C6NG TI LUAT HOP DANH

NGHIEN caU-TRAO B 6 |

' C6NG TI LUAT HOP DANH - C 6 N G TI D 6 I NHAN DAC TBU

NGUViN QUV TRONG * NGUYiN PHUNG DUONG **

Tdm tdt: Cdng ti lugt hgp danh (CTLHD) Id logi hinh cdng ti gdn liin v&i nghi "nhgy cdm" vd c6 tinh rui ro cao trong xd hgi - nghi ludt su. CTLHD viea mang nhieng cdt loi cua cdng ti ddi nhdn vua mang nhieng net khdc biit tie su ra dai, s& hieu, tinh trdch nhiem vd ca cdu td chirc qudn li den hogt dgng ciia cdng li Bdi viit chi ra vd ludn gidi sy khdc biet cda CTLHD die&i gdc nhin Id cdng ti dot nhdn dgc thu.

TUkhod: Cdng ti hgp danh; cdng ti lugt hgp danh; cdng ti ddi nhdn; lugt su.

Abstract: Law firm partnerships (LFPs) are the ones which are associated with a "sensitive"

profession with high risks - the lawyer career. LFPs embody the core features of a partnership company as well as distinctive features in terms of birth, ownership, liability, management structure and activities. This paper identifies and interprets the distinctive features of LFPs as specific partnership companies.

Keywords: Partnership; law firm partnership; partnership company; lawyer.

H

oat ddng nghfi ngbiep efia luat su gdp Thir nhdt, v l thdnh vifin cflng ti phdn bdo vp cdng K, quyfin ty do, ddn Thanh vifin cong ti gfim tfi chuc, cd nhan chfi cfia cfing ddn, quyfin, lgi fch hgp phdp vdi tu cdch Id nhfing nha d i u tu ttong va cfia cd nhan, co quan, tfi chfic; phat triln

kinb tfi-xa hgi, xdy dung Nhd nudc phdp quyen Viet Nam xa hpi ehfi nghTa, xa hfli dan chfi, cfing bing, van minh.*'* Ludt su cd the hdnh nghfi ludt vdi tu cdch cd nhan bode tham gia tbanh lap cdc to chfic hanh nghfi lugt su.* ' Ve id cbfic hanh nghe ludt su, ttong ndm 2014 ca nudc cd thfim gan 200 tfi chfic bdnh nghfi lugt su so vdi nam 2013 (tang gan 95%), ndng tdng s l t l chfie hdnh nghi ludt su Ifin 3.408 td chfic vdi 2.322 vdn phong lugt su va 1.086 cflng ti luat.'^' Khodn 1 Difiu 34 Ludt tudt su nam 2006 quy djnh cfing ti ludt bao gom CTLHD va cdng ti lugt trdch nhiem bun hgn. Trong dd, CTLHD cd nhfing dilm ddc thii sau:

ngodi nudc. Thdnh vifin cdng ti thue hipn cdc quyfin, nghTa vy vd ttdch nhiem khfing phai hodn todn d i n g nhdt ma phy thuge vdo tinh chat, muc dp sd hfiu cfing nhu ban ctiat phdp li cfia tfing Ioai hinh cflng ti. Vific xem xet nhfing difim tuong dong vd sy khac bifit ve thanh vifin gifia CTLHD vdi cac mfi binh cdng ti khac cd J nghTa ton ttong viec di fim cdi rifing, dgc thu ttong cdi chung, ting ihi tten phucmg dipn ti tuan vd thyc tifin.

Cflng ti cd t h l (va) khong chi g i m mot logi tiidnh vifin. Viec phdn loai thanh vifin

* Tien sT luat hpc, giing vien chinh Truimg Dai hpc Lu^t m Npi

**Th9c sT luat hpc, gi^g vien Truimg Dai hpc Thuong m^i

TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 7/2015

NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO BOI

cfing ti cdn cu theo nhfing tifiu chf khdc nhau nhu: nguon vdn ddu tu, tu each phdp tf hay muc dp va ti tfi chilm gift vln gdp ttong cflng ti. Dli vdi mfl hinh cflng ti hgp danh (CTHD),*"*' thanh vifin gim thdnh vifin hgp danh (thdnh vifin nhdn vfln) va cd the cd thdnh vien gdp von. Moi logi thdnh vifin cd dia vj phdp If khdc nhau ttong qud trinh tbanb lap, tfln tai va phat trifin efia cflng ti.

Thanh vien hgp danh la cac dong chfi sd hiiu cdng li va phai Id cd nhan (ft nhat hai cd nhdn) ddp fing cdc quy dinh cua phdp luat.

