NGHIEN CUU
Cac nhan to chu yeu anh hirong toi phat trien cong nghiep theo huong tang truong xanh
Ddm D(jc ()uang So Kg iioach va Ddu tu tinh Bdc Giang
Cdng nghilp xanh la nen edng nghilp than thiln vdi mdi trudng, la n i n cdng nghiep san xudt ra cac san phdm than thien vdi mdi tnidng vd giup cho eac dilu kiln tg nhien cua mdi trudng tdt hon, trong toan bd qud tnnh sdn xudt nd gidm thieu tdi da tdc ddng xdu tdi mdi trudng. Viec thge hien phat triln CNX ddi hdi mdl khung chinh sdch hd trg, xay dung nang luc, cdng nghe xanh d l tiep can va phu hap vdi dilu kidn cua doanh nghi|p, tao nguon vdn thich bop. Bai vilt tap tmng phan tich cac nhan td chii ylu anh hudng tdi sg phat trien cdng nghilp theo hudng tang trudng xanh, tdp tmng vao cac nhan td nhu the che, ngudn Ige con ngudi, tai chinh va mdt sd cac nhan td khac.
1. Khai quat ve cong nghiep theo huvng tang truvng xanh (cong nghiep xanh)
Cdng nghiep Xanh la mdt phuong phap tiep can theo bai hudng d l phat triln edng nghiep bin viing gdp phan vao viec thge hien tang trudng xanh, thflc ddy sdn xudt sach hon va su dung hieu qua nguon luc trong cdng nghilp e h l t?o va cac nganh san xuat lien quan. Cdng nghiep Xanh hien thuc boa vile cung cdp hang hoa va dich vu mdi tmdng chat lugng cao mpt each hilu qua va cdng nghiep, bao gdm ca cac linh vuc nhu nang lugng tai tao, tai che chat thai va khOi phge tai nguyen, va dich vu tu vdn mPi trudng. Hai hudng tilp can cua CNX, eg thi la:
(a) Xanh hda cac nganh cdng nghiep: dam bao rdng tdt ca cac nganh cdng nghi|p, khpng phan biet linh vuc, quy md, quyln sd hiiu, thi tnidng va dia diem, lien tuc cai thien mPi trudng va su dung hieu qua ngudn tai nguyen;
(b) Tao lap cac nganh CNX; kich thich phat triln va tao lap cac nganh cdng nghiep cung cap hang hoa va dich vu than thien vdi mdi trudng.
Viec thge hien phat trien CNX ddi hoi mpt khung chinh sach hd trg, xay dgng nang luc, cong nghe xanh d l tiep can va phii hgp vdi dilu kien cua doanh nghiep, tao nguon vdn thich hgp. Cong nghiep xanh la nIn edng nghiep than thien vdi m6i tmdng, la nen cdng nghiep san xudt ra eac sdn pham than thien vdi mdi trudng va giiip cho cdc dilu kien tg nhien efla mdi trudng tdt hem, trong toan bd qua trinh san xudt nd giam thilu tdi da tdc ddng xdu tdi moi tmdng.
Ngoai ra, edng nghiep xanh cdn bao ham ca viec tai sir dgng cac ehdt thai, edc ehdt thai nang lugng, su dgng tidt kilm va hieu qud nang lugng va nguon tai nguyen thien nhien khac (khoang san, gd tu nhien...), ban chd sii dgng hda ehdt ddc hai (phan bdn, thudc bdo v | thuc vdt, bdo qudn thuc phdm...) bdng edch su^
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dgng cdc edng n g h | tiln tiln d l khdc phuc va kilm soat d nhiem mdi trudng.
Chuong tnnh CNX la viec "xanh hda" cua cac nganh edng nghiep, theo dd tdt cd cac nganh cdng nghilp liln tue nang eao nang sudt tai nguyln va mdi trudng ciia bg. Nd cung nhdm muc dich tao ra cac nganh cdng nghiep xanh, cung cdp hang hda va dich vu mdi trudng mdt each cdng nghiep, bao gdm: quan ly ehdt thdi va cac dich vu tdi che, edng nghi nang lugng tai tao, va eac dich vu phan tich va tu vdn moi trudng. Xanh hda cdc nganh edng nghiep da gd thanh mdt ylu td quylt dinh cdt Idi eua nang Ige canh tranh va tang tmdng kinh t l b i n viing. Qua hinh lam "xanh hda" cua cac nganh edng nghiep cflng ddng mdt vai trb quan trpng trong xda ddi giam ngheo, cung cdp nang lugng, bao vl sflc khde, an ninh va an toan lao ddng, tao cpng an viec lam, va giam chi phi thdng qua nang sudt tang len. Duge coi la mdt khia canh ciia chinh sdch cdng, viec "xanh hda" eac nganh d n g nghiep la mpt ndi dung xuyen sudt hang loat ludng chinh sach quan ly mdi trudng mdi.
