TAP CHJ CUNG THIftfNG
BINH DANG GlOfI TRONG GIAO DUG Of TINH THAI NGUYEN
• MA THI HUYEN NGA - N G U Y I N TH! PHUdNG THAO
TOM TAT:
Binh dang gidi (BDG) trong cac ITnb vtfe ndi chung va ttong gido due ndi rieng !a van de ma xd hpi hien nay ra't quan tdm. BDG khdng nhffng tao stf cdng bang ttong xa hpi ma con tac ddng tieh etfc dd'n stf phat ttien cua xd hpi. Vi vdy, BDG trong giao due la va'n dd quan ttpng dd'i vdi mdi qud'c gia. Bai nghien ctfu trinh bay mdt sd'va'n de xung quanh BDG ttong giao due tai tinh Thdi Nguyen - vafn de dang dtfdc quan tam hien nay.
Tff khoa: Binh dang gidi, gido due, tinh Thai Nguydn, thffe trang, giai phap.
1. Dgt va'n m
BDG hien nay dang la vd'n dd dffde ca xd hpi quan tdm. Nd'u vd'n de gidi phdng phu nff la va'n de cd ban nhd't trong cac va'n de ve quydn phu ntf tbi quyen binh dang gitfa nam va nff lai Id ndi dung quan trong nha't, cd't loi nha't, Bdc Hd dd khang dinh: "Cdng dan deu binh dang trffdc phap ludt.
Dan ba cd quydn binh dang vdi dan dng ve ede mat chinh tri, kinh te', van hda, xa hdi vd gia dinh"
[4]. Theo Lien hiep qud'c tai Viet Nam, BDG Id mpt muc tieu trpng tdm va lau dai md hau he't cae nffde da vd dang theo dudi trong thdi gian gan day vi nd ddng vai trd he't stfc quan trpng trong phdt tridn kinh te - xd hpi, ciing nhtf van hda boa binh ciia mdt qud'c gia noi rieng vd the' gidi ndi chung.
Day la mpt linh vtfc da khia canh va ddi hdi rd't nhieu nd Iffc tff Nhd ntfdc de'n edng ddng va y thtfc cua tffng cd nhdn trong bd'i canh chiu anh hffdng ve ky thi gidi.
BDG la linh vtfc rdng vd cd lien quan de'n nhieu ngdnh, nghd khde nhau. Dac biet, trong ITnh vtfc giao due, va'n de BDG cdng cd y nghia sdu sae vi giao due la ngdnh ma lao ddng nff chid'm 74 % tdng so' lao ddng toan ngdnh [ I j . Bdi vdy, nganh Giao due luon xde dinh viec nang cao chd't Iffdng ngudn nhdn Iffc nff, ttfng bffde bao dam sff tham gia binh dang gitfa nam va nff trong ITnb vtfc giao due va dao tao Id rat quan trpng.
Tinh Thai Nguyen dtfdc coi la mdt trong ba trung tam ddo tao ngudn nhan Itfc ldn nhd't ca ntfde [2], cho ndn vd'n de BDG trong giao due tren dia bdn tinh ludn dtfdc quan tdm sau sdc.
Ddy khdng phai la mdt vd'n de eon mdi me, nhffng cung khdng phai la va'n dd cu ky vd cd Ie se khdng bao gid Id mot va'n de bi coi la "Idi thdi". Khi chpn de tdi ndy, chting tdi mud'n di sdu vao nghidn ctfu va'n de BDG trong gido due d tinh Thai Nguydn hien nay, vd xin dtfara mdt sdgiai phdp de htfdng dd'n mpt ndn giao dtic c6 stf binh dang gitfa nam vd nff nham giup eho Tinb ngay mpt phat tridn, nang eao cha't Iffpng ngudn nhan Iffc trong tffdng lai.
2. Phtftfng phap nghidn ctfu 2.1. Phi&fng phdp thu thpp thong tin Cdc sd'lieu dtfdc thu thdp ttf cac tai lieu dd dtfdc cdng bd', nhtf: ede bao cao vd phat trien kinh td- xa hdicua tinh Thai Nguyen, nien gidm thd'ng ke, tap ehi, cac bdo cao khoa hpc, cdc van ban phap quy. dtfdc stf dung lam ngudn tai lieu thu thap.
