NGHIEN Ciru NHUNG NHAN TO ANH HU'dNG DEN THU NE^P CUA CAC HO NGU^ DAN KHAI THAC THUY SAN
THANH PHO DONG HOd, TINH QUANG BINH
Hodng H^ng Hifp
Vien Khoa hoc xd hgi vimg Trung Bp (ISSCR) - Vien Hdn lam Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam Email: Hoanghonghiep^mail. com
Ngay nhan: 10/5/2016 Ngay nhan ban sira: 01 /7/2016 Ngay duyet dang; 25/12/2016
Tom tit.
Su dung cdc md hinh kinh ti luang, bdi bdo lupng hda nhimg nhdn to dnh hircmg den thu nhdp cua cdc hp ngu ddn khai thdc thity sdn tgi thdnh phd Ddng H&i, tinh Qudng Binh. Kit qud uac luprng chi ra rdng, nhung ddc tnmg ciia dia bdn cu trd, so nhdn khdu ciia hp. so thdnh vien phu thupc, tuoi chu ho, trinh dp ngu ddn, kinh nghiem di bien cua thuyen truemg, long yiu nghe cua ngu ddn, trinh dp cdng nghe mdy mdc thiet bi ngu nghiep, ngu trudng ddnh bdt, thi trudng tieu thu ihuy sdn. da dgng hoa thu nhdp, cdc khodn fin dyng uu ddi cua nhd nu&c, co dnh hudng y nghia den thu nhdp ctia cdc hd ngu ddn. Khong nhu ky vpng, cdng sudt phucmg tien khat thdc. vai trd cua cdn bp khuyen ngu, mirc hd tra nhien lieu lgi khdng cd tdc dongy nghia den thu nhdp hp. Ket qud nghien cuu ndy cho phep chung tdi gpi md mdt so hdmy chinh sdch nhdm gdp phdn ndng cao thu nhdp cdc ho ngu ddn thdnh phd Ddng Hai. tinh Qudng Binh trong thai gian lai.
Tir khoa: Kinh te lugng, thu nhap, ngu dan, nhan t6, Quang Binh, D6ng Hai
Factors affecting income of fishing households in Dong Hoi, Quang Binh Abstiact:
This paper uses econometric models to estimate factors determining fishing households income in Dong Hoi cin\ Quang Binh province The estimation results indicate that the residential characierisTics. household size, number of dependants, householder s age, fishermen s education level, captains s experience, fishermen s passion, fishing technology, fishing ground consumer market, income diversification, governments preferential loans are the main factors having significant impacts on fishing households income. Surprisingly engine power, the role of officers for fishing stimulation, government s fuel suppoit have no significant impact on the difference of income bel^veenfishering households. The empirical results suggest some policy recommendations .for provincial government to improve Dong Hoi fishing households income.
Key^vords: Econometrics; income; fishermen; factors; Dong Hoi; Quang Binh.
\ '*" '^" _ san chiem den 50% tdng gia tri san xuSt nganh nong Dong Hoi la thanh ph6 cua tinh Quang Binh co 3 nghiep toan thanh ph6. Nganh khai thac thuy san xa, phuong vimg ven bien (Bao Ninh. Quang Phii, cung da thu hiit tren 5.000 Iao dong, chi^m ti :ii 50%
Hai Thanh), tiep giap bien Dong voi duong bo hiin tong so Iao dpng trong do tuoi tai khu vuc - jn bi^n trai dai 19,5 km. Thanh pho Dong Hoi co nhigu thanh pho. Dieu nay ciang ham y rang. [.. .n}-, ^^.^^^
tiem nang va Icfi the Q-ong phat triln kinh t^ ihiiv thac thiiy san da tro thanh nganh kinh l.:
san. Nam 2014. gia tn san xu^t nganh khai ihacthuy trong ca cSu nong nghiep va la nganh n- rong thu So 235 thdng 01/201' 88 I^JUJI |,
nhap chd yiu cho cong ddng cu dan ven bien thanh phd Ddng Hdi. , ?*•
Trong thai gian qua, thanh ph6 Dong Hoi da thuc hi6n nhieu chuoHg-trinh, d i r ^ h§ trg nguM dan cac xa ven bi6n phat tri6n kinh te, g6p phan nang cao thu nhSp va giam ngheo. Ben canh cac chinh sach ho trg phat trien nganh khai thdc thiiy san, cac hp ngu dan ciing dugc thanh pho tao nhiSu dieu kien thuan lgi de tiep can von vay uu dSi tii cac to chuc tin dung di phat trien kinh te. Tuy nhien, hien tai thu nh|.p ciia cac h6 ngu dan vting ven bien vin con kha thap va rat khong dong d6u giiia cdc nhom ngu dSn.