Cdng nghiep theo hudng tang truong xanh cd nhung dac diem sau:
- Su dgng c6ng nghi va quy trinh bien dai trong san xudt theo hudng tang trudng xanh: Khoa hpc va edne nghe dong vai trd quan trpng trong viec khuydn khich cac nganh cdng nghiep san xuat theo huong sii dune ben vting, san xudt va tang trudng kinh te. Hdu hit cac nude dang phat triln thuc hien tiln bd cdng nghe, thich dng va ap dung cong nghe lac hdu, cac chuong trinh hd trg cua chinh phu nen tao dilu kiln thuan Ipi v | viec mua mdi va nhan chuyin giao cdng nghe tti cac nude phat triln. Phat trien nang Igc chuyin giao cong nqh^
cung cap cac thdng tin biln thge cua dg an, cae chinjno trinh h6 trg 1^ thuat, Ige lugng lao ddng dao tcio va \3 trg cija cae td chiic ky thuat (vi du nhu Tmng tam SA
xudt sach hon). Chinh phu cd thi t^o dieu kien thudn loi cho chuyin giao bang sang chi va phd bidn cac cdng nghe mdi trudng thdng qua lilc ddu tu eo sd ha tdng nhu cdng vidn khoa hpc, eac cym, vudn uom, mang ludi ho bg toan cdu... cdng eg tai chinh, nhu tim kidm l2u phat biln (R&D) eac khoan trg cdp, thud quan, va liln doanh quy ddu tu la rat quan b^ng d l h6 bg phdt biln va sii dung rdng rai cdng nghi mdi trucmg. Chinh phu nln ho trg cac ehiln luge chuong trinh R&D liln quan d i n nganh cdng ngbi|p, nhu la mdt phuong ti|n cung cdp nln tang khoa hoc d l tan dung cdng nghi mdi vl mdi trudng.
- Sdn xudt sdn phdm than thi|n mdi hudng, ngudi tilu dCing: San pham than thien vdi mdi trudng cdn dirge ggi la cdc sdn phdm xanh, sdn phdm sinh thdi.
Ngay nay, sdn phdm than tbi|n vdi mdi budng ngay cang duge sii dung phd bien tai cae qudc gia, dae bi^t la cac qudc gia phdt triln. Dudi gdc dd xa hdi va mdi trudng, mdt sdn phdm duge xem la san phdm than thiln vdi mdi trudng neu dap ling 1 trong 4 tieu chi:
San phdm dupe tao ra ttr cae vat lieu than thien vdi mdi tnidng; San phdm dem d i n nhiing gidi phap an todn ddi vdi mdi tnidng va siic khde eon nguoi, thay cho cac sdn phdm ddc bai tmyIn thdng; San phdm gidm tac ddng ddn mdi tnidng trong qua trinh sd dgng (it ehdt thai, sd dung nang lugng tai sinh, it cbl phi bdo hi); Sdn pham tgo ra mdt mdi trudng than thien vd an toan ddi vdi siic khde con ngudi.
Mdt san phdm duoc xem Id xanh ndu dap ling duge mdt trong 4 tilu chi dudi day: (1) San phdm duoc t^o ra td ede vdt li|u thdn thiln vdi mdi trudng;
(2) Sdn phdm dem ddn nhiing giai phdp an toan din mdi tnidng va siic khol thay cho cdc san phdm phdm ddc bai bxiyin thdng; (3) San phdm gidm tdc ddng d i n mdi trudng trong qud trinh sii dgng (it ehdt thdi, sii dgng nang lucmg tai sinh, it chi phi bao tri); (4) Sdn pham tao ra mdt mdi tnidng thdn thiln va an toan ddi vdi Stic khoe.