2.2. Phidmg phdp ddnh gid, phdn tich Phtfdngphap tdng hdp va xtf ly sdlieu: Sau khi thu thdp dtfpc cdc thdng tin thtf ca'p, tien hanh tap hpp, phan to, phan loai, sdp xe'p thdng tin ttdn bang tinh Excel. Xtf ly cdc thong tin dmh tinh: Cac sd' lieu dtfpc bieu thJ thdng qua phffdng phdp phdn tieh tdng hpp. Xtf ly thdng tin dinh Itfdng: Cac sd
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lieu tiiu tiidp dtfdc xtf ly tten "Phdn mdm Excel" vd the hien qua cdc bdng bidu, hinh ve,„
Phtfdng phap phdn tich thong tin: Phtfdng phap thdng ke md ta, phffdng phdp pbdn td, phffdng phdp so sdnh tdng hpp.
3. Tinh trang BDG trong giao due ^ tinh Thai Nguyen
3.1. Ty le nam - nff vdo hpc trong cdc trUdng chuyen nghidp
ehi gan tffdng dffdng so vdi nff gidi; nam 2017 nam hpc dai hpc la 47,16% trong khi nff la 52,84%. So vdi nam gidi, nhtfng ndm trtfdc ddy, nff gidi dffde dd'n trffdng it hdn, dac bidt d nhffng ca'p hpc cao, nguydn nhdn chu ye'u la do da phan phu ntf phai dam dffdng trach nhiem ca cham lo cho gia dinb vd kie'm tien. Phu nff cflng chiu trach nhidm chinh trong viec cham sdc con cai, ngffdi d'm, ngffdi gid vd ngffdi tan tat ttong gia dinh, thay the cho nhffng Bang 1. Cd c a u sinh vien trong c a c triidng trung c d p , c a o d d n g , dqi hoc
B$chpc
Trung cap (Chuyen nghif p va nghe) Cao dang Dai hoc
Nam 2013 ND
42,43 56,38 52,26
Nam
57,57 43,62 47,74
Nam 2014 NO
45,33 57,47 46,84
Nam
54,67 42.53 53.16
Nam 2015 NO
47,29 56,81 54.61
Nam
52,71 43,19 46,39
Nam 2016 NO
47,36 63,23 55,41
Nam
52,64 36,77 44,59
Nam 2017 NO
40,89 69,01 52.84
Nam
59.11 30.99 47.16
Theo sd lieu Bdng 1, cdc edp hoe trdn dia ban tinh khdng eo sff chdnh Idch ldn, dac biet bdc trung cap va dai hpc. Sd' Iffdng nam vd nff tffdng dd'i ngang bang nhau, tuy nhidn d bac cao dang cd sd chdch lech khd rd. Ty Id nff d trinh dp trung cd'p giam ttf 42,43 % nam 2013 xud'ng con 40,89% nam 2017, sd Iffdng nff d cd'p hpe nay eung tha'p hdn so vdi nam gidi, do vdi hinh thffc ddo tao nghe {cP khi, ky thudt didn, didn tff, vidn thdng...) thffdng tiiu hut nhieu nam theo hoc hdn ntf. Thay vao dd, ty le nff cd tiinh dp cao ddng tdng dan qua cdc nam tff 56,38% nam 2013 Idn 69,01% ndm 2017 va ed sff each biet ve Iffpng so vdi nam gidi, ndm 2017 so' sinh vien nff theo hpc bac nay ldn hPn ga'p ddi smb vidn nam. Dieu nay cho thd'y da cd bffdc tid'n trong BDG trong ITnh vffe gido due giffa nam vd nff. Xet d ca'p dai hpc, sd' Iffdng nam theo hoc trinh dp nay
Ngudn: Theo tinh todn cda tdc gid dich vu ma cdng ddng vd xd hdi cung ca'p. Nhff vdy, so vdi nam gidi, phu ntf dtfdng nhff co it ed hdi de'n trtfdng hdn vd phai dtfdng dau vdi nhieu khd khan hdn. Tuy nhien, vdi stf xud't hien cua cac loai hinh gido due khdng ehinh quy, ehu ye'u danh cho ngtfdi ldn, ttong do ed phu nff, cac chffdng trinh ndy da lao nhieu cd hdi hpc tap dd'i vdi nff hPn rd't nhieu so vdi trffde.