0i6u n^y tiep tuc tao ap lire ldn d6i vai he th6ng chinh sach phat triln kinh t8 xa hgi ciia thanh phd danh cho khu virc nay, nhat I^ ckn hucmg din cai thien, nang cao thu nhap cho cpng d6ng ngu dan ven bien nham kich thich hp tilp hic bam biln, bam ngu truang, tien din lam giau tii biln.
Su dung bp du lieu sa d p dugc thu thap tir kit qua dieu ha 560 hp^ ngu dan khai thac thuy san tai 3 xa/
phucmg ven biln Bao Ninh, Quang Phtj, Hai Thanh cua thanh phi Ddng Hoi, nghien cuu tap tmng lugng hoa cac nhan tl anh huang din thu nhap cua cpng dong ngu dan nay. Tren ca so do, nghien cuu de xuat mgt s6 khuyin nghi chinh sach nh^m nang cao thu nhap cpng ding ngir dan thanh pho frong thoi gian tai.
2. Tong quan nghiin CUTI thyc nghiem Cac nghien cuu thuc nghiem lugng hoa nhiing nhan tl anh huong din thu nhap cua cac hp ngu dan la kha han chi. Sir dung mo hinh hIi quy Probit, Olale & Henson (2012 va 2013) nghien cuu tac dpng cua sir da dang hoa thu nhap dli vai thu nhap cua cpng dong ngu dan sing ven hi Victoria cua Kenya, dua tren ca sa du lieu dilu tra 396 hg ngu dan. Ket qua uoc lugng chi ra rang, su da dang hoa thu nh^p da gop ph§n gia tang thu nhap ctia Iao dpng nghe ca. Ngoai ra, trinh dp giao due, thanh vien ciia mpt hiep hpi va kha nang tilp can tin dung, cung co anh hudng y nghia din su da dang hoa thu nhap.
Su dung cac phuang phap hIi quy da biln, Garoma
& cong su (2013) nghien cuu cac nhan tl anh huang den tliu nhap can bien cua cac hp danh bat ca xung quanh Ho Ziway va Langano d Ethiopia, dira tren ca sd dfr lieu dilu ti-a tu 179 hd ngu dan. Kit qua uac lugng chi ra rSng, thu nhap bien ciia cac hd ngir dan rat nhay cam vdi biln dli ciia khi hau, nh§t la lugne mua va muc nuoc frong ho. Ngoai ra, do due va rairc bdi lang ciia hd la bk Ipi ldn dli voi cac quSn thi ca va la nhan tl lam suy giam thu nhap. Culi ciing. \iec tu
do ddnh bat ca, viec thyc thi phap luiit Idng leo frong quan ly ho^t dgng danh bat, su gia tang chi phi nguyen lieu danh bat, gia ban, kha nSng tilp c$n v6i thi tnrong, 1^ nhung nhan t l anh hudng ^ nghia din thu nhap ciia cOng d6ng ngu dSn nay.
Tr6n ca sa dii Ueu dilu fra 510 ngu dan tai khu vuc nay, sir dung phuang phap hdi quy logistic, Al Jabri &
cgng sir (2013) nghien cuu nhung nhan t6 anh huang den thu nhap ciia cac ngu dan quy mo nho tai vijng ven bi6n Batinah ciia Oman. Kit qua uac lugng chi ra rang, frong khi cong suit dgng ca, chilu dai tau, sd lugng cac chuyen di bien hang tuSn co tdc dpng y nghia ddi vai ntng cao thu nhSp ngu dan, thi viec gia tang chi phi ddnh bat hang tulin, sd lugng thuyin vien, nhiing kho khan frong viec du trii da lanh cd thi lam giam muc thu nhap ngu dan. Ngoai ra, kinh nghiem nghi nghiep, kha ndng nhan thiic va hoat dgng dao tao cd thi giiip ngu dan frong viec toi uu hda hoat dpng san xuit va gia tang thu nhap.
Nhin chung, cac nghien ciiu tren chi dl cap den cac nhan to ca ban anh huoTig din thu nhap cila cdc hg ngu dan khai thac thuy san ven bd. Do vay, mdt sd nhan td anh hudng din thu nhap cua hoat dpng danh bat xa ba chua dugc dl cap d4y du trong cac md hinh nghien cuu (ching han, trinh do cdng nghe danh bat, ngu frudug, nganh nghi danh bdt, thi truemg tieu thu, Idng yeu nghi, tin dung im dai,. .).
Do doi tugng nghien cuu gdm ca hp khai thac thiiy san ven bd va xa bd, chiing toi ca clu cac nhan td anh hirdng din thu nhap ciia cac hd ngu dan thanh bdn nhom chii yeu: Nhdm cac nhan to vl dac trung dja ban cu frii; nhom cac nhan td dac trung ngu nghiep; nhdm cdc nhan to vl nhan khdu hpc va dac trung kinh te xa hpi; nhom cac nhan id lien quan din cong tac khuyin ngu. Md ta chi tilt cac nhan td duac trinh bay dbang 1.
