TAP CHi CONG THIfdNG
DOI M 6 I SANG T A O VA C A C N H A N T O
ANH HlJdNG TRONG TO CHtfC
• DUONG VAN HUNG
TOM TAT:
Ddi mdi sang lao (innovation) difdc coi la mot tien de quan trgng de tao ra nang Iffc canh tranh nham dat dffde sff lang tru'dng dai han cua cong ty irong moi trffdng kinh doanh ludn bid'n ddi nhff hien nay. Cac doanh nghiep luon khdng ngffng nang cao nang Iffc ddi mdi, sang tao de' tdn tai va phat tnen. Va'n de ddi mdi sang lao ngay cang thu hut dffde sff quan tam cua cac nha nghien cffu, cac nha quan tri doanh nghiep va ca cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach. Nghidn cffu ve ddi mdi sang tao dong vai tro la mdt stf kich thich cho ldi the canh tranh cd tinh bin vffng trong cac cdng ty. Tuy nhidn, ban cha't cua sff phat tridn trong linh vffc nay da dSn den cac nghidn cffu ngay cang rong rai va cd tinh rdi rac. Bai bao nay tap trung vao cac nghien cffu Hen quan de'n ye'u td anh hifdng dd'n ddi mdi sang tao trong cac td chffc. Muc tieu cua nghidn cffu la trinh bay mot each toan didn cac yd'u td anh hffdng dd'n ddi mdi sang tao.
TiJf khoa: Ddi mdi sang tao, cac ye'u to' thuoc td chffc, tdng quan nghidn cu\i.
l.Doi mdi sang tao
Kalz (2007) dinh nghia ddi mdi sang tao la
"vide lao ra, phat trien, va trien khai ap dung Ihanh cdng cac y tffdng mdi va dgc dao bao gdm dffa ra cac san pha'm, qua trinh va chid'n Iffdc phat trid'n mdi cho cong ty din dd'n thanh cdng trong kinh doanh va gianh difdc vi tri dan dtu thi trifdng, tao ra gia tri cho cac chu thd' lien quan, thiic day tang trffdng kinh le va nang cao mffc sd'ng".
Trong nghien cffu nay, chung ldi sff dung dinh nghTa ddi mdi sang tao theo chuan ciia Td chffc Hdp tac va Phat trien Kinh le' (OECD, 2005): "Ddi mdi sang lao la viec thffc thi mot san pham (hang hda/ dich vu) hoac mdt quy trinh mdi hoac dffde cai tie'n dang kd', mdt phffdng phap marketing mdi, hay mgi bien phap mdi mang tinh to chffc trong thffc tidn boat dgng, trong id chffc cdng vide hay trong quan he vdi bdn ngoai".
Trong hffdng dan OECD Oslo Manual (2005) thi ddi mdi sang lao dffde phan loal thanh 4 loai hinh: (i) ddi mdi sang tao san pha'm, (11) ddi mdi sang tao quy trinh hoat dgng, (iii) ddi mdi sang tao he thd'ng quan ly, va (iv) ddi mdi sang tao ve cac hoat dpng marketing.
2. Xac dinh cac yd'u to' anh hffofng dg'n ddi mdi sang tao
2.1. Chien lU<jc vd doi mdi sdng t^o Theo Smith va cpng sff (2008), chie'n Iffdc se lac dpng ddi mdi sang tao thong qua bie'n trung gian la nhan vien cua td chffc. Chien Iffdc vach ra cac khia canh khac nhau va each cac khia canh nay anh hffdng den ddi mdi sang tao. Hdn nffa, chie'n Iffdc bao gdm 4 khia canh: chid'n Iffdc td chffc, chid'n Iffdc ddi mdi, l^m nhin va muc tieu cua to chffc, va chien lifdc ra quye't dinh. Chie'n Iffdc ciia cong ty can dffde nang llm de piidn anh van
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hoa td chffc va lien ke't ttm nhin chung va muc lieu cua id chffc. Dieu quan trgng la l^l ca nhan vidn cua td chffc phai hieu chid'n lifdc cdng ty de cd the ho trd dat dffde cac muc lidu.