3.2. Ty Ii nam' nd theo hpc Idp xda ma chff, bd tuc vdn hoa
Bang 2 eho tha'y ve ty Id theo hpc Idp xoa mu chff, bd tuc van hda trong 5 nam qua, tre em gdi it eP hpi dtfdc de'n trffdng so vdi nam gidi, hpc sinh ntf chi bdng 1/4 so vdi hoc sinh nam. Dieu ndy chffng td chffa ed sff tie'n bd trong BDG ve va'n de xda mu chff, bd tuc van hda, cung nhtf cdng tac phd cap giao due cho hpc vien nff dat thdnh qua chffa cao.
Bang 2. Ty le theo hoc Idp xoa mii chiJ, bo tuc v a n hoo c u a hai gidi
Dvt: Ngtfdi
Giai
Tong NO Nam
Nam 2013 So luong
3,715 725 2 990
%
100 19,52 80,48
Nam 2014 Sfi luong
2.088 443 1.645
%
100 21,22 78,78
Nam 2015 So laqng
1.783 402 1.381
%
100 22,55 77,45
Nam 2016 So loong
2.249 563 1.686
%
100 25.03 74.97
Nam 2017 So lopng
1.788 446 1.342
%
100 24.94 75,06 Ngudn: Nien gidm thdng ke tinh Thdi Nguyin 2017
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3.3. Ty le gidng vien nff trong cdc trffdng chuyen nghiep.
Bang 3. Ty le giang vien pCT trong cdc trtfdng trung cdp, coo ddng, dqi hoc
Dvt: %
hpc Trung cap Cao dang Elai hoc
Nam 2013 35,70 54,31 56,86
Nam 2014 43,54 52,99 58,06
Nam 2015 47,18 64,18 57,34
Nam 2016 44,72 55,36 57,94
Nam 2017 41.15 56.37 57.70 Ngudn: Theo tinh loan cda tdc gid Xet tren pham vi toan tinh, khoang edeh BBD giffa nam va ntf giang day trong cdc trffdng chuyen nghidp dang ngdy cdng co hep hdn 5 cdc bdc. Dac biet, tff nam 2012 ttd lai ddy, ty Id nff gidi giang day trong cdc trtfdng cao dang va dai hpc ludn cao bdn so vdi nam gidi (nam 2017, ty le dd la 56,37%
vd 57,70%). Tuy nhien, xet trinh dp hoc vd'n cua cdc giang vien, cdng d trinh dp hpc va'n cao thi mtfc dp BBD lai cang Idn.
Giao due la mdt trong nhtfng ITnh vtfc dtfdc tinh Thdi Nguyen quan lam dau tff trong cdc nam qua, ngan sdch cua Tinh chi cho gido due trong cac nam qua deu chie'm ty trpng Idn nhd't trong tdng chi ngan sdch dia phffdng. Theo so' lieu trong Nidn giam thd'ng ke tinh Thai Nguyen ndm 2017, nam 2016, dnh Thai Nguyen da chi ngdn sdch cua dnh cho stf nghidp gido due - dao tao chie'm 18,7%, nam 2017 ty Id nay lang Idn tdi 22,2%. Bdn canh do, ngan sdch dnh da ddu ttf xdy dffng mdi cung nhff nang ca'p stfa chffa nhieu trffdng hpc.
vdi nam 2013. So hpc sinh pho thdng nam 2017 Id 205.678 hpe sinh, tang 25.309 hpc sinh so vdi ndm 2013. Quadd,ta thd'y cdsd vdt chd't, dieu kidn hpc tap cua hpc sinh tinh qua 5 ndm qua dd dtfdc cai thien rd net.