3. Mo hinh, mota dii-lieu, phuong phap va thii tuc ird-c lugng
Tren ca sd khung ly thuyit phan tich d phan tren, chiing tdi de xuat md hinh nghien ciiu cac nhdm nhan td anh hudng den thu nhap cua cac hd ngu dan khai thac thiiy san thanh pho Ddng Hdi nhu sau:
Y, = a^ + pjRegions, + (3-, ,„,^^^,^„^,,^_ of fisheries + p3 Socioeconomic and Demographics,, + p^^ishing Stimulation + £ (1)
Trong do: er Phan du cua md hinh; i = ho ngu dan thiri;i= 1,2,..., 560.
Nghien cuu nay su dung du lieu so cdp dirac thu thap tir cudc dilu tra b5ng bang hoi ^60 Iv^ <-• .'"- khai thac thuy san tai 3 xa'phmrng H">
So 235 thdng 01/2017
Danh sdch nhom b i l n Bien phu thuoc
Nhom bien ve dia ban cir t n i
Nhom bi^n v@ d i e trimg ngir nghiep
Nhom bien nhan khau hoc va dac trung idnh t e x a boi
Nhom bien khuyen
Bang 1: Do lironag va md tii cdc bien $6 m6 Dien giai va do luong bien Log(T6ng thu nhap ho ngu dan)
Log(Thu n h ^ binh quan dau nguoi cua ho ngu dan)
I : B a o N i n h ; 0 : K h a c l : Q u a n g P h u ; 0 : K h a c 1: Hai Thanh; 0: Khac Log{C6ng suat tau)
Trinh do cong nghe thilt bj ngu nghiep: Thang doLikert 5 b a c v a i : m u c ( l ) r l t h i e n d a i \ a miic (5) lac hau
May tSm n g u : 1: Co sir dung; 0: khong sir dung Ngu tnrong 1 : 1 : Vinh BSc 8 6 : 0: Khac Ngu tniong 2 : 1 : Ven bo; 0: xa bd Thi tnrcmg tieu thu : 1; ban 6 thi trudng ngoai tinh; 0. noi tinh
Tmh trang da dang hoa thu nhap: 1: co thu nhap phi nau nghiep; 0: thuan ngu nghiep So thanh vien ciia ho
So thanh \ien phu thuoc Tuoi nau dan Trinh do hoc \an cua chii hg Trinh do hoc \ an cao nhat ciia ngu dan So nam kmh nshiem nau nehiep chii ho So nam kmh ii2hiem ngir nghiep thuyen truong Long \eu nghe. Thang do Likert 5 bac vdi: miic (11 rai \eu nahe \ a mirc(5) k h o n a y e u n a h e Tmh chat so huu 1 chii tau; 0: thuyen vien lam thue
Khuyen ngu: 1 \ h a n hd tro ciia can bo khuyen ngu; 0: Khong
Log(V6n vav Nha nude)
Ho trg nhien lieu: 1: Co nhau ho trg nhien lieu;
0: khong nhan
hinh Ky hiSn bien LnTongTN LnTNBQ_Nguoi Region 1 Region2 Regions LnCongsuat Thietbi Tamngu Ngutmongl NgutiuoQg2 ThitruongTT DadanghoaTN Nhankhau Phulhuoc Tuoi Hocvan 1 Hocvan2 Kinhnehieml Kinhnghiem2 Yeunghe Chutau Khuyenugu LnVayNN HTnhienlieu
D ^ u k y v o n s
(+/-) (+/-) (+/-)
(-)
(.+!-) (+/-)
(-)
(+/-) (+/-) (+/-) (+)
(-)
(+) (+) (+) (+)
(-)
(+) (+) (+)
(-)
Phii. Hai Thanh thudc thanh phd Ddng Hdi, linh Quang Binh. Md ta \a do luong cac bien cua md hinh dugc trinh bay chi tiet tai bang 1.