Nghien cffu cua Kenneth va cdng sff (2015) da xac dinh mot chie'n Iffdc ddi mdi r5 rang ddng vai tro anh hffdng quan trgng dd'n nang life ddi mdi sang tao. Theo Lawson (2001), md'i lien hd giffa tam nhin, chie'n Iffdc va ddi mdi sang tao la quan trong de quan ly ddi mdi sang lao hidu qua. Chid'n Iffdc xac dmh phan bd ngudn lffe, san pham, qua trinh va hd thd'ng giup doanh nghiep thich nghi vdi sff ba't dinh cua moi tnfdng kinh doanh. Sff thanh cdng cua ddi mdi sang tao doi hdi tam nhin ro rang va sff nha'n manh vao dinh hffdng chie'n iffdc thuc da'y ddi mdi sang tao. Chie'n Iffdc ddi mdi sang tao gdm mpt ke hoach hanh ddng chi tid't hoan ih^nh cac muc tidu ddi mdi sang tao (Johnston va Bale, 2007) va la mdt yd'u id quan trong cho sff ddi mdi sang lao hanh cdng (Pane el al., 2003). Mdt chien iffdc ddi mdi sang tao dffde hoach dinh td^t se dffde lich hdp vdi chien Iffdc kinh doanh de dam bao ca hai chie'n Iffdc deu cd chung mot tam nhin va sff menh chung (Wong, 2005). Theo Kowang (2015), chid'n Iffdc ddi mdi bao gdm kdt hdp chid'n Iffdc, truydn thdng chid'n Iffdc va cam kd't tff lanh dao ca'p cao la yd'u Id' quan trpng anh hffdng dd'n hieu qua ddl mdi sang tao. Nhff v&y, chie'n Iffdc tac dgng dch cffc ldi ddi mdi sang lao.
2.2. Su ung ho cua lanh dao vdi doi mdi sdng tgo vd chia se tri thdc
Quan ly ca'p cao dong mot vai tro thid't yd'u trong viec tao ra cac ddi mdi sang tao hang each cung cap moi trffdng thich hdp va dffa ra cac quyd't dinh nham nang cao sif sang lao va van dung kid'n thffc thanh cdng (Van de Ven, 1993; Storey, 2000; Aragdn - Correa va cdng sff, 2007). Quan ly ca'p cao thffdng cho Iha'y nhan thffc sau sac ve nhu clu cua nhan vien va cung ca'p ddng life, do la mdt ngudn dgng vidn hp ddi mdi sang tao va glai quyd't va'n dd.
Quan ly ca'p cao giup nhan vien glai quyd't cac nhu cau cua hp vd trao quyen, nang cao phlm chat cd nhan, dat thanh tich va nang cao tinh tff hieu qua (Jung va cpng sff, 2003; Ryan va Tipu, 2013; Abrell va cong sff, 2011; Taylor va cdng sff, 2009). Nhieu nha nghidn cffu chi ra rang quan ly cap cao dong mdt vai tro quan trgng trong ke'l qua td chffc (Cho va Hambrick, 2006; Kor, 2003; Slam va Elfring,
2008; Smith va Tushman, 2005; Wu, va cdng sff, 2005; Oke va cdng sff, 2009; Chahme va Goergen, 2013; Agbim va cong sff, 2013). Nhieu nha nghidn cffu khac cho rang ho trd quan ly hang dau dong mot vai tro quan trong anh hffdng de'n cac boat dgng ddi mdi trong td chffc (Jung va cong sff 2003;
Elenko va cdng sff, 2005; Makn va Scandura, 2010;
Denti, 2012; Kim, va cong sff, 2012; Hoang, va cdng sff, 2009; Al-Refaie va cpng sff, 2011; Ryan va Tipu, 2013). Theo Shaar va cac cdng sff (2015), sff ung hg tff lanh dao cap cao dong vai trd quan trpng day manh qua trinh ddi mdi sang tao, cho phep td chffc thich nghi vdi nhffng thay ddl nhanh chong va bao vd minh tnfdc mdi tnfdng ba't dinh.