Nhff vay, sau khi phdn tich ede bang sd hdu neu tren, ta tha'y BDG trong ITnh vffe giao due dat nhidu tid'n bp ttf chi ngdn sdch, ty Id hpc sinh - sinh vien eung nhtf giao vien trong cac trtfdng chuydn nghiep, ty Id nam - ntf theo hpc Idp xoa mii chff, bo tuc van hda. Mac dii vdy, cdng tac phd cap giao dijc d tinh dd'i vdi nff gidi van con tha^p, ty Id ni?
gidi cd hpc ham hpc vi chtfa cao. Cd the ndi, BDG trong ITnh vtfc giao due d Tbdi Nguyen da co nhffng thay ddi ra't cd ban va vffng ehac nhu^g chi mdi d cae bde hpe phd thdng. Trong khi do, muc tidu phat trien thien nien ki ydu cau de'n ndm 2020, pha'n da'u xda ba't binh dang gidi d ca bde dai hpc.
4. Nguydn nhan d3n tdi bdft binh dang gidi trong ITnh vtfc giao due of tinh Thai Nguyen
Thd nhdt, tff tffdng trpng nam khinh nff. Mac dii hien nay quyen phu nff dtfdc cdng nhdn nhffng ttf tffdng trpng nam khinh ntf vdn cdn tdn tai, ddc biet gan lien vdi cdc ttf ttfdng tdn gido. Trai qua cac thdi ky, trong ddi sd'ng tmh than cua ngtfdi Vidt Nam Id lam sao phai cd con trai de nd'i doi ddng tpc, truyen tff ddi nay qua ddi khac. Vi vay, W tffdng trpng nam khinh nff ngdy cang cd chieu hffdng gia tang, nhd't la trong ITnh vtfc gido due - ddo lao.
Thd hai, vd'n de binh dang cdng vide trong gia dinh. O Vidt Nam ndi chung vd tinb Thai Nguydn ndi rieng, quan nidm: "Cdng viec ndi trd la thidn chtfc cua phu nff" la nguyen nhdn quan ttpng nhat
Bang 4. Mot sd chi tieu ve gido due ptid thong cua tinh Thai Nguyen Cac chi tieu
S6' hpc sinh pho thong (hoc sinh) So giao vien (ngucii) So I6p hpc (Idp) So trudng hpc (tracing)
Nam 2013 180.369
11.138 5.957 440
Nam 2014 186.120
11.584 6.272 446
Nam 2015 191.626
11.542 6.231 447
Nam 2016 198.002
11.640 6.291 448
Nam 2017 205.678
11.672 6.434 451
Bang 4 cho tha'y so'trtfdng hpc pho thdng ndm 2013 Id 440 trtfdng, den nam 2017 la 451 trtfdng, tang 11 trffdng. Sd Idp hpc ndm 2017 la 6.434 Idp, tang 477 Idp so vdi nam 2013. So'giao vien phd thdng ndm 2017 la 11.672 ngffdi, tang 534 ngffdi so
Ngudn. Nien gidm thdng ki tinh Thdi NguySn 2017 can ttd viec phu ntf tham gia vdo cac hoat ddng kinh te', vdn boa - xd hpi, gido due. Khdng nhffng the', xa hdi cdn ddnh gia thd'p y nghTa cua cac cong viec gia dinh lam cho nam gidi thie'u dpng lUc trong vide chia se cdng viec do vdi phu nff. Trong
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cac hd gia dinh, thffdng dinh hinb cac md'i quan he gidi ngay ttf ddu cua qua trinh xd bdi boa cd nhdn vd cdn truyen tai chiing ttf the'he nay sang thd'hd khac. Cd nhffng dinh kie'n gidi cua cha me bidu hidn nhff: quan nidm cho rdng cac em gdi khdng phai hoc nhidu, md can phai lam vide ndi trd giiip gia dinb. Do vdy, quan didm nff gidi phai ddt nang trach nhiem nudi day con cai, ndi trd trong gia dinh, gidi vide nhd; eon nam gidi mdi Id nhtfng ngffdi can ed ndng life, la ngffdi ra quyd't dinb, gidi vide xd hdi. Chinh vl thd', nff gidi trong ITnh vffe giao due, ca quyen di hoc, di lam van con nhidu han chd.