Tfnh chat ddng chfi sd huu cua thanh vifin bgp danh tgo nfin "xuang sing" quylt djnh viec chia sfi quyen lyc ttong cfing ti cfing nhu tao ra cdc ddng "huyfit mgeh" nudi sfing vd ldm ben vfing hogt dpng cfing ti. Lugt tiiyc dinh cbi cho phfip ed nhdn ttd thdnh Ibdnb vifin hgp danh trong CTHD. Dieu nay cd thfi dugc ludn gidi bdi tfnh lifin ddi chiu ttdch nhipm vfl hgn cfia thanh vien hgp danh ddi vdi khodn ng vd nghTa vu tdi chi'nh cfia cflng ti. Ngoai thanh vifin hgp danh, ttong ' CTHD cd thfi cd thdnh vifin gdp vfin va thanh vien ndy chiu ttdch ntiifim hfiu tign trong pham ' vi sfi von hp gop vao cong ti.

' Khdc vdi CTHD thdng tiiudng, CTLHD ' chi bao gdm logi thdnh vifin duy nhdt la '• thdnh vien hgp danh. Thdnh vifin hgp danh

cfia cflng ti lugl pbai la luat su. Theo khoan

! 2 Difiu 34 Lual luat su nam 2006, CTLHD ' Id toai hinh cong ti ddi nhdn do ft nhat hai lugt su thdnh lap. CTLHD khflng cd thanh vifin gdp vdn. Difim ddc bifit Id thdnh vifin hgp danh trong CTLHD phdi Id cdc ludt su ma khfing phdi la bit ki t l chuc, cd nhdn

ndo. Ngudi mudn ttd thdnh luat su phdi Id ngudi cd bdng cfi nhan lugt, dap fing cac difiu kifin ve sfic khoe, ndng lyc, phdm chit theo quy djnh cfia phdp Iugt. Hg cin phai ttai qua thdi gian dao tgo nghifip vu ludt su vdi thdi gian 12 thang.*^* Ngudi hodn thanh chucmg trinh dao tgo nghe ludt su dugc ca sd ddo tao nghfi ludt su cap gidy chfing nhdn tflt nghiep dao tgo nghi lugt su.*^' Ngudi cd giay chfing nhan tit nghifip dao tao nghfi lugt su dang Icf tap sy tgi cdc td chfic hdnh nghe ludt su (vdn phdng ludt su, cong ti lugt) ttong thdi gian 12 thdng (trfi trudng hgp dugc mien, giam thdi gian tap sy). Thdi gian tfnh tap sy bat ddu tu ngdy dang kf tap sy tai dodn lu|it su (noi cd try sd cfia to cbfic hanh nghfi hi^t su cho ngudi tgp sy).

Ket thfic thdi gian tap sy, hg pbai tbam dy kifim tta kit qua tgp sy hdnh nghe lugt su do Lifin dodn lu§t su Viet Nam tl chfic trfin ca sd danh sdch va dfi nghj cfia doan ludt su.

Hpi dfing kifim tta cap giay chfing nhdn kifim tta kit qua tdp su hdnh nghe ludt su cho nhihig ngudi dfi dieu kien. Gidy chung nhdn kifim tta kfit qua tap su hanh nghe lugt su la CO sd phdp If dfi Bfi trudng Bd tu phdp quyfit dinh cip giiy chiing chi hdnh nghi ludt su ttfin CO sd dfi nghi cfia nhiing ngudi dap ung dugc cdc difiu kipn.

Tinh dfin thdng 9/2014, sfi nguci duge cip chiing chi hdnh nghi lu^t su Id 11.285 ngudi.^* Sau ktii duge cdp chung chi hdnh nghfi lugt su, cdc ca nhdn lya chpn gfii hd sa tham gia vdo mpt doan lugt su. Ban chfi nhipm doan ludt su ra quylt djnh kit ngp nguoi do vao doan luat su khi cd day dfi hd

„ TAP CHt LUAT H O C S 6 7/2015

NGHIEN CiAJ - TRAO DOI

SO hgp lfi dong thdi dfi nghj Lien dodn luat su xem xet, cap the lugt su cho ngudi gia nhgp doan luat su.'^' Tfnh den thdng 9/2014, da cd 9.231 ngudi da dugc Lifin dodn ludt su Viet Nam cap the luat su.*' Tuy ntiifin, khfing phai bdt ki cd nhan nao tctii da ttd ttidnh ludt su deu cd the thdnh lap hogc tham gia thdnh lap ngay tfl chfic hanh nghe ludt su. Lugt su thanh tap hoac tham gia thanh lap td cbfic hanh nghfi ludt su ptiai cd ft nhat 2 nam hdnh nghe lifin lue, lam vipc theo hgp dfing lao dgng cbo td chfic hanh nghi ludt su hoac banh nghfi vdi tu edeh cd nhdn theo hgp dfing lao dpng cho co quan, td chfic.*"*'