Sff ung hg cua quan ly ca'p cao dffde coi la mdt trong nhffng anh hifdng tiem nang quan trgng do'i vdi d-i thffc id chffc (Connelly va Kelloway, 2003) Nhidu nghidn cffu da tim tha'y sff ung hd cua quan ly cap cao la can thid't de tao ra mot moi trffdng ho trd va cung cap du ngudn lu'c (Lin, 2006) MacNeil (2004) nha'n manh tim quan trpng tff ung hg cua quan ly ca'p cao dd'i vdi mdi trffdng chia se tri thffc id chffc. Hdn nffa, Lin va Lee (2004) dd xua't rang nhan thffc ve sff khuyd'n khich Iff quan ly ca'p cao vdi y dinh chia se tn thffc la can Ihie't nham lao ra va duy tri van hoa chia se tri thffc lich cffc cho to chffc. Do dd, nghien cffu cua Lin (2007) chi ra sff hd trd cua quan ly ca'p cao se anh hffdng tich cffc de'n sff san long chia se kie'n thffc vdi cac dong nghiep. Ke't qua nghien cffu chi ra nhan thffc vd khuyd'n khich tff quan ly ca'p cao vdi chia se tri thffc se anh hffdng dd'n sff sSn long chia se kid'n thffc cua nhan vien. Do do, quan ly ndn nhan ra rang phan thffdng td chffc chi dam bao luan thu tam thdi. De thuc dly hoat dgng chia se kien thffc, viec tao didu kien cho van hoa tffdng lac xa hpl quan trgng hdn do'i vdi quan ly cS'p cao. Nhff vay, sff ung hd cua lanh dao tac dpng tich cffc tdi ddi mdi sang tao
2.3. Nguon lUc tdi chinh vd ddi mdi sdng tgo Theo cac nghien cffu cua Delbecq & Mills (1985); Wong (2005); Cooper & Kleinschmidl (2007) chi ra rang thid'u cac ngudn life ddi mdi sang tao se ban che' thanh cdng cua ddl mdi sang lao.
Ngudn life noi chung va ngudn tai chinh noi ndng tac dpng ldn ddn qua trinh ddi mdi sang tao thdng qua ye'u id' con ngffdi (nhan vidn) theo Smith (2008). Ngudn tai chinh cua td chffc ca'u thanh ban cha't cua cac boat dgng ddl mdi sang tao (Melrick
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&Yasuda, 2011). Nhff vay, lai chinh tac ddng tich cifc tdi ddi mdi sang tao.
2.4. Ndng lUc hdp thu vd doi mdi sdng tgo Cohen va Levinlhal (1990) de xua't rang tan dung Iri thffc bdn ngoai thu thap bdi to chffc la ye'u Id' quye'l dmh chinh ciia nang lffe ddi mdi. Nang Iffc ha'p thu la kha nang thu nhan, ddng hda, bid'n ddi va khai thac kie'n thffc c6 the xac dinh mffc dp ddi mdi sang tao va nang life cua td chffc (Cohen
& Levinthal, 1990; Daghfous, 2004; Fichman, 2004; Vinding, 2006). Cohen va Levinthal (1990) va Daghfous (2004) da chi ra rang nang Iffc ha'p thu cua mdt cdng ly cd ldi cho hpc lap td chffc va cac hoat dgng R & D . SchiUing (1998) khang dinh rang thdng qua nang Iffc hap thu, cac cdng ly md rdng tri thffc va cd sd ky nang, cai thidn kha nang ddng hda, tan dung thong tin trong tffdng lai va cud'i Cling nang cao hieu qua phat trien cdng nghe.
Nang life ha'p thu cho phep cac cdng ly cd dffde hieu qua va sff dung tri thffc ben ngoai ciing nhff ndi bg cd anh hffdng de'n kha nang ddi mdi sang tao ciia ho (Daghfous, 2004). Do dd, khi cdng ty CO nang lffe ha'p thu ldn hdn, nd se lam tang hieu qua ddi mdi sang tao. Cohen va Levinlhal (1990) lap luan rang nang Iffc ha'p thu cua mpt cdng ty la rat quan Irong ddi vdi nang Iffc ddl mdi sang lao cua nd. Bdi vi nang Iffc ha'p thu cd thd xac dinh kha nang thich ffng cua td chffc (Cohen &
Levinthal, 1990; Daghfous, 2004), nghidn cffu nay cho rang kha nang ha'p thu c6 the anh hffdng dd'n hieu qua ddi mdi sang tao mdt each tich cffc. Do do, nang Iffc ha'p thu cua cac cdng ty c6 the anh hffdng de'n hidu qua cac hoat ddng ddi mdi sang lao (Cockbum & Henderson, 1998).