Thd ba, nhdn thtfc xa hoi. Nguyen nhan can ban din tdi tinb trang bd't binh ddng gidi trong gido due la nhan thffe xd hdi ehffa thd'u ddo. Mat nhdn thffc cua nhdn dan cdn han chd. Bdn canh do, cdng tdc tuyen truyen BDG cdn nhidu ban che', chffa thie't thffc, chtfa phii hpp vd di sat vao dan.
Thd tu, cdc the che' xa hpi, cac chuan mtfc xd hdi, cdc tap quan xa hpi, quyen han, ludt le cung nhtfcdc thd chd'kinh td'thi trtfdng... tdc ddng rd't ldn den ngudn Iffe nao ma bp dffPc tie'p can, hoat dpng ndo ma gidi nao dffPc phep tham gia, gidi ndo dtfpc phep tham gia nen kinh le' - xd hpi dtfdi hinh thtfc ndo. Chinh nhffng thd che' do da quy dinh ddng ed khuydn khich hay khdng khuyen khich cae dinb kid'n gidi.
5. Giai phap nang cao BDG tronglmh vtfc giao due va dao t^o S tmh Thai Nguydn trong thdi gian tdi
Thffc hien muc tieu ve BDG: Nam, nff binh dang ve dp tudi di hpc, ddo tao, bdi dffdng; Nam, ntf binh dang trong viec Iffa chpn nganh, nghe hpc tap, dao tao; Nam, nff binh dang trong vide tid'p can va hffdng thu ede chinh sdch ve gido due, dao tao, bdi dffdng chuydn mdn, nghiep vu. Tren cP sd dd, dnh Iffa ehpn cdc giai phap phii hdp vdi dia phffdng de thffc hien BDG trong ITnh vffe giao due va dao tao. Tren thffc tien, dia bdn tinh Thai Nguyen co nhieu khu cdng nghiep, thu hut lao ddng nff khdng ebi cua Tinh, ma cdn d eac tinh khac tten ca ntfdc. Chinh vi vay, can cd sff BDG trong dao tao chuydn mdn, ndng cao tay nghe cho lao dpng nff, dd Id mue tieu lau dai va mang tinh chidn Itfdc. Do do cdn cd cdc giai phdp nham ndng cao BDG trong ITnh vtfc giao diic va ddo tao d dnh Thai Nguyen, cu the nhtf sau:
-I- Quy dinb ty le nam, nff tham gia hoc tdp, ddo tao dam bao cdn bang gidi.
-I- Lao ddng nff khu vffe ndng thdn dffde bd trd day nghd theo quy dinh cua phap ludt. [5]
-I- Giai quye't tinb trang bd hoc ciia cac em hpc sinh trffdc 11 tudi, ban che' td'i da tinh trang bd hpc trtfdc 15 tudi.
-t- Dau tff manh bPn nffa eho gido due d cac huydn trong tinh, dau tff nhan Iffc va tai Itfc de cac huyen cd the bat kip btfdc phdt tnen ehung cua thdnh phd'.
+ Chu ttpng ndng cao ty Id huy ddng dung dp tudi vdo bac trung hpc cd sd va trung hpc phd thdng.
+ Khuye'n khich lao ddng nff ndng cao trinh dd hpe van, nang Iffc chuydn mdn vd dao tao bdi dffdng nghidp vu, tay nghe eho gidi nff nham ndng eao ngudn nhan Iffc nff va Idnh dao nff, dap tfng yeu cau cua hpi nhdp vd phai tridn kinh td' dd't ntfdc.
+ Dam bao cho lao ddng nff tham gia cdc khda bdi dffdng ve chinh tri, hanh chinh, tin hpc, ngoai ngtf, ddo tao cdng chffc thi tuydn vd thi nang ngach edng chffc.
+ Nff can bp, cdng chffc, vien chffc khi tham gia dao tao, bdi dtfdng mang theo con dtfdi 36 thang tudi dtfdc hd trd theo quy dinh cua Chinh phu.