Su dung phuang phap binh phuang be nhdt (Ordinary Least Square - OLS), chiing toi udc lugng cac tham sd tu phuang trinh (I). De lam vung manh ket qua udc lugng, chung tdi su dung 2 thang do cho bien phu thudc (i) Tdng thu nhap hd ngu dan va (ii) Thu nhap binh quan hd ngu dan. Dau tien, cac kilm dinh can thiet ve cac gia dinh cua cac md hinh udc lupng dupe thuc hien. Kit qua kilm dinh cac nhan td khuech dai phucmg sai (variance inflation factors/
VIF) theo Kenned\ (2008) cho iha>. gia tn trung binh \'1F trong cac md hinh deu nhd hon 5. Dilu na> cho phep chiing tdi kei luan cac md hinh khong ton tai hien tuang da cong ni\ln giua cac biln giai thich. Kiem dinh Breusch-Pagan/Cook-Weisberg (Greene, 2000) dupe sir dung de kilm tra \ I phuang sai sai sd tha> ddi (Heteroscedasticit\): kilm dmh
SkeuTiess/Kurtosis (Greene. 2000) dugc su dung de kiem tra \e gia djnh phan phdi chuan phan du cua cdc md hinh (Normality); kiem dinh Ramsey RESET (Ramsey. 1969) dugc thuc hien de kiem fra miic do phii hgp cua mo hinh uac lugng. Ket qua cac kiem djnh dugc trinh bay dbang 2 cho thay, cac gia dinh cua md hinh (1) \a (2) diu dupe tuan thii nghiem ngac. Md hinh (3) va (4) bi vi pham gia dinh
\ e tinh phan phdi chuan ciia phan du. Tu\ nhien.
quy mo mau kha idn va hau het he sd uac lugng cac bien deu luang duong vdi ket qua udc lugng ben md hinh chuan (1) va (2) nen cac kit qua udc lugng nay dugc su dung de ddi chieu. so sdnh va lam \irng manh han cac ket qua udc lugng tir md hinh (1) \ a (2). Ket qua hdi qu\ boi phuang phap OLS dugc trinh ba\ trong bang 2.
4. Phan rich ket qua uoc lugng 4.1. Sham cdc nhdn td ve dia bdn cu tru So 235 thdng 01/20r
kiiilili'JIiiil Irien
Bing 2: Ket qua u6v Iirgrng cic nbSn t6 anh hirdng den thu nhSp ciia cic bd ngtf din khai thic tbnv san tfaioh ph6 P6ng Hdi
(1) (2) (3) ^iJL.
LpTongTN LnTNBQ Nguoi LnTongTN LnTWBQ_Nguoi LnCongsuat
Thietbi Tamngu Ngutmongl Ngutmong2 ThitruongTT DadanghoaTN Nhankhau Phulhuoc Tuoi Hocvan2 Kinhnghiem2 Kinlmghiem2 SQ Yeunghe LnVayNN Khuyenngu HTnhienlieu Region I Region2 Chuiaul H5ng so Tong so quan sal adj. R^
Breusc h - Pagan/Cook- Weisberg Test Skewness/Kurtosis Test Ramsey RESET Test
-0.0274 (0.0434) -0.116***
(0.0354) -0.457***
(0.0695) -0.554***
(0.0730) -0.328***
(0.0982) 0 457***
(0.144) 0.150***
(0.0507) 0.107***
(0.0247) -0.0816***
(0.0269) 0.00677**
(0.00310) 0 0476*••
(0.0112) 0.0249**
(0.0104) -0.000459 (0.000294) -0 106**
(0.0432) 0,0238**
(0 00947) 0.0458 (0 0510)
0.0732 (0.0951) 0.756***
(0.118) 0,664**'
(0 124)
3.776***
(0.324) 466 0 430 (0.541) (0 186) (0,872)
-0.0251 (0.0434) -0.119***
(0.0355) -0.449***
(0.0695) -0.553***
(0.0730) -0.336***
(0.0983) 0.434***
(0.144) 0.129**
(0.0507) -0.141***
(0 0247) -0 0885***
(0.0270) 0.00823***
(0.00310) 0 0447***
(0.0112) 0.0237**
(0.0104) -0 000429 (0.000294) -0.114***
(0.0432) 0 0250***
(0.00947) 0.0545 (0.0510) 0.0452 (0.0952) 0,754***
(0.118) 0 674**'
(0 124)
3.431***
(0 324) 466 0.463 (0.575) (0.22) (0,193)
-0.00353 (0.0424) -0.113***
(0.0344) -0.486***
(0.0677) -0.538***
(0.0709) -0.340***
(0.0954) 0.464***
(0.140) 0.187***
(0.0497) 0 0940***
(0.0241) -0.0811***
(0.0262) 0 00751**
(0.00301) 0.0437***
(0.0109) 0 0272***
(0.0101) -0.000594**
(0.000287) -0.106**
(0 0419) -0.00102 (0 0103) 0.00220 (0.0502) 0.0710 (0.0924) 0.796***
(0.115) 0 740***
(0,121) 0 321***
(0.0607) 3.530***
(0 318) 466 0.462 (0 463) (0.005) (0,63)
-0.000993 (0.0424) -0.116***
(0 0344) -0.477***
(0.0677) -0.537***
(0.0709) -0.349***
(0.0954) 0.441***
(0.140) 0,167***
(0.0497) -0.154***
(0 0241) -0.0880***
(0.0262) 0.00898***
(0.00301) 0,0407***
(0.0109) 0.0260**
(0,0101) -0.000565**
(0.000287) -0 114***
(0.0419) -0 000205 (0.0103) 0.0104 (0 0502) 0.0429 (0 0924) 0,793***
(0,115) 0,751***
(0 121) 0 325***
(0 0607) 3 182***
(0.318) 466 0 494 (0,434) (0 007) (0,03) Ghi chii: Gia trj sai so chuan (Standard errors) dugc mo ta trong r
ngoac dcm tai cac kilm dmh, * p^.^,.,^ < 0 1, **;J„O;„,, < 0.05, ***/>,„
ic doTi. Gia tn Pvalue dugc mo ta trong cO.Ol.
