NGHiEN CUU
Chinh sach bao hiem huu tri tu nguyen cho lao ddng phi chinh thuc: bai hoc kinh nghiem tu Phap
BtliTliiThuH&
Phgm Minh Tfl Tnrdng Dai hpc Lao dong - Xa hgl
Bao hilm huu tri la mdt eo chd an sinh xa hdi quan bpng nhdm dam bao thu nhap trong dai ban. Tuy nhien, hien nay d Vilt Nam thi h i thdng bao hiem huu tri phdn Idn chi bao phu Iao ddng khu vgc chinh thflc, bong khi lao ddng khu vgc phi chinh tiiuc lai chilm ty bgng rat Idn trong lye lugng lao ddng. Chtnh vi vay, viec md rdng bao phu he tiidng bao bilm huu hi tu nguyen tdi lao ddng phi chinh Uiflc la mdt bong nhflng muc tieu cdn dat duge efla he thdng an sinh xa hpi. Bai vilt d l cap mdt sd dac dilm ve h i thdng an sinh xa hdi P h ^ , mdt h-ong nhflng nude cd he thdng an sinh xa hdi tdt nhdt thi gidi, tfl dd rut ra mdt sd bdi hoc kinh nghilm cho Vi|t Nam.
l.Datvande
Bao hilm huu tri la mdt co che an sinh xa hdi quan bong nhdm ddm bdo thu nhap trong dai h§n. Tuy nhiln, hiln nay, h i thdng bao hiem huu tri phdn Idn chi bao phfl lao ddng khu vuc chinh thuc, trong khi Iao ddng khu vyc phi chinh thflc lai chilm ty trgng rdt Idn trong luc luong lao ddng. Chinh vi vay, vile md rpng bao phfl he thdng bdo hilm huu tri tu nguyln tdi Iao ddng phi chinh thuc la mdt trong nhflng myc lieu edn dat duge efla h | thdng an sinh xa hdi. Dilu nay, mdt mat se t^o them ngudn luc ddng gdp cho he thdng, mat khac tang cudng an sinh xa hpi dai han cho ngudi lao ddng trong khu vgc phi chinh thflc thudng cd thu nhdp thdp va rfli ro cao hon so vdi lao ddng khu vue chinh thuc.
Nghi quylt sd 28-NQ/TW vl cai each chinh sach bao hilm xa hdi (BHXH) efla Ban chdp hanh tmng uong ban hanh ngay 23 thang 5 nam 2018 da de ra myc tilu phdn ddu dat khoang 35% (nam 2021), 45%
(nam 2025), 60% (nam 2030) luc lugng lao dpng bong dp tudi tham gia bao hiem xa hpi; sd ngudi sau dp tudi nghi huu dupe hudng luong huu, bao hilm xa hdi hdng thang va tro cdp huu tri xa hdi la khoang khoang 45% (nam 2021), khoang 55% (nam 2025), khoang 60% (nam 2030). Tinh din hit nam 2017, theo sd lieu thdng k l cfla Bao hiem xa hdi (BHXH) Viet Nam, sd ngudi Uiam gia BHXH la 133.818.998 ngudi dat 25,8%
so vdi luc lugng Iao ddng (ed 13.591.492 ngudi tham gia BHXH bdt bude, 227.506 ngudi tham gia BHXH ty nguyln). Tuy nhien, Viet Nam Id qudc gia dang phat tiien, luc lugng lao ddng kha ddi dao va la mdt trong rdt it edc qudc gia dang d thdi ky "dan sd vang". Hien nay, tdng sd ngudi tham gia cd hai loai binh BHXH mdi chi chiem khoang ben 20% Ige lugng lao ddng. Trong
dd, sd lao ddng tham gia BHXH tg nguyln chi chilm chua ddy 0,4% Igc lugng Iao ddng, md chfl yeu ddi tugng tham gia la nhung ngudi Iao ddng da ddng BHXH bat bude, sau khi nghi vile ddng tilp BHXH ty nguyln d l dfl dilu kiln ve thdi gian ddng BHXH de hudng chd dp huu tri (chilm trdn 70% tdng sd ddi tugng tham gia).
