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O LE THI V A N A N H - NGUYEN THj T H A O * - LE DUC T H A N G
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rong he thdng cdc phuong phdp dqy hge (PPDH), phuong phdp ddm thogi (PPDT) Id mdt trong nhung phuong phdp (PP) phdt huy tdt tinh tich cue ctjo hgc sinh (HS). PP ndy giup HS tiep thu kien thifc, linh hgi tri thiic mdt cdch nhanh nhdt.Thuc h i n nhifng ndm gdn ddy cho thdy, PPDT Id mdt PPDH khdng the thieu trong qud trinh dqy hgc (DH) mdn Gido due cdng ddn (GDCD) ddc biet Id DH phdn Cdng ddn vdi viec hinh thdnh the gidi quan (TGQ), phwong phdp ludn (PPL) khoa hgc. Tuy nhien, viee sii dyng PPDT khi DH phdn ndy khdng phdi Id dieu d l ddng ddi vdi tdt ed cdc gido vien (GV) bd mdn. Bdi vdy, mudn sii dyng PPDT mdt cdch cd hieu qud khi DH phdn Cdng ddn vdi viec hinh thdnh TGQ, PPL khoa hgc theo chung tdi, GV bd mdn cdn tudn theo mdt so yeu cdu sou:
1. Khdng nen ch? su d y n g mgt hinh thiic ddm thogl (HTDT) md phdi ket hgp nhieu HTDT trong mgt g i d len Idp. Tuy theo myc dfeh vd ngi dung cua b d i len Idp md G V lua chgn HTDT cho phu hgp. Sou khi dd lua chgn HTDT, GV phdi lua chgn hinh thiic ddt cdu hdi cho phu hgp vdi nd. Trong khi ddt cdu hdi nen ed nhifng thay ddi nhdt djnh de trdnh tie che vd tdng yeu to kieh thich, hung phdn tu duy cuo HS.
Chung to biet rdng, PPDT (hoy cdn ggi Id PP vdn ddp) cd 3 hinh thtic co bdn dd Id: - Vd'n ddp tdi hien: GV ddt ro nhung cdu hdi yeu cdu HS nhd Igi kie'n thiic dd biet vd trd ldi duo vdo tri nhd, khdng cdn suy ludn. Dd Id mgt bien phdp dugc dimg khi cdn ddt md'i lien he giifa kie'n thiie dd hgc vdi kie'n thiie sdp hgc hodc khi edn cung cd kie'n thiic vira mdi hge; - Vd'n ddp gidi thich - minh hga: Nhdm myc dich Idm sdng td mdt vd'n de ndo dd, GV Idn lugt neu ra nhifng cdu hdi kem theo nhung vi dy minh hga de HS d l hieu.
Tap clii Giao due so 2 4 2 (ki 2 • 7/20101
de nhd; - Vdn ddp tim tdi: GV dimg he thdng cdu hdi dugc sdp xep hgp li de hudng ddn HS tirng budc phdt hien ra bdn chd't ciio su vdt, tinh quy luqt Clio hien tugng dong tim hieu, kich thich su ham hieu biet. GV td chiie su trao ddi y kie'n - ke cd tranh ludn - giifa thdy vdi HS cd Idp, cd khi giifa trd vdi trd, nhdm gidi quyet mgt vdn de xdc djnh. Trong vd'n ddp hm tdi, GV Id ngudi td chiic su tim tdi, cdn HS tu lue phdt hien kien thiic mdi.
Vdi nhung HTDT ndy, khi tien hdnh DH phdn Cdng ddn vdi viec hinh thdnh TGQ, PPL khoa hgc khdng nhifng se phdt huy td't tinh tich cue chu ddng, sdng tgo ciio HS trong qud trinh tim hieu vd tu lue gidi quyet cdc vd'n de md cdn giup cdc em ren luyen dugc kl ndng ndi, trinh bdy vdn de vd vdn dyng kien thifc dd hgc vdo cugc sdng thudng ngdy. Vidu: Khi gidng ngi dung «Thendo Id van dgng" thudc myc 1 «The' gidi vdt chdt ludn ludn vdn ddng" (Bdi 3: Su van ddng vd phdt then cua the gidi vqtchdfi, GV nen ket hgp PPDT tdi hien vdi ddm thogi (DT) gidi thich - minh hga thdng quo he thdng cdu hdi nhu sou: 1) Hdn bi Idn tir vj tri A song vj tri B cd phdi Id nd dong chuyen ddng khdng? 2) Hgt thdc dong ndy mdm cd phdi Id dong bien ddi khdng? 3) Trdi ndng Idm cho con ngudi ro md hdi ed phdi Id su bien ddi khdng?