Cdc kit qua uoc lupng chi ra rang, nhirng dac trung ciia dia ban cu tni cd anh hudng y nghTa din thu nhap cua cac ho ngu dan thanh phi Ddng Hdi, Nhin chung, thu nhap binh quan cua cac hd ngu dan xa Bao Ninh cao hon mpt each y nghTa so vdi thu nhap binh quan cua cac hp ngu dan thupc 2 dia ban cdn Iai. Dilu nay hoan toan phii hgp vdi thuc
te rang, da phan cac hd ngu dan khai thdc thiiy san xa Bao Ninh la cac chii tau, chii yeu tham gia hoat dpng danh bat xa bd nen cd thu nhap kha cao so vdi cac dia ban cdn lai. Trong klu dd, ngu dan xa Quang Phii chu yeu khai thac thiiy san ven bd va cd ddi ngu thuyen vien lam thue tuang ddi Idn. Ngugc lai, phuong Hai Thanh cd sd lugng hd ngu dan khai thac
Sd 235 thdng 01 20r
kiflllll'J'lirlll!!!!]
thuy san kha nho, chu ylu la thuyen vien lam thue cho cac chii tau a hai xa tren.
4.2. Nhom cdc nhan to dac tnmg ngir nghiep Kit qua udc lirgng chi ra rdng, khong nhu ky vgng, biln cdng suat tau khong co tac dgng y nghia din thu nhap ciia cdc ho ngu dan. Dieu nay co the dugc luan giai rdng, tau khai thac thuy san cong suat cang ldn thi chi phi san xuat cang cao, dieu do co thi khiln hieu qua san xuat bmh quan thdp do san lugng danh bdt khong dat hieu qua khai thac theo quy mo. Nhu ky vgng, he so ciia bien trinh do cong nghe thilt bi ngu nghiep mang ddu am va dat muc y nghia thdng ke 1%, ham y rdng trinh do cdng nghe thiet bi ngu nghiep danh bdt cang lac hau thi thu nhdp ciia cac hg ngu dan cang giam. Ket qua uoc lugng ndy cho thay tam quan frgng ciia hien dai hda cong nghe danh bdt trong ndng cao thu nhap ngu dan. Mac du may tam ngu chi danh rieng cho nghe ddnh ca xa bd bdng ludi, song he so ciia bien nay lai CO moi tuang quan am vdi thu nhap hd ngu dan.
Ndi cdch khac, cdc hd ngu tham gia nghe danh bat cd bang luoi cd thu nhap thap ban dang ke so vdi cac nganh nghe khac. Dieu nay cd the dugc luan giai rang, thu nhap ciia nghe khai thdc thiiy san bang ludi la kha thap do da sd cac tau sir dung may tdm ngu do theo phuang diing frong khi cdng nghe nay la kha lac hau va thudng cho hieu qua ddnh bat thap ban dang ke so vdi cdc loai mdy tam ngu dd ngang hien dai cd gdc quel ngang 360'' (Viet Chan, 2012).
Ket qua udc lugng ciing chi ra rang, cac hg ngu dan tham gia danh bat thiiy san tai ngu trudng Vinh Bac Bd. ngu trudng ven bd cd thu nhap binh quan thdp hon dang ke so ddnh bat tai cac ngu trudng khac d miic y nghia 1% Dieu nay cung ham y rdng, ddnh bat xa bd can dugc xac dinh la gidi phdp frong tam nham nang cao thu nhap cac hp ngu dan theo hudng ben \'irng. Ben canh dd, biln thi trudng tieu thu thiiy san cd anh hudng ddng ke doi vdi thu nhap.
Thuc te cho tha\. ngu ddn cd the ban thuy san tai cdc thi trudng ngoai tinh gan nai khai thdc, hodc ban cho cac tau thu mua thuy san ngoai tinh. Do va\. viec ban thiiy san tai cac thi trudng ngoai tinh se ddng nghTa vdi thdi gian van chuyen ngan hon so vdi \ an chu>en vao bd de ban cho thi trudng npi tinh, thuy san ddnh bat se tuoi \a dam bao chdt lugng han.