6. Kd't lu§n
BDG trong gido due d dnh Thai Nguyen Id mot nhiem vu can thie't trong qua trinh phdt ttien kinh te' - xa hdi Idu ddi. Trong giao due, can dau tff cho tffng cd'p hpe, bac hpc ve dpi ngu gido vien cung nhff cd sd vat chd't phuc vu eho cdng tdc dao tao. Ddc biet trong ITnh vffe gido due BDG giffa nam vd nff dffde the bidn d ty Id xda mu chff cung nhtf trinh do bie't doe, bid't Viet cua nam vd nff; ty Ie nam vd ntf dtfdc tuyen vao cdc trtfdng ngang bang nhau Id muc tidu chung cua toan xd bdi. Dieu nay gop phdn thffc hien muc tieu cdng bang xa bpi cho mpi ngffdi dan trong Tinh, ddng thdi giup eho viec ihtfc bien BDG trong nhieu ITnb vtfc khac thdnh cdng. Thai Nguyen la dia bdn cff tru eua nhieu ngtfdi ddn nhdp ctf ttf cae vung Idn can, la cdi ndi van hda ldn cua khu vtfc trung du midn nui phia Bac, nen ddi hdi stf BDG rd't cao; ddc biet, va'n dd gido due, ddo tao ngudn nhan Itfc chd't Itfpng cao cdn co stf cdn nhac stf cdng bdng gitfa nam va nff. Ngoai ra, ngudn lao dpng chtfa qua dao tao cho tha'y stf BDG cdn nhieu viec phai Idm ttong thdi gian tdi. Htfdng de'n mpt xa hdi phdn vinh, cong bang ve mat xa hpi, thl stf BDG trong gido due la nhip edu nd'i vffng chac cho mpi ngffdi trong cdc hoat dpng xa hdi tid'p theo •
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TAP CHJ CONG THtftfNG
T A I LHEU T H A M K H A O :
1. Bdo Phu nd Viet Nam (2015). "Vai tro kep" cda phu nd trong gido due, Hdi Lien hiep Phu nd Viet Nam, truy cdptUhltp://hoilhpn.org.vn/newsdetail.asp?CatId^l6&NewsId-22508&lang=VN
2. Gidi thieu chung ve Thdi Nguyin, Cong thdng tin dien id Thdi Nguyin.
3. Niin gidm thdng ke linh Thdi Nguyin 2017.
4. Qudc hdi (2006), Ludt Binh ddng gidi, Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia.
5. Uy ban nhdn ddn linh Thdi Nguyin (2016), Chuong trinh ihUc hien Chien luac Qudc gia ve binh ddng gidi tren dia bdn tinh Thdi Nguyin giai dogn 2016 - 2020.
Ngay nhSn bai: 16/4/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va sufa chii'a: 26/4/2019 Ngay chap nhSn dang bai: 6/5/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:
1. ThS. MA THI HUYEN NGA
Khoa Kinh te', Trtfdng Dai hpc Kinh te va Quan tri kinh doanh, Dai hpc Thai Nguydn
2. ThS. N G U Y I N T H I PHITCJNG THAO
Khoa Quan ly - LuSt Kinh te', Trtfdng Dai hpc Kinh te va Quan tri kinh doanh, Dai hpc Thai Nguydn
GENDER EQUALITY IN EDUCATION IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE
• MA. MA THI HUYEN NGA Faculty of Economics, Thai Nguyen University University of Economics & Business Adnninistration
• MA. NGUYEN THI PHUONG THAO Facuity of Admlnitrastion & Economics Lav^,
Tiial Nguyen University
Universit/ of Economics & Business Administration
ABSTRACT:
Gender equality in different fields in general and in education in particuar has been of great concern to the society. Gender equality not only creates the fauness but also promotes the society's development. Therefore, gender equality in education is an essential issue for each country. This article presents some issues of gender equality in education in Thai Nguyen province which has been a concerned issue recently.
Keywords: Gender equality, education, Thai Nguyen province, situations, solution.
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