4) Cdc hien tugng tren cd ddc diem gi chung nhdt? 5) Vdn ddng cd phdi Id su bien ddi ndi chung khdng? 6) Em hieu vdn ddng Id gi?
Tif dd rut ro ke't ludn ve vdn ddng: «Vqn dgng Id mgi su bien ddi (bien hod) ndi chung cua cdc su vdt, hien tugng trong gidi tu nhien vd ddi sdng xd hgi".
2. Trong qud trinh dua ra cdc cdu hdi DT, G V cdn sdp x e p cdc cau hdi theo mgt he
'Tnrdng fiai hpc Vinh
'* Tnrcing THPT Hoang Hda 3 - Thanh Hoa
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tlidng xdc dinh, hgp li, giup HS theo ddi, linh hgi ddy du kien thiic mdi. Khi chuyen hi cau hdi ndy song cdu hdi khde cdn tgo ra su lien he giCfa chung de kien thiic khong b| cdt rdi.
Vidu 1: Gidng khdi niem «Phdt trien", myc 2
«The gidi vdt chdt ludn ludn phdt trien" (Bd; 3: Su van dgng vd phdt trien cua the gidi vdt chdt). DH don vj kien thiic ndy, yeu cdu HS thdy dugc md'i quan he giira vdn ddng vd phdt trien; ndm duge net ddc trung cua su phdt trien Id edi mdi ra ddi thay the edi cu, edi hen bd ra ddi thay the edi Igc hdu. Khdng nen nhdm Idn phdt trien Id mgi su bie'n hod ndi chung, cdng khdng nen cho rdng:
bdt cii su vdt, hien tugng ndo mdi xudt hien, khde trudc (mdi Ig) deu Id ke't qud cuo phdt trien.
GV nen dua ro he thdng cdu hdi DT nhu sou:
1) Em hieu the ndo Id phdt trien? Cho vi d y ; 2) Em hieu the ndo edi mdi, edi tien bd? Cho vi dy; 3) Vdn ddng vd phdt trien cd quan he gi vdi nhau khdng? 4) Quan diem cho rang: td't cd mgi su vdn ddng deu phdt trien. Dung hay soi?
«Phdt trien, edi mdi, edi hen bd" Id nhimg phgm tru rd't h-iru tugng, rd't khd, nhd't Id khi xem xet cdc hien h/gng xd hdi. Vi vdy, khi trd ldi nhifng cdu hdi tren, GV edn hudng ddn HS dua ro dugc nhieu ddn chung trong gidi tu nhien, ddi sdng xd hdi vd linh vuc y thiic de thdy dugc bdn chdt cuo khdi niem phdt trien. Ddng thdi phdi ndm vung quan diem duy vdt ljch sii khi khdng djnh ve edi mdi, edi tien bd cuo cdc hien h/gng xd hdi.
Vi du 2: Gidng khdi niem «Phuong thwc sdn xudt" thudc myc 1 «Tdn tgi xd hgi" (Bdi 8: Tdn tqi xd hgi vd y thuc xd hdi). Phdn ndy khdng yeu cdu di sdu vdo su vdn ddng, thay the nhau cua cdc phuong thiic sdn xudt (PTSX) trong ljch sti md chi yeu cdu HS: Thu nhdt, nhdn dien dugc mdt PTSX (ke't cdu cuo mdi PISX); Thu hai, PTSX Id yeu td quyet djnh cdc ye'u to khde cuo tdn tqi xd hdi. Vi vdy, khi gidng khdi niem PTSX, GV cd the duo ra he thd'ng cdu hdi DT cho HS nhu sou:
1) Trong cdc yeu to cuo lugng sdn xud't, ye'u to ndo Id quyet djnh? Vi sao? 2) Trong cdc ye'u to tu lieu sdn xudt, yeu to ndo Id quan trgng nhd't? Vi sao? 3) Trong cdc yeu td cua quan he sdn xudt, yeu to ndo giif voi trd quyet djnh?