Bfin cgnh do, su tham gia cfia cdc ludt su va cdc td chfic hanh nghfi lugt su nudc ngoai gdp phdn tgo nen su da dang cfia nghfi ludt tai Viet Nam. Ludt su nudc ngoai ddp fing dfi cdc dieu kifin theo quy djnh cfia phdp ludt Viet Nam se dugc cap giay phep hanh nghe tgi Viet Nam.'"' Vfi qudn If hogt dgng lugt su nudc ngoai tai Viet Nam, ttong nam 2014, Bp tu phdp da tiep nhgn, tham tta va cdp 30 giay phep banh nghe tgi Viet Nam cho lugt su nudc ngoai, cdp 10 gidy phep thdnh lgp chi nhdnh, cflng ti lugt nudc ngodi lai Viet Nam, ndng tdng sd ludt su nudc ngoai dugc cap gidy phep hanh nghfi tai Viet Nam tfin 397 ludt su vd 67 tfi chfic hanh nghe lugt su nudc ngodi tai Viet Nam."^' Ludt su nudc ngodi cd thfi hdnh nghfi lugt tgi Vipi Nam vdi tu cdch ed nhdn bode thong qua tfi chfie hanh nghfi lugt su. Td chfic hanh nghe ludt su nude ngodi hdnh nghfi tgi Viet Nam dudi cac hinh tiific nhu: Clu nhdnh cfia td chfic hanh nghi lugl su nudc ngoai, cdng ti lugt ttach

nliiem hfin tian 1(X)% vfln nudc ngodi, cflng ti lugt ttdch ntiifim hfiu hgn dudi tunh thuc lien doanh, CTLHD giua to chfie hanh nghe lugt su nudc ngodi vd CTLHD Viet Nam.

Theo quy djnh tlii thanh vien cua CTLHD (do luat su nudc ngoai hdnh nghe tgi Vi?i Nam) bao gdm cac phdp nhan (cdng ti ttdch nhifim hihi hgn 100% vdn nudc ngodi) ho$c dugc phdp nhan uy quyfin (chi nhanh ciia to chfie hdnh nghfi luat su nude ngoai). Tuy ntufin, nlu ttiam ctueu vdi Lugt doanh nghidp (nam 2005, ndm 2014) v l thanh vifin CTHD ndi chung, CTLHD ndi rieng thi Uidnh vifin bgp danh chi bao gom cdc ca nhdn (CTHD) ho$c lugt su (CTLHD). Nhu vay, phai chdng d day can cd su phan biel vfi thdnh vien hpp danh cfia CTHD theo Ludt doanh nghiep \i thdnh vifin cua CTLHD ( t l chfic hdnh ngh£

cfia Iugt su Vipt Nam) vd thanh vifin CTLHD (td cbfic hanh nghfi ludt su nudc ngoai t^

Vipt Nam) theo quy djnh tgi Luat lual su (ndm 2006, ndm 2012). Bfin cgnh dd, tmdng hgp CTLHD dugc thanh tap gifia t l chfic bdnh nghfi lugt su nudc ngodi va CTLHD Viet Nam thi td chfic hanh nghi luat su nuoc ngodi, CTLHD Vipt Nam la tiidnh vien cua CTLHD se chju ttdch nhiem vd ban hay ttdch nhifim hfiu hgn d l i vdi khoan ng vi nghTa vy tai ctifnh cflng ti?

Thie hai, v l ddng kf tbanb lap cfing ti Dang ki thanh lap cflng ti la vific khai sinh vfi phucmg difin phdp If cho sy ra dfii cfia cflng ti vdi khd nhilu ngi dung cfing nhir cdng vipc ma chfi cdng ti cin thuc hipn. Mpt ttong nhfing ndi dung dd dugc xem xet tii sir ti'ch hgp d hai phuang difin;

