trong qua trinh phdng vln, va do dd trong qua trinh tdng hgp va phan tieh thdng tin, do ban chit da chidu eanh va ting lap cua thdng tin, chflng tdi thudng tim thdy mdi lien he
g 4 NghiSn cdu Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010
Cdc yeu to dnh hu&ng...
chat che giua ea nhan dugc phdng vdn, lich su cugc ddi cfla hg va cac bing chung va quan diem ma hg dua ra. VI du eac nha giao thudng tap tnmg vao edng viec giang day va quan he cua hg vdi sinh vien vi day la mdi quan tam su nghiep cfla hg. Cac nha quan ly giao due lai quan tam nhilu hon ddn viec cai each giao due phue vu eho eac muc dich cua qude gia eiing nhu thai do cfla nhan vien ddi vdi cdng tac quan ly cfla hg. Ciing tirong tu nhu vay, khi nghien cflu vl bat binh dang gidi, bao lire gia dinh, can bg Hdi phu nft thudng quan tam den phu nfl. Nhieu thdng tin ma hg eung cap kha la sau sac, ed su kien, ed minh chflng cu the, vl du, cae eude gap gd van dgng vdi nhiing ngudi la nan nhan ciing nhu la thfl pham cfla bao hanh gia dinh. Nhd dd, chflng tdi thu dugc hieu biet sau sac ve tinh trang bao hanh gia dinh cflng nhu yeu td tae ddng den tinh trang nay, eu the la vai trd cfla hgi phu nft.
Ben eanh dd, chflng tdi sfl dung cae ngudn thdng tin khae va eae phuang phap thu thap thdng tin khae d l kilm tra cheo vdi cac thdng tin trong phdng van sau. Chflng tdi cflng su dung eae ddu moi thdng tin de kiem chflng va xae minh thdng tin (Yin, 1989). Vide nay giflp Ich cho nghien eflu, nhu da neu trong eac vi du nghien eflu ve HIV/AIDS bao hanh gia dinh va budn ban phu nft va tre em.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (2003). The reluctant respondent Li J. A. Holstein & J. F.
Gubrium (Eds.), Inside interviewing: new lenses, new concerns (pp. 153-173). Thousand Oaks [CaUf ] Sage Publications.
2. Arksey, H., & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists: an introductory resource with examples London: Sage.
3. Ball, S. J. (1994). Political interviews and the politics of interviewing. In G. Walford (Ed.), Researching the powerful in education (pp. 96-115). London: UCL Press.
4. Blake, C. (2007). The art of decisions: How to manage in an uncertain world (1st ed.).
New York: Finantial Times Prentice Hall.
5. Bryman, A. (2001). Social research methods. Oxford; New York Oxford University Press.
6. Bryman, A. (2004). Social research methods (2nd ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press.
7. Dang, T. A. N. (2009). The historical development of Vietnam National University from a Bourdieusian perspective. Unpublished PhD of Education Thesis. Auckland: Unitec Institute of Technology.
8. Dao, D. A. (2003). Viet Nam van hoa su cuong (History of Vietnam Culture): Nha xuat ban thong tin.
9. Fitz, J., & Halpin, D. (1994). Ministers and mandarins: Educational research in elite settings. In G. Walford (Ed.), Researching the powerful in education (pp. 32-50). London: UCL Press.
1 O.Fitzgerald, T.(2004). Powerful voices and powerful stories: reflections on the challenges and dynamics of intercultural research Journal of Intercultural Studies, 25(3), 233-245.
11.Gewirtz, S., & Ozga, J. (1994). Interviewing the education poUcy elite, hi G. Walford (Ed.), Researching the powerful in education (pp. 186-203). London: UCL Press.
12.Hinds, D. (2000). Research instruments. In D. Wilkinson (Ed.), The researcher's toolkit:
The complete guide to practitioner research (pp. 41-54). London: RoutledgeFalmer.
13.Holstein, J. A., & Gubrium, J. F. (2003). Inside interviewing : new lenses, new concems.
In J. A. Holstein & J. F. Gubrium (Eds.), Inside interviewing : new lenses, new concerns (pp. 3-
NghlSn cdu Con ngudi so 4 (49) 2010 g g
Nguyen Thi Kim Hoa, Dgng Thi Anh Nguyet, Phan Hdng Giang 30). Thousand Oaks [Calif.] Sage Publications.