Nhu vdy, d Viet Nam, sau hon 10 nam triln khai thuc hi|n, sd ngudi tham gia BHXH tu nguyln da khdng ngung gia tang tu 6.110 ngudi (nam 2008) len 227.506 ngudi (nam 2017). Tuy nhien, sd lugng va t^ I | lao d6ng phi chinh thue tham gia BHXH tg nguyln cdn rdt thdp. Khd khan nhdt hien nay la lam thd nao d l bao phfl ngudi Iao ddng phi chinh thue - nhdm hiln chilm tdi gdn 70% Ige lugng Iao dpng, nhung chi mdt phdn nhd dang tham gia he thdng an sinh xa hdi.
Chinh vi vay, viec hge tap kinh nghiem tfl eac qudc gia khac la dilu rat can thilt d l tiep tuc md rdng, thu hut su tham gia BHXH tg nguyen cfla lao ddng phi chinh thflc.
2. Kinh nghiem cua Phap
Phap la mgt trong nhting qudc gia cd h i thdng an sinh tdt nhdt thi gidi, ddng tiidi viec td chuc quy an sinh xa hdi rdt linh boat. He thdng an sinh xa hdi Phap cd lien quan den ngudi lao dpng tg do cd mdt sd dilm ndi bat nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, Phap cd nhilu quy an sinh xa hpi done thdi (gdm ca BHXH va bao hilm y t l - BHYT) khac nhau. Ben e^nh ba quy Idn nhdt Id quy efla ngudi lao ddng hudng luong (CPAM), quy ngudi Iao dpng tu do ed dang ky (RSI), quy ngudi lao ddng trong linh vuc ndng nghiep (MSA) thi do dae thu nganh nghe edn cd nhieu quy khdc nhau. Quy RSI danh cho nhirng ngudi
50 CINH Ti CHAU A -
lao ddng iu do, tg kinh doanh hay cung cap mdt djch vy nao dd ed mdt mflc tdi da vl doanh thu, n l u vugt qua thi phai chuyin sang quy khde. Can cu de ddng gdp vao quy nay la doanh thu va ty 1| ddng gdp thudng ngang vdi ty 11 ddng gdp cua ngudi lao ddng trong trudng hgp hudng luong. Nhu vay, du thilu phdn ddng gdp cfla ngudi sir dung lao ddng, nhung cac quyln loi cfla ngudi lao ddng ty do trong quj RSI khdng khac gi nhieu so vdi ngudi lao ddng hudng luong (tru tnidng hg^ lao ddng tu do phai dat doanh thu tdi thieu mdi duge b'nh quyen Igi huu in). Neu cd su thay ddi cdng viec, vi|e chuyin ddi sang quy an sinh xa hdi khac rdt de dang. Vi dy, mdt ngudi chay xe dich vu Uber toan thdi gian va dang ky tham gia quy RSI thi sau mdt thdi gian ma cd cdng viec hudng luong thi se chuyen sang quy CPAM va moi quyln Igi duge bao luu va tiep tyc.
Thfl hai, vile tinh luong tdi thilu theo gid (hiln nay d Phap la 9,76 euro/gid trudc thul) giflp cho ngudi Iao ddng tu do bong mdt sd cdng viec mang tinh thoi vu, lam vile theo gid, theo ngay ed dfl can eu d l tham gia vao quy an sinh xa hpi. Mat khac, d l thuan tiln hon trong viec dam bao quyln loi efla nguoi lao ddng tg do, mpt he thdng chi philu vile lam (cheque emploi) duoc biln khai ddi vdi nhiing lao ddng tu do khdng dang ky, nhu sinh vain lam them, ngudi lam thdi vy. Ngudi su dyng lao ddng mua chi philu nay tu mdt co quan chinh phu, tra cho ngudi Iao ddng theo lugng cdng viec hoan thanh vdi gia thda thuan, sau dd ngudi lao ddng quy ddi chi philu ndy thanh tien qua Intemet. Gia cfla chi philu da bao gdm eac mflc ddng gdp BHXH va BHYT cflng nhu cae ddng gdp xa hdi khac. Vi thd, ngudi lao ddng tg do khi cung cap dich vy cho nhilu ngudi khac nhau thi ddn ti'ch duge bet eac quyln loi cfla minh, nhat la huu bi. HI thdng quy ghi nhan ddng gdp eua ngudi Iao ddng, dl dam rdng chi can ngudi lao d^ing lam vile du hai thang, se duge dam bao BHYT bong vdng hai nam khi khdng ed viec lam.