54 TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 7/2015

Mpt Id dang kf doanh ngtiifip. Viec dang kf doanh nghifip dugc thuc hifin tgi ca quan nba nudc cd tbam quyfin (mgt budc), trii vific thanh ldp mflt sfl doanh nghifip d nhfing ITnh vuc ddc thu thi viec thanh lap ttai qua bai budc: quyet djnb thanh lap va DKKD (nhu thanh lap ngan bang, bdo hifim...). Viee quy djnh nhu vgy ndm ttong chucmg trinh gidn dem boa thfi tuc ddng kf doanh nghifip, gdp phdn thyc hien hifiu qud efing cugc cdi cdch tu pbdp bifin nay. Bfin canh dd, viec quy djnh nhu vay cfing het sfie can ihiet khi tang cudng va bdo dam quyen ty do kinh doanh cfia nha ddu tu - mpt ttong nhiing quyen ca ban cfia quyen con nguai da dugc quy djnb ttong Hien pbdp ndm 2013. Difiu dd da dugc cu ihfi hda bang su ra ddi cfia Lugt doanh ngtuep nam 2014 (cd hifiu lyc tfi ngdy 01/7/2015) - dugc coi Id dli mdi thfi che ldn thfi 2 ve doanh nghiep. Theo do, pbdp luat cbi quy djnh ITnh vyc cam kinh doanh, ITnh vyc ban chl kinh doanh (danh rieng cho mdt sfl doanh nghifip d cdc ITnh vuc nen kinh te trpng diem va (hoac) lien quan den an ninh quflc phdng, thuan phong mi tuc hay chi cd doanh nghiep ddp fing dfi dieu Idfin), cdn lgi doanh ngtiiep se dugc thyc bien tat ca cdc ITnh vyc kinh doanh (day cd the duge coi la quyen "duong ntiifin" cfia doanh nghiep). Viec quy djnh nhu vdy vfia ndng cao khd ndng kifim soat cfia Nha nudc vfia ttdnh rudm ra cho doanh nghifip khi ddng kl kinh doanh. Tuy nhifin, ddi vdi viec thanh lap CTLHD, m^c dii la phdp nhdn nhung CTLHD khong phai thyc hifin viec dang kl doanh nghipp tgi phdng dang kf kinh

doanh (thugc sd kfi hogch dau tu) ma thyc tiifin viec dang kf boat dpng tai sd tu phap noi cdng ti dat try sd ctifnh. Su khde bifit nay xuit phat tfi gdc dp quan If, kifim soat cfia Nha nudc ddi vdi loai tiinh cdng ti nay. Nha nudc khflng chi kiem sodt mang tfnh chat hdnh ctifnh phap tf ma cdn mang tfnh chdt chuyfin mdn hod nhdm hudng ldi trgt ty ttong ehinh thl tiidng nhdt. Chinh vi vgy, CTLHD cd tiie dugc xem la md hinh cflng ti gan chat giua hai phuang dien kinh te va djch vy phap If.

Nhung cung can nhan thfic dugc rang ktii hanh nghfi, cdc luat su khdng chi hoan loan gin lifin vdi thucmg mgi (tbii lao) md trong mgt so truong hgp theo quy djnh efia phdp lugl (doi vdi vu an md cdc bj cdo Id vj thdnh nifin, vu dn cd khung hinh phat cao nhit Id tfi hinh...), viee luat su tham gia bao ehua cdn thl hifin tfnh nhdn dao, tinh cfing dfing. D I hudng ldi nen ldnh tfi-xa hpi van minh, hien dai tbi md binh doanh nghifip - doanh nghifip xa hfii ra dfii la tit yfiu.*' '

Hai Id thanh lap hoac tham gia thanh lap cdng ti cfia thanh vien cfing ti. Ddi vdi CTLHD thi mdt luat su chi dugc thanh lap hoac tham gia thanh lap mdt td chfic hanh nghfi luat su. Trong trudng hgp luat su d cac doan luat su khac nhau cung tham gia thanh lap cdng ti lual thi cd thfi lua chpn thanh lap va dang kf hoat dgng tai dja phuang nai cd dodn luat su md mpt trong cdc ludt su dd la thanh vifin.*'''' Cd Ihfi thiy ddy la chfi djnh mang tinh "ddng" ddi vdi luat su, theo do mpt ludt su ehi dugc tham gia thanh lap mpt edng ti lugt, ke ea CTLHD. Phai chang quy djnh mang ti'nh chat "ddng" nay thuc sy la

t TAP CHl LUAT HOC S6 7/2015

NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI

cdn thifit khi ma cac ludt su lifin dai chiu trach nhifim vfi bgn dli vdi cdc khoan ng?

