^ J KY NIgM 75 NAM CACH MANG T H A N G TAM VA QU6c K H A N H 2-9
N H O N G BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM CUA CACH MANG THANG TAM NAM 1945
* PGS, TS BUI DINH PHONG
• Tdm tdt: Nghien cdu thdu ddotu tudng Ho Chi Minh vd dttdng loi ldnh dgo cda Bdng gdn vdi thtic tiin Men nay, hdi vilt rdt ra mgt so bdi hgc kinh nghiem tii thdng ldi cda Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm ndm 1945. Bd Id bdi hgc ve ndm vUng nggn cd ddc lap ddn tdc vd chu nghia xa hgi; ve dgi dodn ket todn ddn tgc. Cdch mgng Id sit nghiep cda nhdn ddn, do nhdn ddn, vinhdn ddn; ve moi quan he gida chdt liidng vd sd liidng; vegan ket chat che y Bdngvdi Idngddn, dem sdc ta md tit gidi phdng cho ta.
• Tii khda: Ho Chi Minh, Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm.
B
an ve y nghia cua Cach mgngThangTam nam 1945, Chu tich Hfi Chi Minh viet:" Ch Jng nhimg giai cap lao d6ng va nhan dan Viet Nam ta co the tir hao, ma giai c^p lao dong va nhiing dan toe hi ap biic noi khac ctlng c6 thg ttr hao r^g: L ^ nay la lan dau tien trong lich sir each mang ciia c^c dan toe thugc dia va nira thuoc dia, mgt Dang mdi 15 tudi da lanh dao each mang thanh cdng, da nim chinh quyin toan qudc {...). Cach mang Thang Tam da lat dd n^n quan chu m^y muoi thg kj, da danh tan xifogxich diirc dan gSn 100 nSm, da dua chinh quyen lai cho nhan dan, da xay dung nin tang cho nuoc Vi^t Nam Dan chu Cgng hoa, dgc lap, tir do, hanh phiic. Do la mgt cugc thay ddi circ ky to Ion trong lich su nuoc ta"'".
Sir kien Uch sir do de lai cho DSng ta nhirng bai hoc kinh nghi$m quy bau.
1. N^m virng ng^n ccr d^c lap dan t$c va chii nghia xa hQi
LfLUAN CHlNH TR|-So 9/2020
Dgc lap dan tgc va chii nghia xa hgi la nggn ccr vinh quang ma tir nam 1920 Ho Chi Minh da nhan ra. Mot thS ky ttudc, dgc tac pham Sothao Idn thir nhit nhung luan cuangvSvin dddan toe va vin de thudc dia cua Lenin, dang tren bao iHumanite, ngay 16 val7-7-1920,Hfi Chi Minh khing dinh "day la cai can thiet cho chung ta, day la con duong giai phong chung ta". Con duong giai phong can thiet cho chiing ta ma Hfi Chi Minh noi toi, do la con dirong each mang vo san, nic dgc lap dan tgc gin lien voi chu nghia xa hfii. Tit dg tto di, Hfi Chi Minh tich cue ttnyln ba ly tuong va con duong each mang, lam cho muc tieu dgc lap dan toe va ehu nghia xa hpi tham sau vao phong trag cgng nhan va phong uao yeu niroc.
Trong thfti khSc ra doi ciia Ding, Ho Chi Minh da ghi tren la co cua Dang chu ttuong
"lam tu san dan quyen each mang va thd dia each mang dg di toi xa hoi cgng san"'-'. Giai
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dogn til nam 1930 den trudc khi each mgng thanh edng, ddc lap din tgc la mue tieu tryc tiep dd di tdi chu nghla xi hdi va chil nghla xa hdi la dinh hudng tien ldn eiia dOc lap din tOc;
la ca sd bao dam cho diu tranh gianh dOe lap dan tdc ddn noi, tridt dd. Ndi each khic, giinh dugc ddc lap din tdc se tao dieu kien, mam mdng di tdi chu nghia xi hdi. Tien dd quan ttgng nhat dd di tdi ehu nghia xi hOi, dd li cuOe dau tranh gianh dOc lap dan tdc do giai cap cdng nhan thdng qua dgi tidn phong li Dang cdng sin linh dgo.
Ngiy nay, "Dge lap dan tOc li dieu kien tien quydt de thye hien ehu nghia xa hgi va ehu nghia xi hdi la ca sa bao dam viing chic cho dOc lap din tdc. Xay dyng chu nghia xa hdi va bao ve Td qudc xi hgi chu nghla la hai nhiem vu chien luge cd quan he chat che vdi nhau"'^'.