Thu ba, vile thue thi chinh sach de dam bao quyln Igi cho ngircri lao ddng tu do duge khuyin khich, tao nhilu dilu kien thud" Igi. Cae quy dinh han e h l giao dich tiln mat (tdi da 1.000 euro/giao dich), cdc phuong tien thanh loan khong dung tien mat giup viec kiem soat nguon thu nhap cfla ngudi lao ddng va khoan chi cua ngudi sfl dyng lao ddng de dang hon va tu do ban che viec sfl dung lao ddng khdng khai bao.
Chinh sach thul thu nhap cflng khuydn khich vile sfl dung lao dpng tg do cd kl khai nln nlu thul mudn lao ddng theo gid cd ke khai, den ky khai thul thu nhap, chi phi nay se duge giam trii 50% (tdi da tu 6.000-10.000 euro/nam) tfly dae dilm eua tung gia dinh ngudi sfl dyng lao ddng.
Thu tu, vile ban c b l su dung lao ddng khdng khai bao xudt phdt tu y Uiuc efla ed ngudi lao dgng va ngudi su dyng Iao ddng. Chi edn mgt trong hai b i n y thuc
duge Iao dpng khong khai bao la vi pham phap luat thi giao kit se khdng xay ra. Nhilu ngudi lao ddng h; do ehdp nhdn lam \'iec khdng khai bao vi Igi ich bude mat (duge tra eao ban mdt chut so vdi khai bao ma nop tiiul) ma quen rdng chinh sach cfla chinh phfl ludn nhdm bao ve ngudi lao ddng, vi quyen Igi huu In trong tuong lai cfla hg. Vile khai bao cang sdm, cang du giup ngudi lao ddng tich Iuy nhanh sd nam ddng gdp va sd tiln ddng gdp, de tinh toan quyln Igi huu tri sau nay.
3. Bai hoc cho Viet Nam
Tu kinh nghiem cfla Phdp cho thdy viec dam bao an sinh xa hpi cho ngudi lao ddng tg do mdt phdn ddi hdi y thuc cua ngudi lao ddng nhung phdn Idn la d eac chinh sach cfla chinh phfl. Cdn thiet ke quy an sinh xa hdi rieng phu hgp vdi dac thu cdng viec cfla nhdm lao ddng phi chinh thflc (tu do hay tu kinh doanh, hay viec lam theo mua vu...), viec quy dinh tien luong tdi thieu theo gid, cac chinh sach vl thul khuyin khich ngudi sfl dung lao ddng khai bao tmng thge sd lupng Iao ddng duge thue... se tao ra su binh ddng giua ngudi lao dpng tu do va lao ddng hudng luong.
Ngudi lao dpng ty lam cd thi lua ehpn chuong trinh BHXH tg nguyln tuy thudc vao khu vgc dang sinh sdng va lam vile. Tuy nhiln, giiia cac chuong trinh can sy lien thdng d i dang cho ngudi lao ddng khi hp mudn chuyen ddi, duoc ddm bdo quyln Igi khi chuyen ddi va thyc hien sg binh ddng ve quyen Igi giua cac chuong trinh. Hieu qua ve kinh te va xa hdi khi nhdm lao dpng ty do nay tham gia vao quy an sinh xa hdi la rdt Idn neu thiet k l chinh sach va triln khai chinh sach phfl hgp./.
Tai iieu tham khao
Ban ehdp hanh tmng uong (2012). Nghj quylt s6 15-NQ/TW, Hpi nghi Idn thu nam Ban chap hanh tmng uong khda XI ve mdt so vdn de vl chinh sdch xa hpi giai doan 2012 — 2020, ban hanh ngay 01/06/2012;
Ban chap hanh tmng uong (2018). Nghj quylt sd 28-NQ/TW cua Hdi nghi Idn thfl bay Ban chap hanh tmng uong khda XII ve cdi each chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi, ban hdnh ngay 23/05/2018;
BHXH Viet Nam (2017), Bao edo tinh hinh qudn ly vd su dyng quy BHXH;
Blanehet, Didier va Louis-Paul Pete (1999). "An sinh xa hdi va nghi huu d Phap." An sinh xa hdi va nghi huu tren toan thi gidi. Nha xuat bdn Dai hpc Chicago.