Thilt nghT, quy djnh nay duge ddi ttfin nin tang efia nghe ngliiep, uy tfn, dgo dfic tudt su vd khd ndng ban chl toi da nhihig rfii ro cho khdch hang va ngay cd chfnh vdi cde ludt su khi hp hanh nghe. Tuy nhifin, dfii vdi mo binb CTHD thdng thudng tbi quy dinb nay lgi mang tfnh chdt "md". Thdnh vifin hgp danh, vfi nguyfin tac khfing dugc tbam gia thdnh lap, ldm ehfi doanh nghiep lu nhan ho^c la tbanh vifin hgp danh cfia CTHD khdc (trfi trudng hgp cac thdnh vifin hgp danh cdn lai nhdt tri).*'^' Nhu vdy, tinh than cfia quy djnh nay dugc dya trfin ca sd tfln ttgng va bdo dam quyen cua thanh vifin bgp danh - cac chfi sd hfiu cdng ti. Bfin canh dd, cac thdnh vifin ciia cde cdng d khdc (cdng ti ttdch nhifim huu ban va cfing ti efi phan) cd thfi khfing chi ddu tu vao cfing ti duy nhat md tuy thugc vdo difiu kien, khd ndng hp cd thl tham gia gdp von, Ihdnh lgp vdo nhieu efing ti.

Thu ba, vfi ttdch nhifim phdp If Viee quy dinh va dp dyng tfnh ehiu ttdch nhiem cd y nghTa ttong vific bdo vfi quyfin, lgi fch hgp phap efia tfi cbfic, cd nhdn lifin quan, ddc bipt khi cdng ti bj tuyen bd pbd san bang quyet djnh cfia toa an cd thdm quyfin. Hpc thuyfit vfi trdch nhifim cho ring cd hai logi ttdeh nhipm Id ttdch nhifim hfiu hgn va ttdch nhifim vfi ban. Trdch nhipm dd dugc dp dyng cho cdng ti vd cac tiianh vifin cdng ti khi thyc hipn thanh todn cdc khoan ng hay nghla vy tai chfnh. Tham chilu cdc quy djnh vfi vdn de ttdch nhifim

theo quy djnh cfia phdp ludt Vipt Nam efi the thay cdc doanh nghifip "cflng" hay doanh nghipp "tu" dfiu dugc dp dyng ttdch nhifim hfiu ban dfli vdi cdc khoan ng vi nghTa vu tdi ctifnh, cdn ttdch nhipm ciia thdnh vien trong cdng ti dd cd thl duge dp dyng theo chl dp ttdch nhiem hihi hgn ho§c trach nhipm vo ban tuy thugc vdo md hinh cflng ti. Thdnh vifin cong ti cd phan, cdng ti ttdch nhipm hfiu hgn hay thanh vifin gdp von ttong CTHD chiu ttdch nhipm vl ede khodn ng hay nghia vy tai chfnh cfing ti ttong phgm vi sd von gdp vao cong ti, khdng phu thuflc vdo tong sfl ng ma cdng li phdi thanh toan (ttach nhiem hfin hgn).

Ngugc lgi ddi vdi CTHD, CTLHD thi thanh vifin hgp danh tifin ddi ehiu ttdch nhiem vfi ban doi vdi cdc khoan ng vd nghTa vu tii ehfnh cfia cflng ti (phu thudc vdo tflng so np md cflng ti cd nghia vu thanh toan).

Nhu vgy, tfi gdc dp tai sdn thanh todn cdc khoan ng cd thl dua tdi nhdn djnh: Suy cho cung, ttach ntupm cfia cdc cdng ti CTHD, CTLHD Id ttdch nhifim vd ban. Vin dl ndy cd till chiing minh bdi cdc if do: 1) IChi cfing ti bi pbd san, cfing ti cd ttdch nhiem tbanh todn ttfin ca sd sfi tdi san cdn lai dli vdi ck khodn ng (ttiach nhifim hfin hgn); 2) Tai sdn efia cdng ti khdng dfi dl tiianh toan tiii vipc thanh toan cac khodn ng cdn lai (thieu) sg thudc vfi cdc thanh vifin hgp danh trong cfing ti; 3) Thdnh vifin hgp danh Id dfing chfi so hfiu cdng ti, ngudi tgo lap va Id mpt ttong nhung cdt ldi gin vdi su ttudng tin cfia cong li. Trdch nhifim efia tiianh vifin hgp danh dugc dp dung theo ti lfi vln gdp vao cong ti

TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 7/2015

NGHIEN CL/U - TRAO DOI

hoac do su thoa thugn gifia eac tiianh vifin hgp danh. Nhu vay, neu xem xet vfi ttach nhifim cfia CTLHD, cfia tiidnh vifin CTLHD so vdi cdng ti cd phin, cdng ti ttdch nhifim bun hgn cd the nhan thdy ring: Su khdc bifit nay nam d chd nd vfia mang tfnh chiu ttdch ntuem hiiu han vfia mang tfnh chiu ttdch nhiem vd han. Tuy ntiifin, d phuang difin nhdt djnh, dieu nay da gifip cflng ti phdt huy dugc tinh uu vifit cfia ca hai toai ttach nhifim (ttach nhiem hfiu han va ttdch nhiem vfi ban) tao nfin thfi mgnh cfia CTLHD. Dflng thdi, dilu dd vfia ban che su tham nhdp cua ngudi ngoai vao cflng ti (Idiflng phat hdnh cfl phifiu, ttai phieu) vfia cd the thu hfit dugc ngufin vfin dau lu lfi bfin ngodi cflng ti (thfing qua sy tbam gia cfia thanh vifin gdp vdn) ma khong phd va nen tang tfi cbfic vd quan li cfing ti.

Bfin canh dd, lu^t su (thanh vifin hgp danh) cfia CTLHD khdng chi la nhung nha diu tu thudn tuy md hg cdn Id nbfing ngudi cd thfi eung eip cde sdn pham djch vu phap If cao mang tfnh cbuyen mdn va chuyfin nghiep hod cho khach hang. Chfnh vi vgy, bfin phdn va ttdch nhifim cfia ludt su Ichdng chi chju sy difiu chinh cfia cdc thifit che phap luat vdi tu each Id nhd kinh doanh ma hem nfia bdn phdn va ttach nhifim cfia hg phdi ludn di cung vdi dao dfic nghe nghiep - nghfi lugt. Day vfia la doi bdi cung la vinh dy cho nhfing ngudi hdnh nghfi lugt - nghfi ddc bifit ttong ddi sflng xa hfii va ddi sflng phap If. Trdch nhifim do doi hdi sy can ttpng, ttung thanh va man can cfia lugt su dli vdi cflng ddng vi cdng If vd mang tfnh nhdn van cao ca.

Thie tie, vfi quan tri cflng ti

Quan tri CTLHD dugc xem Id he thing cac thifit che, ctifnh sach, thflng le nhim dinh hudng, van hanh va kifim sodt. Qudn tri CTLHD cung bao hdm mli quan he giua ntiifiu bfin, khflng chi ttong nfli bp cfing ti nhu cac thdnh vien, ban gidm dfie, hgi dflng thanh vifin ma cdn nhimg ben cd Igi fch lifin quan bfin ngodi cflng ti nhu ca quan qudn If nha nudc, dfli tac kinh doanh va cd mfli trucmg, cgng dfing, xa hdi. Su tchdc bifit tfi cdch tifip can vfi quan tri CTLHD vdi cac loai hinh cdng ti khac dugc the hifin d mgt sfi difim ehfi yfiu sau:

Mgt Id quan trj cfing ti tbeo xu hudng tdch dan gifia sd hiiu vd difiu hdnh cflng ti.

Theo quy dinh cfia phap ludt hifin hanh, dfli vdi cdng ti cd phdn, ddc bipt la cfing ti dai chung se phdt ttien theo xu hudng sd hiru tach rdi ddn Ichdi dieu hanh. Mot ttong nhfing uu diem cfia md hinh quan tri ndy Id tang cudng kifim sodt cfia thanh vifin hpi dfing quan tti nham bgn cbe va cbfing bdnh vi Igm quyen efia ngudi dfing dau dieu hdnh cflng d (giam doc cflng ti). Ngugc lgi, quan tti ttong cflng ti khdc nhu: cflng ti ttach nhifim hfin hgn mflt thdnh vifin, CTHD, CTLHD, sy tdch bgch giua sd hiiu va difiu hanh khong ro net va thudng chju tdc dfing tfi tu tudng, thdi quen hay tmyln thfing, tap qudn va cd the dung hoa bdi cac thifit chl phi chfnh phfi.

Hai Id ve ca chfi ngudi dgi dien. Cdc cflng ti dfli von nhu cfing ti cfi phdn hay cfing ti ttach nhiem hiiu ban hai thanh vien ttd nfin thi "quyfin lye" ttong cflng ti phy thupc vao sfl vdn thdnh vifin gdp vao cdng ti. Mfic dp