Ben canh dd. ban thiiy san cho thi tnrdng ngoai tinh se giiip cho ngu dan tdi thieu hda chi phi nhien lieu.
chi phi bao quan. nhat la tang quy thdi gian cho hoat ddng danh bat. Dieu nay ham > rang, nhd nude cdn CO ca che chinh sach phdt trien dpi tau dich \-u hau
cdn nhSm nang cao hieu qua boat dgng ciia nganh khai thac xa bd. Mac dii biln da dang hda thu nh?p CO anh hudng din thu nhap d muc y nghia thong ke 1% va 5%, song si^ khac biet v l thu nhap giiia hg cd boat dgng phi ngu nghiep va hg thudn ngu la khong quaidn.
4.3. Nhom cdc nhdn td nhdn khau hgc vd dac trung kinh te xd hpi
Kit qua udc lugng chi ra ring, so nhan khau ciia ho CO dnh hudng tich cue din tong thu nhap ciia hp ngu dan (mo hinh 1) d miic y nghTa thong ke 1%, song lai anh hudng tieu cue den thu nhap binh quan cua hg (mo hlnh 2). Dong thdi, he so cua bien sd lugng thanh vien phu thugc mang ddu am va d^t muc y nghTa thong ke 1% d cd mo hinh 1 va 2. Dieu nay cd the dugc Iy giai rang, thu nhap cua mdi ca nhan frong hg Id khac nhau, nhdt la cdc thdnh vien phu thudc cdng dong se khien thu nhap binh qudn dan ngudi ciia hg giam. Bien tudi chii hg cd anh hudng tich cue doi vdi thu nhap hp ngu dan d cac miic y nghia thong ke 1% \a 5%, ham y tuoi chii hp cang cao thi thu nhap hg cang tang. Dieu nay ciing chi ra rang, thu nhap cua hg ngu dan bi anh hudng qud ldn bdi chu nghTa kinh nghiem.
Ket qua udc lugng chi ra rang, trinh do hgc vdn cao nhat cua ngu ddn frong hg Iai cd dnh hudng den thu nhdp d miic y nghTa thong ke 1%. Nhu vdy, do linh thudn ngu cao, trinh do hgc van ngu dan se anh hudng true tiep den thu nhap tu boat dpng ngu nghiep - cau thanh chu yeu frong tong thu nhdp hg ngu ddn. Nhu ky \gng. kinh nghiem di bien cua thuyen trudng cd anh hudng tich cue den thu nhdp ciia hg d miic y nghTa thong ke 1% vd 5%. Tuy nhien, he sd udc lugng cua bien binh phuong kinh nghiem di bien ciia thuyen trudng lai khdng c6 y nghia thdng ke (md hinh 1 va 2). Dieu ndy cd the do thuc te cd mgt sd lugng dang ke chii tau ddng thdi vira la thuyen trudng. De loai bd yeu td nay, chiing tdi nhap vao bien gid chu tau (trong md hinh 3 \'a 4) Ngay lap tire, he sd udc lugng cua bien binh phuang kinh nghiem di bien cua thuyin trudng dat miic y nghTa thdng ke 5%. Dieu nay ham y rdng, kinh nghiem di bien ciia thuyen trudng cd moi quan he phi tuyen tinh dudi dang ham U ngugc (Parabol) vdi thu nhdp cua cac hd ngu dan. Nhu mong dgi, long yeu nghe ciia ngu dan cd anh hudng ddi vdi thu nhap hg ngu ddn d mirc y nghTa thdng ke 1% va 5%.
Dieu nay ciing ham y rang, long yeu nghi la ddng luc quan trgng frong \ iec nang cao liiu nhap boat dpng danh bat thuy san.
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4.4. Nhdm cae nhan tS khuyin ngu Ket qua udc lugng chi ra rdng, cac khodn tin dung uu ddi ciia nha nude c6 anh hudng tich cue den thu nhap hg d miic y nghia thdng ke 1% va 5% (mo hinh 1 vd 2). Dieu ndy ham y rang, viec gia tdng cac khodn tin dung uu dai da giiip cdc hg ngu dan, nhdt la cdc chu tau c6 dilu ki6n md rgng quy mo san xudt, hien dai hda hoat ddng khai thac, chuyin ddi nghe nghiep theo huang khai thac xa bd. Khong nhu mong dgi, bien vai fro cua cdn bd khuyin ngu Iai khdng cd anh hudng y nghia den thu nhdp cua cac hg ngu dan. Dieu ndy cd the hieu rang, cong tac khuyen ngu tai dia phuang chua thgc sir gdp phdn nang cao hieu qua hoat dgng khai thac thiiy san.