Zahra va George (2002) xem xet cac nghidn cffu irffdc day lien quan de'n nang Iffc ha'p thu, tim ra md'i quan he thuan chieu dang ke giffa nang Iffc ha'p thu va ddi mdi sang tao, vi cac yd'u id' nay kd't hdp cung nhau se ihie't lap ldi the' canh tranh cua id chffc. Nghidn cffu thffc nghiem ciia Knudsen va Roman (2004) cung cho tha'y rang, nang life ha'p thu la mpt yen td' quan trpng trong dff doan nang Iffc ddi mdi sang tao ctia mot td chffc. Mat khac, Caloghirou va cong sff (2004) dieu tra mffc dd nang lu'c npi bg hidn lai cua cac cdng ly va iffdng tac cua hp vdi ngudn tn thffc ben ngoai anh hffdng dd'n mffc dp ddi mdi sang tao ciia hg. Kd't qua nghien cffu cho tha'y mot sd' nang Iffc la ke't qua
cua qua irmh tich liiy iri thffc va dau tff keo dai trong cac doanh nghiep va hinh thanh dffa vao nang Iffc ha'p thu cua cac doanh nghiep. Nieto va Quevedo (2005) phan lich anh hffdng ciia 3 bien lien quan de'n cd ca'u cdng nghidp (nang Iffc hap thu, cd hgi cdng nghe, va Iran lan tri thffc) len QS Iffc ddi mdi sang tao do cac cong ty phat trien, Nhffng mo'i quan hd nay dffde dieu tra tren tdng so 406 cong ty san xua't Tay Ban Nha va kd't qua nghien cffu cua hg cho tha'y rang bie'n nang Iffc hap thu tac dpng de'n nd lu'c ddi mdi sang tao ldn hOn so vdi hai bie'n cau true. Theo Liao (2006), nang Iffc ha'p thu la nhan td' lac ddng quan trpng den nang Iffc ddi mdi sang lao va thanh cong ciia hoat ddng ddi mdi sang tao trong td chffc. Ke't qua nghien cffu thffc nghiem cua Chen va cdng sif (2009) da chi ra rang, mo'i quan he tich cffc giffa nang Iffc ha'p thu ldn hidu qua ddi mdi s^ng tao, do do dau Iff nhieu hdn vao nang Iffc ha'p thu ddng nghTa vdi hieu qua ddi mdi sang tao cao hdn. Nhif vay, nang Iffc ha'p thu tac ddng tich cffc tdi ddl mdi sang tao.
2.5. Vdn hoa to chdc vd doi mdi sdng tgo
"Van hda" lien quan de'n cac gia tri va niem tin ciia td chffc va nhffng anh hffdng nay de'n ddi mdi sang lao trong id chffc nhff thd nao. Ahmed (1998) ndi rang nd la "yd'u to' quyd't dinh" cua sff doi mdi sang lao. Neely va cpng sff (2001) coi yd'u tdvan hda ddl mdi cung vdi nang Iffc ndi bd va nang life hieu mdi trffdng lac dpng tich cffc dd'n ddi mdi sang tao. Lawson va Samson (2001); Smith (2008) cung chi ra van hoa va moi trffdng phu hdp ddng mot vai tro ldn trong viec dat dffde sff ddi mdi hay khong. Van hda ddi mdi thuc day nang life ddi mdi sang tao nay bao gdm hai ye'u td: gia tri gan vdi ddi mdi sang tao va nhan to' ddi mdi chu cho't.
Kowang va Long (2015) nha'n manh vai tro cua van hda td chffc ddi vdi hieu qua ddi mdi sang tao dd'i vdi cac dai hpc nghidn cffu tai Malaysia. Nhif vay, van hoa to chffc tac dpng lich cffc tdi ddi mdi sang tao.
2.6. Ap lite td cong ty me vd doi mdi sdng tgo Nghien cffu dffde tid'n hanh bdi Cooper va Kleinschmidl (2007) cho tha'y mot chid'n Iffdc ddi mdi sang tao thanh cdng can dupe truyen dat hidu qua trdn toan id chffc. Mot chien ludc ddi mdi sang tao thanh cong ddi hoi cam ke't lau dai tff quanl^
cap cao trong each thffc khuyen khich, tham gia,
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dieu hanh, hd trd va tai trd (Saihe, 1898; Saleh &
Wang, 1993). Horvath (2011) chi ra cam kd't quan ly ca'p cao dd'i vdi chid'n Iffdc ddi mdi sang tao cd mdi tffdng quan thuan vdi sif phat trien kinh te' dai han cua td chffc.