2. Thirc hi@n dai doan kit toan dan toe, coi each mang la sir nghiep cua nhan dan, do nhSn dSn, vi nhan dan
Doan ket la mOt truyen thong cue ky quy biu ciia dan ta. Trai qua hang nghm nam lich sii cho thay, khi nao Td qudc bi xam ling, nen dde lap dan tOc bi uy hiep, neu "vua tdi ddng long, anh em hda thuan, ca nudc ehung sue" thi lam nen chien thing. Tii chidu sau lieh su, nhieu bai hpc ldn vd long tin a dan, chim lo cho dan, lay din lam gdc dugc nit ra. Nguy§n Trii cd nhieu tdng kdt rit quan ttgng vd van nudc thinh hay suy, mit hay edn la do dan quydt dinh; vuong trieu nio duge long din, ed kdt dupe nhin tim thi lam ndn nghidp ldn; sile din nhu nuoc, chd thuydn la dan, lit thuydn eung la dan, lit thuyen mdi biet dan nhu nudc. Tu tudng eua Nguydn Trai ed y nghla ddn ngiy nay.
Hd Chi Minh due kdt: "Sil ta day eho ta bii hpc nay: Luc nio dan ta doan ket mudn ngudi nhu mdt thi nude ta dOc lip, ty do. Trii lgi luc
nao dan ta khdng doin ket thi hi nudc ngoai xam lan"'^'.
Dgi doin ket toan dan tOc va tin din, hap nguyen vpng eua din, chim Io cho dan, lay din lam gdc khdng chi la bii hpe ttong lich su, rai ngay tu khi Dang ra ddi lanh dao cich raang ddn nay, nd van ludn tuoi mdi. Tdng kdt thoi ky cich mgng 1936-1939, khang dinh nhiing uu didm va khuyet diem do nhieu noi cin bO hep hdi, say sua thing lgi, Hd Chi Minh chi rd: "Phong trio do cung dd lgi cho Dang ta va Mat tran dan tOc ngay nay nhirng kinh nghidm quy bau. Nd day cho chung ta ring:
Viec gi dung vdi nguyen vpng nhin din thi dupe quan chiing nhin dan iing hO va hing hii diu tranh, va nhu viy mai that la mOt phong trio quin ehung. Nd eung day chiing ta ring:
Phai bet siic trinh nhiing benh ehu quan, hep hdi, v.v.."'^'.
De di tdi cuOc Tdng khoi nghla Thing Tim thinh cdng, bii hpc ldn nit ra li dgi doin ket toin dan tde. Phan tich cai ten VietNam dgc lap ddng minh (Mat tran Viet Minh) nim 1941, Hd Chi Minh cit nghia nd rd ret, thidt thye vi hgp vdi nguyen vpng cua toin dan. Chuong trinh Vidt Minh thi gian don, thiet thye vi day du:" Cd mudi chinh sach bayra. Mdtli ich qudc, haila lgi dan...". Mudi diem vua chung cho toin dan tpc, vira dau ttanh cho quydn lgi cua cdng nhan, ndng dan va mpi tang ldp nhan dan. Mat khie cin bd di sat dan, cho nen Viet Muih phit tridn rat mau, rit mgnh vi duge nhan din nhiet liet hoan nghenh.
Bai hpc ciia "dem trude" Caeh mang Thing Tim edn eho thay Qudc din dgi hOi Tan Trip duac coi nhu Qude hOi lam thdi; Uy ban dan tOc giai phdng nhu li Chinh phu lam thdi;
mudi ehinh sach cila Viet Minh nhu li Hien phip lim thdi.
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p | KY NigM 75 NAM CACH MANG THANG T A M VA Q U 6 C KHANH 3
Tdng ket mOt khia egnh ldn cua bai hpc nay, Hd Chi Minh viet: "Vi chinh sich cua Dang diing, va thi hinh chinh sich ay kip thdi va linh dpng, cudc Tdng khdi nghia Thing Tim da thanh cdng""^'.
Trai qua 25 nam thye hien su nghiep ddi mdi, Cuong linh nim 2011 nit ra bii hpc ldn li:
"Chinh nhan dan la ngudi lam nen nhung thing lgi lieh sii. Toin bO hogt ddng ciia Dang phai xuat phit td lgi ich va nguyen vpng chinh ding eua nhin dan. Siie mgnh cua Dang li 6 su gin bd mat thiet vdi nhan din. Quan lieu, tham nhung, xa rdi nhin din se din den nhiing tdn thit khdn ludng ddi vdi van menh cua dat nude, cua chd do xa hOi chu nghia va cila Dang"'^.