TAP CHl LUAT HOC s6 7/2015 57

NGHIEN CCru - TRAO DOI

va phgm vi kifim sodt thyc tiipn "quyfin lyc"

dd dugc Uifi tiifin qua Id phifiu bdu ma nfin tdng cfia nd xdc djnh ttfin ca so ti Ip von gdp vdo cdng ti cfia ttianh vifin. Nguoi dgi difin cflng ti cfl phan, cdng ti ttdch ntiifim hfin hgn cd the Id chfi tjch hfii dfing quan trj, chfi ticb cfing ti ttdch nhifim hfiu ban ho^c giam dfic cflng ti theo quy djnh cfia phdp luat va dilu te cflng ti. Chfic danh gidm dflc cdng ti c6 thfi la thanh vien cdng ti hodc la nguoi ngoai cdng ti (thdng qua vific Ici hgp dong lao dpng gifia cdng ti vdi ngudi dugc thufi ldm gidm doe dieu bdnh efing ti). Thye te eho thiy nhihig ngudi qudn ti cflng ti nay thudng la cdc ihdnh vifin etufim gifi sfi vfin gdp ldn vao cflng ti. Chfnh dieu dd cd the td nguy co dan den tinb ttang lung doan, thdu tdm cflng ti hay thuc hien cdc giao djch ed lfnh chit tu lgi cfia cdc thanh vifin "cd map" ttong cdng ti. Tuy nhien, dfii vdi md hinh CTHD, CTLHD thi quyfin dai dien cbo cdng ti thudc vl tit ca cac thdnh vien hgp danh.

Cdc thdnh vifin hgp danh thing nhdt lya chgn ngudi dgi dien cho eong ti ttong sl cde thanh vifin hgp danh cfing ti. Nhu vgy, vific thilt lap quyfin binh ding gifia cdc thanh vifin hpp danh da dugc ghi nhan md khfing phy thufic vao ti lp chiem hfiu von trong cfing ti nhieu hay ft. Ddi vdi CTLHD thi ngudi dai difin Id thanh vifin cdng ti va phai la luat su. Ngudi dai difin cbo CTLHD duge ghi nhdn bing cdc co sd phap If: hgp ding thdnh lap cdng ti, difiu 1? cfing ti (dugc coi Id ban "hifin phdp" cfia cdng d) vd giay ddng kf hogt dpng. CTLHD dugc dieu chinh bing cdc thilt chl phdp ludt chung ddi vdi

doanh ngtiiep dong thdi nd dugc dilu chinh bdi cdc thilt chfi phdp lu§t chuyfin ngdnh phfi hgp vdi ITnh v\rc ngdnh nghe, phong tuc, tap quan, quy udc vd dgo dfic nghe nghiep cfia ludt su. Lugt su la ede thdnh vifin bgp danh cfing ngfii chung trfin mgt

"con thuyin" va ban ai hit hg deu hifiu ring sy gdn ket gifia cdc thdnh vien ttong "con thuyen" chung do la sy can thilt vd tdt ylu.

Luat su la nhiing ngudi da tfimg cd thdi gian boat dpng thyc tien ttong ITnh vuc tu phdp vdi tu cdch la tham phdn, kiem sdt vien, dieu tta vifin ho^c la nhfing ngudi cd trinh dg chuyfin mon cao vl khoa hgc phdp If nhu gido su, tifin sT luat.. Difiu do khdng cbi tao nfin sy khdc bifit ma cdn gdp phan thfi hien tfnh chuyen nghifip va bfin vfing ttong quan ttj cdng ti. Dflng thdi tren phuong dien dao tgo, cdc nha khoa hpc, cde ludt su gdp phan khfing nhd trong vific thii lulng gid mdi vk nifim tin, nhiet huyfit va hoai bao ttong budng nghifip cho sinh vifin luat.

Thu ndm, vfi vipc xdc djnh tu cdch phdp If cua thanh vifin va cflng ti ttong cdc vu kipn Vific xdc dinh dung tu each cfia cdc chu the cd y nghTa rdt quan ttpng ttong vipc thyc hien quyln, nghTa vy cung nhu hifiu luc phdn quyfit cfia cdc ea quan cd tiidm quyln ttong vific giai quylt vy kifin. Can cfi tiieo quy djnh cfia phdp ludt va dieu lfi cfing ti, cdc luat su la thanh vifin CTLHD cd thl true tilp giao kfit hgp dfing vdi khdch hang. Giua ludt su va khach hdng tiiod thudn xdy dung nfin cde dilu khodn ttong bgp dflng. Trong viec kf kit va tiiyc hien hgp ding, ludt su phai co bfin phgn ttian thfi cdc quy djnb cfia phdp