Luu y: Khi dua ro cdc cdu hdi DT thi cdu hdi phdi ngdn ggn, rd rdng, chinh xdc ed ve ndi dung vd tif ngu; edu hdi phdi phii hgp vdi ndi dung bdi gidng, gdn gui vdi thuc te hay nhifng ngi dung kie'n thifc HS dd tich luy dugc; cdu hdi dgt
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ra phdi phu hgp vdi ddc diem tdm - sinh li, thuc te xd hdi, trinh do ciio HS. Mudn vdy, edn phdi CO su ddu tu thod ddng eua GV vdo viee ddt cdu hdi chinh, du kie'n nhung cdch trd ldi cua HS, ddt ra nhifng edu hdi phu nhdm goi md cho HS.
3. Ket hgp PPDT vdi nhieu PPDH khde nhdm khai thdc mgt cdch td'i uu uu diem cua hing PP, ddng thdi khde phye nhuge diem, hgn che cua cdc PPDH.
M d i PPDH mdn GDCD deu ed mdt mgnh vd hgn che rieng phu hgp vdi tirng logi bdi rieng, tiing khdu rieng eiia tiet dgy. Vi vdy, khdng nen qud Iqm dyng hode phu djnh hodn todn mdt PP ndo. Mdc du PPDT Id mgt PPDH cd nhieu uu the ndi trdi nhung nd khdng phdi Id mdt PP
«vqn ndng". Bdi vdy, trong qud trinh DH mdn GDCD ndi chung, DH phdn Cdng ddn vdi viec hinh thdnh TGQ, PPL khoa hgc ndi rieng edn phdi ke't hgp PPDT vdi ede PPDH khde Id hodn todn cdn thiet.
Vi du 1: DH bdi 8 « Ton tgi xd hdi vd y thuc xd hot'. Quo cdc bdi ve chii nghlo duy vdt bien chifng, tri thifc triet hgc cuo HS dd tich luy ddng ke vd quen ddn vdi cdch hgc triet hgc. Hon nua, ddi vdi HS THPT, tu duy li ludn vd khd ndng phe phdn cua cdc em dd phdt trien. Vi vdy, PP gidng dgy chu dgo ciia bdi ndy Id PPDT ed sii dyng bieu dd vd so dd (hie Id ke't hgp PPDT vdi PP true quan). Cy the:
- Khi DH don vj kie'n thiic 1 «Cdc/e'u td cua tdn tqi xd hgi", GV cd the sti dyng bdng sou:
T6n tai xa hoi
Cac yeu to Vai tro Moi quan he Vidu
- Khi DH don vj kie'n thiic 3 «Hai cd'p do cuo y thiic xd hdi", GV cd the sii dyng bdng sou:
So sanh cac cap do cua y thirc xa hoi Cac
cSp do
Nguon g6c
Ban chat
Dae diem hinh thanh
Vidu
Vi du 2: DH ndi dung «Xd hdi Id sdn phdm cua gidi tw nhien" thudc myc 2 «Xd hgi Id mgt bd phdn dgc thu cuo gidi tu nhien" (Bdi 2: The gidi vdt chdt ton tqi khdch quan). De DH phdn ndy, GV nen sii dyng PP kieh thich tu duy, vira DT vifa neu vd'n de vd eho HS thdo ludn Idp. Cy the: 1) Xd hdi cd ngudn gde tif ddu? Duo tren co sd ndo?
(Xem tiep trang 40)
Tap chi Giao due so 2 4 2 (ki 2 - 7/201 o)
vd hudng ciio veeto " = (^^>'^z^) vd |M| = ^/3.
Ddng thtic (3) Id binh phuong vd hudng cua veeto w = {x\y\z')vd PI = ^/3 • Ddng thifc (2) chinh Id tich vd hudng u.w. Tir dd, nhd cdc tri thifc ve veeto, HS cd the phdt hien ldi gidi bdi todn tren nhd khd ndng lien tudng.