3. Chat luong dang vien quy htfn so lirvng, dieu quan tr^ng nhat la can bo, dang vien biet dat loi ich ciia dan tgc, cua To qudc len tren het, triro'c h^t
Day li vin dd bien ehiing eua triet hpc miexit.
Tuy nhien, khdng phai d dau, liie nio va ai eiing ed the nhin thirc diing vi tridn khai ed hieu qua ttong thye tien. Vd vin dd niy, Hd Chi Minh vidt ring "Bit diu xay dyng tCr may nhdm it ngudi, dupe ren luyen ttong nhiing cuOc diu ttanh ic liet, nim 1945, Ding ven ven chi cd do 5.000 dang vien (mOt sd cdn hi giam ttong eie nhi tu dd qudc). The ma Ding da doin ket va lanh dgo dugc nhin din ca nudc, dua cugc khdi nghia den thanh cdng"*'.
Tdng kdt kinh nghigm cich mang V\et Nam tir thing lgi cila Cich mgng Thing Tim den su nghiep ehdng My, euu nudc, xay dung chii nghia xa hdi, Hd Chi Minh khing dinh "Dang khdng phii ehi can con sd cho nhidu, my nhieu la tdt, nhung phii ed cai chat cua ngudi ding vien. Mdi nguoi ding vien, mdi ngudi can bd tu tten xudng duai deu phai hieu ring: Mmh vio Ding dilim diytdchonhin din"'-^'.
Thdi Cich mang Thing Tim chi cd non 5.000 dang vidn nhung dd li nhiing ding \^en rdng, dang vien cd chat luong eOng sin nhu each ndi eua Phgm Van Ddng. Nhiing ngudi tu nguyen dung vao hing ngu cua Ding luc do nhin thuc va hanh dOng theo ldi day cua Bac:
"Dang khdng phii li mOt td chiie d^ lim quan phit tai. Nd phai lim ttdn nhiem vu giai phdng dan tOe, lim eho Td quoc giau mgnh, ddng bao sung sudng"""'. MOt dang vien thdi dd mang siic manh cila nhieu dang vien. Siic mgnh dd d ehit lupng, 6 pham chat cua nhiing eon ngudi ludn ludn bidt dat lgi ieh cila Dang, eda eich mgng, ciia giai cip, eiia dan tOc len tten het, len truac het. Nhiing dang vien cdng sin dd tin tudng sau sic, chic chin vio lye lugng vi dgi eiia nhin din vi tuong lai ve vang cua giai cap va eiia dan tdc. Cac dang vien da vui ve hy sinh bet thay, hy sinh ea tinh menh ciia minh eho din, cho nudc.
Cich mgng Thing Tim thing lgi cd nhidu nguyen nhin nhu do su linh dao sing sudt va Men quydt eiia Dang," Ding ta vi dai, vi ngoii lgi ich ciia giai cip, cua nhan dan, cua dan tOc, Dang ta khdng cd loi ieh ^ khic"""; Nhd siie doin kdt chit ehe va hang hii cila toin din ttong va ngoai Mat trin Viet Minh; Nhd su thing loi VI dai ciia Hdng quan Lien Xd di dinh bgi phit xit Nhat va sy giup dd cua tinh than qudc te. Nhung phai khing dinh su ddng cam hy smh eua cic tien Uet, neu cao dao due cich mang, chi cdng vd tu li mpt trong nhiing nguyen nhan cd y nghia quyet dinh, li bii hpc vd gii cho hdm nay va mai sau.
Ngay nay chiing la cd tten 5 meu dang vien.
Vdi mgt sd lupng nhu vay la mgt dieu can thiet vi ding mimg Nhung ding budn dd la mgt bO phgn khdng nho trong sd dd di vi dang by hong, tha hda, bien chit. Hg mang cii vd d^g
LYLUAN CHlNH TRI-So 9/2020
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vien nhung khdng cdn eii ehit ciia ngudi dang vien Ding COng sin Viet Nam. Hp suy thoii vd tu tudng chfnh tri, dao diic, ldi sdng, sa vio ehu nghia ei nhin. Sd lupng ding vien ldn nhung nhieu ngudi khdng cdn chat cdng sin la vd cdng nguy hiem, vi hp cd chiic, ed quyen, cd tien, ed the lyc. Ho la mdt ttong nhiing tta lyc ldn nhat tten eon dudng phat trien ciia dat nuac.