Tuang tu, bien hd frg nhien li^u ciing khong co tdc ddng y nghTa den su khac biSt thu nhdp giua cac hg ngu ddn nhdn ho frg va khdng nhdn hd trg. Trong thuc te, cac khoan hd frg nay dugc cdp true tiep cho cac chu tau nhdm frang ttai mpt phdn chi phi khai thac thiiy san xa bd, va viec sir dung kinh phi hd frg xang dau diu hoan todn do chii tau quyit dinh, ngudi lao dgng lam thue hoan todn khdng cd tieng ndi frong vi& sir dung ngudn tai trg nay. Do vay, khoan ho trg nhien lieu khdng cd anh hudng y nghTa den thu nhap ciia cac hp ngu dan khdc.
5. Ket luan va ham '^ chinh sach
Nghien ciru su dung bg du lieu sa cdp dugc thu thap tii cudc dieu tra bang bang hdi 560 hd ngu dan khai thac thiiy sdn tai 3 xa/phudng Bdo Ninh, Quang Phii, Hai Thanh thupc thanh phd Ddng Hdi, tinh Quang Binh de lugng hda nhirng nhan td anh hudng den thu nhap cua cac hp ngu dan nay. Ket qua udc lupng chi ra rang, nhiing dac trung ciia dia ban cu tni cd anh hudng y nghTa den thu nhap ciia cac hd ngu dan thanh phd Ddng Hdi. Lien quan din cdc nhan td dac trung nghe nghiep, cdng sudt phuang tien khai thac khdng cd tac ddng y nghia den thu nhap cua cdc hd ngu dan. Trong khi dd, trinli do cong nghe may moc thiet bi ngu nghiep, ngu trudng danh bat, thi trudng tieu thu thiiy san, da dang hda thu nhap ddng vai trd het siic quan trgng trong ndng cao thu nhap ciia cac ho ngu dan. Lien quan den cdc nhan td nhan khau hpc va dac trung kinh te xa hdi ciia hd, sd nhan khau, so thanh vien phu thudc, tudi chii hd, frinh do cao nhat cua ngu dan, kinh nghiem di bien cua thuyen trudng cd anh hudng y nghTa den thu nhap ciia hd ngu dan. Ngoai ra, Idng yeu nghi cung la ddng luc quan trong trong viec gdp phdn nang cao hieu qua hoat dpng khai thac thiiy san.
Lien quan den nhom nhan td khuyen ngu, cac klioan
tin dung uu dai ciia nha nude cd anh hudng y nghia din nang cao thu nh?p. Trong khi do, vai fro cua can bg khuyin ngu, su h6 frg nhien lieu lai khong cd anh hudng y nghTa den su khac biet v8 thu nhap gitta cac hg ngu dan.
Ket qua nghien ciiu ndy cho phep chiing tdi ggi md mdt sd ham y chinh sdch nhdm gdp phan nang cao thu nhdp cac hg ngu ddn thanh phd Ddng Hdi, va tinh (Judng Binh noi chung:
iVIgt la, thiic day manh me han niia qud trinh chuyen doi nganh nghe khai thac thuy san theo hudng danh bat xa bd. Trong do, khuyen khich ngu ddn nhanh chdng chuyen hi danh bat tai ngu trudng Vinh Bdc Bg, danh bat d ngu trudng truyen thong ven bd sang danh hat tai cdc ngu tnrdng xa bd nhu Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa. Dieu nay viia cd the ndng cao y nghTa thu nhap cho cac hd ngu dan vira gop phdn bdo ve chil quyen bien dao thieng lieng ciia td qudc.
Hai la, chii frgng vd ddy manh tien trinh hien dai hda cac cdng nghe danh bdt va bao quan thuy san xa bd nhdm nang cao hieu qua danh bat thiiy sdn. Trong do, cdn chii ttgng phat huy vai trd chii dao ciia chinh quyen dia phuang trong kien tao kenh ket ndi giua ngu dan va doanh nghiep trong viec cung cap cac mdy mdc, thiet bi, cdng nghe hien dai phuc vu boat dpng khai thdc va bao qudn thiiy sdn. Can nang cao hem nua vai frd va hieu qua cua cdng tac khuyen ngu frong phd bien va khuyen khich ngu dan iing dung cac thiet bi, cdng nghe danh bat va bao quan tien tien, hien dai. Dac biet, can xuc tien va khuyen khich ngu dan su dung cac loai mdy tdm ngu dd ngang ludng cd nham nhanh chdng dua nghe danh cd bang ludi dl vao hien dai hda, tao budc dot phd trong nang cao nang suat danh bat ciia nganh nay. Can luu y, chi phi dau tu hien dai hda thiet hi, cdng nghe ddnh bdt thiiy san la kha Idn Do vay, can thiet cd su hd trg va khuyen khich cua nha nude, nhat la cac gdi hd trg tin dung cho ngu dan trong hien dai hda cdng nghe danh bat, thay vi qud tap trung vao cho vay ndng cao cdng sudt may va ddng tau ldn. Tin dung cho vay khuyen khich ddng tau Idn, cdng suat may Idn chi nen tap trung vao mdt sd nganh nghe khai thac nhat djnh, nhat la nhiing nghe cd thdi gian bam bien dai ngdy, vuon kliai xa.