- Tilt kiem nang lugng, tai ngi^'ln, nang cao ty le tdi e h l va bao v | mdi trudng: Cd the ndi san phdm cdng nghiep thuc hiln khdng chi Id san phdm xanh ma cdn phai hudng toi vi|c sir dung tidt ki|m nang lugng ma khdng lam suy giam nang sudt lao ddng, an toan lao ddng hoac lam anh hudng tdi mdi budng. Phuong thiic va qui md sii dgng ndng lugng iudn duge kiem tra, danh gia thdng qua chi phi nang lugng tai cdc giai doan khdc nhau eua qud trinh sdn xudt. Dinh ky do d^t vd dinh lugng ddng nSng lugng trong nha may, xi nghilp. Sii dung va tilt ki$m hilu qua nang lugng thdng thudng ed thi dgt duge thdng qua vile thge hi|n liln tgc cac cdi tiln nhd bong qua binh sdn xudt.
Khdng nhiing thd edc sdn phdm ndy phdi duge tdi sii dgng vd tdi che, ddng nghia vdi vile giam ngudn thai. Tdi sir dyng Id dung lai cdc san phdm hay nguyln vat lidu ma khdng ed su siia ddi ddng kl, chdng chi cdn duge lam sach hodc siia chua trudc khi sii dung
lai. Tdi che khde vdi tdi sir dung d chd nd ddi hdi sg biln ddi nhdt dinh vl thdnh phdn, tinh ehdt vdt ly, hda hpc hay sinh hge cda ehdt thdi d l trd thdnh san phdm ed thi sir dgng duge.
2. Cac nhan to chu yeu anh huvng tdi phat trien cong nghiep theo hirong tang trirdng xanh
2.1 Nhdm nhan td' ve th^ chd, chinh sach Dilu kiln ddu tiln vd liln quylt la chinh quyln nha nude eac cdp phai xay dgng duge cac thd chd, chinh sach vl tang budng xanh, nd Ihl hiln quan dilm chinh thiic cua qudc gia va dia phuang ddi vdi vdn de phdt triln kinh t l - xa hdi ndi chung vd phdt trien cdng nghilp ndi rilng theo hudng tang budng xanh. Mdt nen kinh t l ndi chung va cdng nghilp ndi rilng khdng the nlu nhu nhdng ngudi dieu hanh nd khdng mong mudn dat duge trang thai dd. Quan diem, the c b l vl phat triln kinh td xa hdi eua qudc gia vd edc dia phuong la co sd d l xay dung chien luge phdt triln cdng nghiep va quy hoach cdng nghiep cua dia phuong.
Chil'n luge phdt hiln edng nghilp xac dmh trang thai tuong lai ciia cdng nghilp va chi ra each thflc de dua n l n cdng nghilp dat tdi trang thdi tuong lai dy, bao gdm ehiln luge cua ca qudc gia va ehiln luge cfla eac vflng, eac dia phuong, trong dd ehiln luge phdt triln cdng nghilp vdng phai duge xdy dung trln eo sd ehiln luge phat triln cdng nghiep cfla qudc gia, tilp theo dd ehiln luge phdt triln cdng nghiep cua cac dia phuong phdi duge xay dung tren eo sd ehiln luge ciia vung va chil'n luge phdt triln chung ciia ca nude.
Ngoai ra vi|e xay dgng thi chd kinh td cua qudc gia cung nhu vung, dia phuong cflng la rat quan trgng, bao gdm 4 bd phan chu yeu: Mdt la, cae quy tdc, chudn mgc vl hdnh vi kinh te diln ra trln tbi trudng;
Hai la, ban than cac b i n tham gia thi trudng vol tu cdeh la cac chu thi thi trudng; Ba la, each thiie td chiic thuc hiln cdc quy tdc, chudn muc thj tnidng, nhdm dat duge muc tieu, hay kit qud ma cdc ben tham gia thi trudng mong mudn; Bdn Id, hd thdng cdc thge thi thj trudng vat ehdt, tiic Id bdn than cdc "thi tmdng"- vdi tu cdeh Id ede dia dilm, Id "sdn choi", la cdc dau mdi giao dich, noi hang hda, dich vu duge trao ddi trln co sd cung cdu, quy djnh eiia "luat choi.
2.2 Nhdm nhan td ve con ngudi
DSn sd quydt djnh quy md cua ngudn nhan luc, d l phat bien cdng nghilp theo hudng tang trudng xanh thi cdn mpt nguon nhan Igc du ve sd lugng va cd ehdt lugng, bdi II mudn lam chii va van hdnh duge nhiing cdng nghe san xudt hi|n dai, ben tiln ddi hdi ngudn nhan luc phdi duge dao tao, ed trinh dp k.^ thuat va tay nghi eao, eiing vdi dd la ddi ngfl edc nhd khoa hpc, cdc nha qudn 1^' gidi, cd kinh nghiem.