Caeh mgng Thing Tim de lai cho ta bai hgc quy trpng chat lugng hon sd lupng. Bay gidphai lim trong sgch bO may ding, nha nuoc va cie doin the quan ehung, bang cich thay ddi ngudi cd chiic, cd quyen ma hu hdng, thoii hda, bien chit. Phii dya vao nhan din dd kidm soit quydn Iyc. Ngudi cd ehiic, cd quyen phii that sy la ngudi day td trung thanh eiia nhin dan, dupe din tin, dan mdn, dan phuc, din ydu.
4. G§n kit chat che y Dang vol long dan, dem strc ta ma ta giai phdng cho ta
Khdng thd ndi ring thing Ipi eiia Caeh mgng Thing Tim la sy "an may" ttong mOt tiidi gian eiia "khoing ttdng quyen luc" nhu y kien cila mgt sd ngudi thuOc the lyc thii dich, phan dOng.
Cach mang Thing Tim li cuOc each mgng eiia long dan, tri dan, siie din vol y ehi, quydt tam va khit vpng dOc lap, ty do dudi sy linh dao cua mOt Ding sing sudt, kien quyet theo diing dudng ldi Mic - Lenin, tu tuong Hd Chi Minh. Dd la cugc cich mang mi ca ban vi ehii ydu li dem siie ta mi ty giii phdng eho ta.
Sue ta 6 day la huy ddng gii tri tinh than truydn thdng cua hang nghin nim dyng nude va giir nudc tir thdi Bi Trung, Bi Trieu, Tran Hung Dgo, Ld Lgi, Quang Trung. Sue ta li nhung cuOc diu tranh thdi ky 1930 - 1931;
1936 - 1939; 1939 - 1945. Nhimg euge Khdi nghia Bie Son, Khdi nghia Nam Ky, binh bien Do Luong dd lgi nhiing kinh nghiem quy. Siic ta li siic mgnh ciia khdi dgi doan kdt eiia mgi
con dan nudc Viet Nam, con Lgc chau Hdng, con Rdng chiu Tien do mdt Ding vi dai tri tue, ban linh linh dao.
Bai hpc dem siic ta ma ty giai phdng cho ta ehinh la sy ket hpp chat che ed chat lupng khoa hge va cich mang y Dang vdi long dan. Chiing ta phai ludn ludn hidu thiu, nhin thuc diing din ring, tidn trinh lich su, vin hda Viet Nam eho thay d nude ta long dan cd truoc y Dang; phong trao yeu nude cd truoc phong ttao edng nhan;
chii nghla yeu nudc ed trudc chil nghia cdng sin.
Thuc td lich su do din tdi Dang ta ra doi li sy kdt hop nhuin nhuyfin ba yeu td: ehu nghia Mie - Lenin vdi phong ttao edng nhan va phong ttao yeu nudc. Nhan dan ehinh li ngudi sinh thinh ra Dang. Con dudng Hd Chi Minh cung chinh la con dudng cua din tde ta di: tu chu nghla yeu nudc tdi chu nghia cOng san. Nguoi viet: "Liic dau, ehinh la ehu nghia yeu nuoc, chir chua phai chii nghia cOng sin di dua tdi tin theo Lenin, tin theo Qude te thu ba""^'.
MOt dieu thii vi vi vd ciing quy gia li vdi ban chat anh hdng, diing cam, hing hii, can eii, khdn kheo, thdng mmh, sang tao vi rat tdt, "Tii ngay cd Dang, nhan din ta ludn ludn di theo Dang, rat trung thanh vdi Ding""^'.
Bai hgc kinh nghiem ldn nit ra a diy li trong sudt muoi lim nam, cich mang gap mudn van khd khan. Dang phai hogt dOng bi mat, hing ngiy, hing gid phai duang dau vdi chinh sach khiing bd da man eiia thue dan Phip. Nhidu can bO linh dao va dang vien hy sinh. Nhung vdi tu duy dOc lap, tu chu, sing tgo, Dang da di ra dudng ldi each mang diing din, phu hpp vdi nguyen vpng thiet tha cua dgi da sd nhin din ta la ndng dan. Ngay khi mdi ra ddi. Dang da td chiic va linh dao mdt phong ttao quan chung chua tiing cd d nudc ta la phong trio Xdviit Nghe Tinh (1930). Quan chung cdng ndng sat
LYLUAN CHINH TRI-So 9/2020
1 ^ K^ N I E M 75 N A M CACH MANG THANG T A M V A Q U 6 C K H A N H 2-9
eanh ben nhau lit dd quyen thdng tti cila de qudc va phong kidn, t h i n h lap chinh quy^n Xdviet cdng ndng binh. Xdvidt Nghe TTnh d i chiing to tinh t h i n oanh liet v i nang luc cich mgng cila nhan din. Phong trao tuy t h i t bai, nhung no d i ren luyen tinh than va lyc lugng cho cuOc Cich mang Thing Tam.