14.Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2000). Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions and emerging confluences. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed., pp. 163-188). Thousand Oaks, CaUf: Sage.
15.McCulloch, G. (2004). Documentary research in education, history and the social sciences. London: RoutiedgeFalmer.
16.McCulloch, G., & Richardson, W. (2000). Historical research in educational settings.
Buckingham [England]; Philadelphia: Open University.
n.McHugg, J. D. (1994). The Lords' will be done: Interviewing the powerful in education.
In G. Walford (Ed.), Researching the powerful in education (pp. 51-66). London: UCL Press.
18.Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. (1995). In-depth interviewing principles, techniques, analysis Melbourne: Longman.
19.Nguyln, T. K. H. (2000). Vi thi va vai trd xa hdi cua ngudi phu nu trong gia dinh ndng thdn dong bdng Bdc bd hien nay. Luan an Tiln sy Xa hpi hoc. Dai hoc Qude gia Ha Ndi.
20.Nguyln, T. K. H. (2007a). Bdo cdo di tdi nhdnh 6 "Thuc trgng vd ede nhdn to tdc dgng din phdm ehdt nhdn each ngu&i Hd Ngi hien nay" thugc de cdp nhd nu&c "Nhihig phdm chdt, nhdn each dge trung eiia ngu&i Thdng Long - Hd ngi trong qud trinh xdy dung vd bdo ve thu do", 2004-2007. mimi.
21.Nguyin, T. K. H. (2007b). Bdo cdo kit qud nghien eicu di tdi "Nghien cim chdt lugng ddn s6 do thi thdnh pho Hd Ngi", Mas6QX06-08, ndm 2005-2007.Ua'Noi: Dai Hoc Quoe Gia HaNoi.
22.Nguyln, T. K. H., Tran, T. M. D., & Pham, V. Q. (1997). Nhdn thue vd thdi do cua cdc vi chue sdc Cong gido ddi v&i eong tdc Ddn so- Ke hogeh hda gia dinh. Ha Ndi: Uy ban qude gia dan so va ke hoach hda gia dinh
23.Nora, P. (1989). Between memory and history: Les leux de memoire.
Representations{26), 7-24.
24.Pham, H. L., Nguyin, D. H., Nguyin, T. K. H., Le, P., Nguyin, T. h., Nguyin, M. D., et al. (2001). Bao cao cac chuyen dl Dd tai Thuc trang va giai phap nhdm tang cudng quan ly nha nudc, hd trgr sinh vien trong sinh hoat, cu tni tren dia ban Quan Thanh Xuan va Cau Giay. Ha Ndi: Uy ban Nhan dan Quan Thanh Xuan va Cau Giay.
25.Pham, T. D., & Nguyen, T. K. H. (2003). Bdo cdo kit qud nghien eicu de tdi "Nghien cieu dnh hu&ng eiia ede yeu to vdn hod dia phuomg den vi?e tiep nhdn thdng tin- gido due- truyen thong ve sice khoe sinh sdn eiia dong bdo cdc ddn tgc it ngu&i & Tdy Nguyen. Ha Ndi.
26.Phan, H. G. (2005). Thai do ky thi ciia cpng dong doi vdi ngudi cd HIV. Luan van cao hoc. Dai hoc Quoe gia Ha Ngi, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hpi va Nhan van.
27.Schostak, J. F. (2006). Interviewing and representation in qualitative research.
Maidenhead, England ; New York Open University Press.
28.Seidman, I. (1998). Interviewing as qualitative research : a guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.
29.Tran, N. T. (1999). Ca s& vdn hda Vi?t Nam. Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh: Nha xudt ban Giao dye.
30.Vu, Hong Phong (2006). Ep buQC tinh dye trong hdn nhan tfl quan diem cua nam gidi 31.Khao sat tai Quynh Luu, Dd Thanh va Dd Luang, Nghf An). Ha Ndi: Nxb. The Gioi.
32.Yin, R. K. (1989). Case study research (Rev ed ed.). Newbury Park, Calif: Sage.
g g NghiSn cdu Con ngudi sd4 (49) 2010