TAP CHl LUAT H O C S 6 7/2015

NGHIEN c u u - TRAO DOI

lugt vd dgo dfic nghi n ^ p p mflt cdch can trpng, trung thanh vd min cdn. Trong qua ttinh kf ket va thyc tnen hgp dfing nhan danh cfing ti neu luat su khdng thyc hien hodc thuc bifin khfing diy dfi cdc cam kit thi khach hdng ed quyen Itiidi kifin vd hg Id nguyen dan trong vu kifin. Vin dl dugc ddt ra d ddy Id vipc xdc djnh bi dem ttong vy kipn do la CTLHD hay ludt su da bvc tilp kf hgp dong vdi khdch bang? Dfi lugn giai eho vin dfi ndy can dya ttfin nhfing If do ca ban sau: 1) Ludt su ttyc tiep kf hgp dong vdi khach hdng nhdn danh cflng ti thdng qua ngudi dgi difin la ludt su (thanh vifin hgp danh) chfi khdng phdi vdi tu cdch cd nhan ludt su; 2) Lgi ich thu dugc tfi viec kf va thuc hifin hgp dfing vdi khach bdng se mang lai lpi fch cho cong ti vd cdc lugt su (trfi trudng hgp cdc vy dn chi djnh thfi hipn tfnh nhdn dao hay cdng dflng); 3) Cdc thdnh vifin hgp danh (lugt su) lifin ddi chju ttach nhifim vfi khodn ng hay nghTa vy tai chfnh efia cong ti. Xuat phdt tfi nhdn thfic dd cd thl khing djnh bj dan ttong vy kipn Id CTLHD ehfi khdng phai la luat su - ngudi Id hgp dong vdi khach bang. Tuy nhifin, ttong ttudng hgp luat su kf hgp dong vdi khdch hdng vdi tu cdch cd nhan thi dd Id mgt logi giao djch, ttong do ludt su chiu ttdch nhifim vm lucdch cd nhan.

Hudng ldi md hinh cong ti ludt ndi chung, CTLHD ndi rifing minh bgch vd hipu qua khdng chi la myc tieu cua hoach djnb chfnh sdch phdp luat ma cdn thfi hifin nhu cau va su cfl suy cho nghe nghipp cfia cdc nhd dau tu, cdc luat su va khdch hdng. Bdi dfli vdi cdng ti ludt khdng ehi Id toai hinh

cdng ti thuang mgi thuan tuy md nd con cung cap cdc san phim djch vy phdp 11 tot nhit cho ngudi khdch hdng. CTLHD ludn gin lifin vdi cdc mli quan he da ctufiu, mpt each tiep can rfing ldn hon voi sy vgn hanh cfia ca chfi kiem sodt vd can bdng quyen luc.

Cac moi quan bfi ndy tu^ thuflc m^t phin vao luat lp, mgt phdn vdo sy difiu chinh ty nguyfin va sy tae dgng efia thj ttuong. De duy tri canh ttanh binh ddng ttong mpt the gidi kinh te cd ntiieu bien dgng, cdc CTLHD cdn cdi cdch va dieu chinh thdng lfi dfi cd the ddp fing dugc cac yfiu cau mdi vd gidnh dugc cdc ca hdi mdi. Vi vgy, xdy dyng mfl hinh CTLHD d Viet Nam vfia mang tfnh tmyfin thfing, dao dfic vfia mang tfnh hipn dai ttong thdi ki "hau WTO" ludn Id yfiu ciu cap thifit hipn nay./.

(I).Xem: Dieu 3 Luat lu$t su nam 2012 (siia A6i).

(2).Xem: Dieu 23 Lu?t luat su nSm 2006.

(3).Xem: Cyc b6 trp lu phip, Bdo c5o t ^ Hpi nghj trien khai Lu$t lu^t su v^ Chiin lupc phit Iri^n nghe luat su d£n nam 2020, thdng 10/2014.

(4).Xem Ui6m: Dieu 172 - Dieu 182 Lu§t doanh nghiip n l m 2014.

(5). Theo quy dinh ciia LuSt lu^t su nam 2012 (sua d6i) thi dho tao \^i Lien dohsi lu^t su Vi§t Nam.

(6).Xem: DJeu 12 LuSt lulit su nam 2012 (sua doi).

(7).Xem: Cyc bo trp tu p h i p , tldd.

(8).Xem: Di^u 20 Ludt luat su nam 2012 (sua dAi).

(9).Xemr Cyc b6 trp tu phdp, tldd.

(lO).Xem: Dilm a khoan 3 Lugt lu§t su nam 2012 (sua doi).

(10.Xern: Dieu 74 Lu^t lu§t su nSm 2012 (siia d6i).

(12).Xem: Cyc b6 Up tu phdp, tldd,

(13). Doanh nghidp x§ hOi dupc quy djnh tgi Dieu 10 Ludt doanh nghiep nBm 2014.

(14).Xem: Diau 32 Luat luat su nam 2012 (sfia d6i).

(I5).Xera: Di^u 133 Lugt doanh nghidp nam 2005.

TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 7/2015