Ba la, cdn xac dinh da dang hda thu nhap la dinh hudng quan frpng trong ndng cao thu nhap cho cdng ddng ngu dan khai thdc thiiy san Cd the thay, khai thac thiiy san la boat ddng phu thupc rat nhieu vdo dieu kien tu nhien, khi hau, do vily tinh thudn ngu cang cao thi tinh bap benh trong hoat ddng thu nhap
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cua cac hg ngu dan cang ldn. Do v?y, da dang hoa thu nhap la dilu kiSn mdu chdt nhdm pha va tinh thu4n ngu, tur do gop phdn nang cao thu nhap cua cac ho ngu dan ciia thanh phd frong thdi gian tdi.
B6n la, chu trgng thuc hien cd hieu qua chinh sach k l hoach hoa gia dinh trong cgng ddng ngu dan. Ddu tien, cSn tang cudng cac bien phap giam miic sinh cho cdng ddng ngu dan. Ddc biet, can chu frgng tayen truyin thilt thuc nhdm thay ddi quan niem sinh de ddng con dl cd nhdn luc di lam, hay quan niem thich con trai dl thuc hien cha truyen con ndi trong ngu nghiep.
Nam id, chii frgng phat triln giao due ttong cgng ddng ngu dan. Trong do, tap trung tuyen ttuyin nhdn thiic vl tdm quan ttgng ciia giao due ddi vdi cac hg ngu dan; ho ttg hgc phi, mien giam cac khoan dong gdp vd tao dilu kien thudn lgi cho con em cdc hg ngu dan c6 tbu nhap thdp, dien hd ngheo va can ngheo dugc din trudng d mgi cap hgc; chii frgng nang cao chdt lugng he thing giao due tai cgng ddng ngu dan.
Sdu la, phat triln hoat dgng dao tao ndng luc ngu nghiep cho ddi ngu thuyen trudng, may trudng.
Thudng xuyen td chiic cho dgi ngii thuyin trudng, may trudng tham gia cac khda dao tao vd huan luyen vl ky nang sir dung cdc frang thiet bi Men dai frong khai thac va bao qudn thiiy san, huan luyen cac ky nang danh bdt fren tien, phdi ket hgp vdi cdc doanh nghiep thiet bi ngu nghiep gidi thieu cac may mdc thilt bi, cdng nghe khai thac va bdo quan thiiy san tien tien, hien dai. Thiet ke cac chuang trinh khuyin khich ddi ngu thanh nien cd nang luc tham gia ddng
mdi va lam chit cdc phuang ti$n danh bit thiy san xa bd, nhit la chii y vao dpi ngu thanh nien co tnnh do hoc vin, co kinh nghiem hoac c6 truyen thong ngu nghiep. Ddy la phucmg each quan ttgng nhSin tdng budc fre hoa va chdt lugng boa dgi ngii thuyen trudng ttong khai thac thiiy san ciia cgng dong ngu dan, giam ddn tdc dgng tieu cue ciia chu nghia kinh nghiem ttong tiln trinh hi?n dai hda hoat dOng khai thdc thiiy san cua cgng ddng ngu dan.
Bay la, ddy nhanh vd manh hon niia cac chucmg trinh tin dung ciia nha nude nham ho ttg ngu dan chuyin ddi nganh nghi theo hudng ddnh bat xa bd.
Cdn chii frgng phat triln ddi tau dich vu hdu cdn nhdm gdp phdn nang cao hieu qud boat dgng cua nganh khai thac thuy san xa bd. Cai cdch manh me cac thu tuc hdnh chinh nham giup cho cac hd ngu dan du dilu kien co the de dang tiep can vdi ngudn v6n tin dung tu cac chucmg trinh cua chinh phii. Kiln nghi Uy ban Nhdn dan Tinh nhanh chdng thanh lap quy ho frg ngu dan cua tinh de chuyen mon hoa cdng tac hd ttg tin dung ttong thiic ddy phat triln nganh khai thac thiiy san xa bd.
Tdm la, cdn ddnh gia vd dieu chinh lai cac tieu chi va ddi tugng nhan hd ttg nhien lieu ddnh bdt xa bd.
Trong do, cdn quan triet chdt che nguyen tdc hd frg chi phi nhien lieu cho chuyin khai thac thuy san xa bd chii khdng phai la ho ttg chi phi nhien lieu cho rieng chO tau. Ddc biet, cdn minh bach hoa cdng tdc hd ttg vd quy trinh sii dung cac khodn hd ttg nhien lieu ttong khai thdc thuy san, nang cao hon nOa tieng ndi ciia cac thuyin vien lam thue frong su dung hgp ly cac khodn hd frg nhien Ueu.
Tai lieu tham khao
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