3) Tri thwc ve thich nghi tri tue cua J. Piaget vd quan diem HD. Theo ede quan diem tren, thich nghi tri tue gdn vdi HD ddng hdo, HD dieu irng vd gdn vdi cdc dqng HD tri tue khde ciio HS. SV cdc trudng su phqm edn nhdn thiie qud trinh thich nghi tri tue gdn vdi sy phdt trien tri tue. Vi vdy, de dqy HS thich nghi tri tue cdn chu trgng phdt trien ndng lue HD dieu ifng, chi cd ke't qud cuo HD dieu ifng mdi cd su phdt trien tri tue cuo HS, mdi cd the bien ddi so dd nhdn thifc dd cd thdnh so dd nhdn thifc mdi.
Theo tdm li hgc HO, thich nghi tri tue bieu hien khd ndng chuyen hdo chife ndng tdm li ben ngodi vdo ben trong thdng quo cdng cu ki hieu vdi tu cdch Id cdng cy tdm li thdng quo HD hgp tdc giua cdc chu the nhdn thiic. Nhdn thiic nhung dieu ndi tren nhdm djnh hudng cho SV todn, GV todn cdch xdy dung cdc tinh hud'ng hgc tgp bdng thich nghi, cdch t d chiic d g y hgc tuong tde.
4) Cdc tri thwc ve phwong phdp ludn nhan thuc todn hgc. Nhifng tri thiic thudc phgm trii ndy nhdm djnh hudng cho GV dieu khien HD nhdn thiic ciio HS, xdc djnh ngudn gde ciia kien thiic, ifng dyng cdc kien thifc todn vdo thuc tien;
nhung tri thiic ve phuong phdp ludn nhdn thiic
todn hge se Idm sdng td cdc HO md hinh hda gdn vdi cdc HD tri tue.
Viec nghien ciru, de xudt cdc HD nhdn thife thdnh phdn trong cdc li thuye't vd cdc PPDH tich cue cung nhu xdc djnh dugc cdc tri thifc cdt ldi;
nhdm djnh hudng, dieu chinh cdc HD ndi tren gdp phdn giup SV todn, GV todn cd khd ndng tie'p cdn he thd'ng vdi cdc PPDH tich cue, ddng thdi gdp phdn ndng eao hieu qud bdi dudng GV todn vd djnh hudng ndi dung tu bdi dudng tri thirc PPDH hien nay. • '
(1) NguySn Ba Kim. Phuong phap day hpc mon Toan.
NXB Dqi hgc sa phqm, H. 2002.
Tai Heu tham khao
1. NguySn HCfu Chau. Nhimg van de off ban ve chuong trinh va qua trinh day hpc. NXB Gido due, H. 2005.
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NXB Gidodue,U. 1998.
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Sir dung phirong phap...
(Tiep theo trang 52)
2) Xd hdi lodi ngudi cd tu bao gid? 3) Xd hdi lodi ngudi trdi qua nhifng giai doqn phdt trien ndo? 4) Quan diem cho rdng Thdn linh quyet djnh mgi su tie'n hod xd h d i , dung hoy soi?
5) Yeu t d chu yeu ndo tgo nen su phdt trien cuo xd hdi? 6) Vi sao xd hdi Id mgt bd phdn ddc thu Clio gidi tu nhien?
Tdm Iqi: Khi DH phdn Cdng ddn vol viec hinh thdnh TGQ, PPL khoa hgc, vdi nhifng uu the vugt trdi, PPDT dd khdng djnh dugc tinh uu viet ciia nd trong viee phdt huy tinh tich cue ciio ngudi hgc, qua dd ndng coo chdt lugng DH bd mdn
eung nhu hodn thdnh myc tieu gido dye, gido dudng vd phdt trien tri tue. •
Tai lieu tham khao
1. PhClng Van Bp (chii bien). Phuong phap giang day Giao due cdng dSn dung cho THPT. Truomg Dai hpc supham 1 HaNpi, 1994.
2. Phiing Van Bd. Li luan day hpc mdn Giao due cdng dan d trudng THPT. NXB Dqi hge qudc gia,E.l 999.
3. Bp GD-DT. Tai lieu boi dudng giao vien thuc hien chuong trinh, sach giao khoa ldp 10 THPT mdn Giao due cdng dan. NXB Gido due, H. 2006.
4.Tran Ba Hoanh. Doi mdi phuong phap day hpc, chuong trinh va sach giao khoa. NXB Dqi hge su phqm, H. 2007.
5. Thai Duy Tuyen. Phuong phap day hpc truyen thd'ng va ddi mdi. NXB Gido due, H. 2007.