Dd'i vdi dac thu kinh doanh trong mdi trffdng toan clu hoa, cac doanh nghiep phat trien Iheo md hinh tap doan, tdng cdng ty, do dd rS't nhieu cdng ly thanh vien va boat ddng deu chiu chi phd'i ra't Idn Iff lap doan ndi chung hoac tdng cong ly. Vi vay, ap Iffc cua cdng ty me va tff tap doan cd the tac dpng ldn de'n chie'n Iffdc ciia cdng ly, dac biet la chie'n Iffdc ddi mdi sang lao. Ap life d day cd the hieu la sffc ep iff cdng ty me den kd't qua san xua't kmh doanh ciia doanh nghiep doi hoi sff ddi mdi sang lao nham nang cao hidu qua sff dung cac ngudn life cua cdng ly.
3. Mo hinh md'i quan hd cac yd'u to'anh hffdng den ddi mdi sang tao
Thdng qua qua trinh phan tich cd ca'u true md'i quan he ton lai giffa cac yeu id da dffde nam bat d tren. Tff tdng quan nghien cffu nay, tac gia cd the xac dinh cac mdi quan hd dffde trich din giffa cac yeu to' dffde xac dinh vdi ddi mdi sang tao; dieu nay the hidn trong Hinh 1. Cac md'i quan he (va hffdng ciia cac md'i quan he) giffa cac yeu to' dffde bieu thi bang cac mui ten irong md hinh.
4. Kd^t lu$n
Nghien cffu trinh bay trong bai bao nay rut ra ke't luan chinh la cd 6 ye'u to' quan trgng thugc td
Hinh 1: Md hinh cdc yeu to thudc td chdc tdc dong den ddi mdi sdng tgo
chffc anh hffdng de'n ddi mdi sang tao td chffc;
chidn Iffdc cong ty va tai chinh, ung hg tff lanh dao ca'p cao, nang life ha'p thu tri thffc, van hoa to chffc, ap Iffc cdng ly me •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Abratt at el. (1993). Determinants of product innovation in specialty chemical companies. Industrial Marketing Management.
2. Aranda. A. Daniel &. Fernandez. Luis M. Molina, (2002). Determinants of innnovation though a knowledge-based theory lens. Industrial management & Data System.
3. Assink. Marnix, (2006). Inhibitors of disruptive innovation capability. European Journal of Innovation Management.
4. Avermeate at el, (2003). Determinants of innovation in small food firms European Journal of Innovcnion Management.
5. Bigliardi. Barbara & Dormio. Alberto Ivo, (2009). An empirical investigation of innovation determinants mfood machinery enterprises. European Journal of Innovation Management Vol. 12 No. 2. 2009, pp. 223-242.
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6. Chen, C -J. (2009). Technology commercialization, incubator and venture capital, and new venture peifonnance.
Journal of Business Research. 62(1), 93-103.
7 Nicolas. Carolina Lopez & Cerdan. Angel L. Merono. (2011). Strategic knowledge management, innovation and performance. International Journal of Information Management.
8 Ngo, L. v., & O'Cass, A. (2009). Creating value offerings via operant resource-based capabilities. lndu.itria!
Marketing Management, 38,45-59.
9. Christensen. M Clayton (1997). "Managing Disruptive Technological Cliange: A Case Study " in "The Innovator's Dilemma when new technologies cause greatfiims to fail". Harvard Business School Press.
10. Gunday. et al, (2011). Effects of innovation types on firm performance. International Journal Production Economics.
Ngay nhan bai: 25/3/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chifa: 4/4/2019 Ngay cha'p nh$n dang bai: 14/4/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS. DUdNG VAN HUNG
Khoa Quan tri Kinh doanh, Trifdng Dai hoc Dien life
INNOVATION AND FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INNOVATION IN ORGANIZATIONS
• Master. DUONG VAN HUNG
Faculty of Business Management, Electric Power University
ABSTRACT:
Innovation is considered an unportant premise lo create the competitiveness of businesses lo help them grow in long-term in the ever-changmg business environment. Enterprises are constantly improving then innovation capacity lo survive and growdi. Innovation in busmess is increasingly attracting the attention of researchers, business leaders and policy makers.
Researches on innovation play a role in stmiulating the sustainable competitive advantage in companies. However, the nature of development in this area has made researches on innovation increasingly extensive and fragmented. This article focuses on researches which analyze factors impacting the innovation of organizations. This article is lo comprehensively present a set of factors that influence the innovation in business.
Keywords: Innovation, organizational elements, research overview.