Tir nam 1936, Dang ta da phat ddng mgt phong ttip quin chiing rOng rai, thinh lap Maf
trin din chu chdngphitxit vaphan dgng thudc dia d Ddng Duong. Dang ta da lanh dgo n h i n dan d i u ttanh ddi cae quyen ty do, din chu, cai thien ddi sdng. Y Dang va long d i n hda quyen, thdng nhat lim mOt. Y thiic chinh tri eiia nhan d i n dupe nang eao. Uy tin eua Dang cang i n sau ttong nhan dan.
Khi chi^n tranh the gidi thii hai biing nd.
Dang ta va Hd Chi Minh d i chuyen hudng dau tranh, td chiic Mit tran Viet Mmh va cic doan thi Cliu qudc. MOt khdi dai doan kdt cae lue lupng yeu nudc chdng p h i t xit va thuc d i n dugc hinh thinh. Y Dang thd hien qua chinh saeh dung d i n cila Ding l i tam thdi gie khau hidu cich mang ruOng dat, chi de ra chinh saeh giim td, giam tiic v i tich thu niOng dit cua dd qude va Vi^t gian giao cho d i n ciy. Chuih sich do khoi day long din, tap tmng duge lyc lugng chdng dd qudc va tay sai, ldi keo nhiing ngudi yeu nudc ttong giai e i p dia chil, md rdng Mit ttgn dan tOc ciru nudc. Ldng dan tao t h i n h phong trio each mang ngiy cing len eao. Cic khu c i n eii dupe t h i n h lap. Dang p h i t ddng chien ttanh du kich chdng Nhat.
Vai siic ta nhu viy, khi thdi ca Hdng quin lien Xd d i n h thing phit xit vio mua Thu n i m 1945, Ding ta da kip thdi phat dgng toan qude khdi nghia giinh chinh quy^n.
Trong tinh hinh hien nay, bai hpc eiia Cach mgng Thing T i m dem sire ta ma ti; giii phdng
cho ta, thdng nhit y Dang va Idng d i n lim mOt v i n ven nguyen gii tti. Theo phuang c h i m " di b i t bidn, iing van bidn", thye hien dudng ldi ddi ngoai dde lap, tti chil, hda binh. hpp t i c va phat ttien, da phucmg hda, da dang hda quan he qudc td; viia hpp tic, vira d i u tranh. Muc tieu "dan giiu, nudc manh, d i n ehil, cdng bing, v i n minh" chi cd the dgt duoc b i n g siic manh ciia long d i n dudi sy l i n h dgo cua mdt dang c h i n chinh e i c h mgng, dgo diic va vin minh. Thanh qua ddi mdi ngiy cang to ldn b i n g sy ket hgp siie manh nOi sinh vdi siic mgnh ngogi sinh, sire mgnh dan tOc vdi siic mgnh thdi dgi. Mudn khai thae va tiep nhgn sire mgnh ngoai lue phai ed siic mgnh nOi luc.
Siie manh ngogi lye la quan trgng song siie mgnh nOi lue la yeu td quyet dinh.
Mdt ttong nhung bai hpe Cirong/mh xay dung dat nudc trong thai ky qua do Idn chu nghia xa hgi (bd sung, p h i t trien n i m 2011) nit ra la:
"Trong bit cii hoan canh nao ciing can kidn djiih y chi dgc lap, ty chii va ndu eao tinh than hpp tic qudc td, phit huy eao dO nOi luc, ddng thdi ttanh thii ngogi luc, ket hgp ydu td truyen thdng vdi ydu td hien dgi"''"'n
(l). (5), (6) Ho Chi Minh: Toan tap. t.7, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2011, tt.25-26,21,24.
(2), (4) H6 Chl Minh Toan tap. t.3, Sdd, tt.l, 256.
(3), (7), (14) DCSVN: Van kien Dai hoi dai biiu toan qudc lan thu XI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ngi, 2011,tt.65.65,66.
(8), (11), (12) H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap t.l2, Sdd, tt.409,402.563.
(9). (13) H6 Chi Minh: Toan tap, t.l5, Sdd, tr 292 622.
(10) Hd Chl Minh: Toan tip, t.5, Sdd. tt.289.
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