Dan sd vd ngudn nhan Igc qua it hoac qua ddng dIu cd dnh hudng d i n cdng nghilp theo hudng tang budng xanh, nlu qua it s i khdng du Ige lugng d l tham
1 T± EHAU A - T H A I BIN
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NGHIEN c u u
RESEBRCH
gia qua binh san xudt ciia cdi vat ehdt cho xa hdi va Tai nguyen thien nhien la co sd cfla ngudn ddu vao duong nhien cdng nghilp khdng the phat triln duge. cd thi khai thac duge d l phat triln edng nghiep tren Ngugc lai, trudng hgp dan sd va ngudn nhan Igc qud
ddng lai gay ap luc trong vile gidi quylt edng an vi§c lam va cac vdn d l xa h^i cd liln quan.
Ngoai sd lupng dan sd va nguon nhan luc, co cdu ddn sd va ngudn nhan Igc vl dd tudi, gidi tinh, dan tic, tdn giao, trinh dp, nganh nghi lao ddng... cflng cd anh hudng quan trpng d i n phdt triln kinh t l xa hdi ndi chung va phat triln tang tnidng ndi rilng, ddi bdi phai bilt khai thac, sir dung cd hilu qua ngu6n nhan Igc va
CO sd phat huy Igi the so sanh eua cac nganh, vdng hay qudc gia, thge t l da chung minh rdng, vdi mgt md hinh phat triln tuong tu nhau, thi su vugt trpi ve tai nguyen se rflt ngdn con dudng dan d i n thanh cdng ciia mdt vung bay qudc gia nao dd, eg thi hon, tai nguyen la nhan td tilt giam chi phi Idn trong san xuat cdng nghilp cua mdt qudc gia ndu bilt each sii dung hieu qua nd.
HiSn trgng ket cdu ha tdng cho phdt then cong cd k l hoach. Id trinh dao tao, cung cd nang cao ehdt nghiip: Kit cdu ha tang la ydu td ed anh hudng rdt Idn lugng ngudn nhan luc nhdm dap ung cac yeu cdu cua d i n phat triln cdng nghilp, nd bao gdm b | thdng giao phdt triln.
2.3 Nhan td v l ngudn luc tai chinh
B6 PTCN theo hudng tang trudng xanh cdn tap tmng ddu tu khdng chi cho phat triln kinh te ma cdn giai quyet tdt cae van d l ve xa bdi va BVMT do dd ddi hdi ngudn vdn ddu tu ban ddu Idn. Cd thi ndi rdng PTCN theo hudng tang tmdng xanh la mdt thir hang hoa xa xi, cd nghia la chi khi ed thu nhap eao, khi da trd nen gidu cd ngudi ta mdi tinh din chuyen phat triln theo hudng then thiln vdi mdi trudng. Dieu nay, xet trln gdc dp chi phi phan anh mdt thge t l la cdn eo ngudn luc tai chinh du Idn de ddu tu PTCN theo budng tang trudng xanh, khdng thi ndi din chuyen chi bdng y mudn chu quan cua cdng ddng va xa hdi thdng qua
thdng (dudng, cau, bin bai...), dien, nude, thdng tin lien lac, khi kit cdu ha tdng duge ddu tu va phat triln ddng bO la dilu kiln thuan Igi thflc ddy cdng nghilp phat trien.
Doanh nghiep cdng nghiep: Vdn ddu tu cfla doanh nghiep cdng nghi|p: bao gdm vdn cd dinh va vdn luu ddng dam bao cho cdc doanh nghilp ddu tu thilt bj edng nghe phii hgp va dam bao cae ngudn ddu vao hgp ly nhdm duy tri san xudt theo kd hoach va nhu cdu thi trudng.
Trinh dp ky thuat - cdng n g h | efla doanh nghilp cdng nghilp: la sg ddu tu trang thiet bi, cdng n g b | phfl hop vdi nganh nghi nhdm ddm bdo ehdt lugng sdn phdm. Trinh dd ky thuat - cdng nghe quy dinh nang vi|c hd khdu hilu, tuyIn tmyen nang cao y thiic cfla sudt lao ddng trong doanh nghiep vd kha nang canh cdng ddng va doanh nghiep vl PTCN theo hudng tang
trudng xanh. Rd rdng la viec ddu tu cing nghe hien dai, cdng ngh| sach, san xudt san phdm than thien mdi trudng ddi hdi chi phi ddu tu ban ddu Idn hon so vdi viec sii dung cdc cdng nghe san xudt tmyen thdng;
vile dp dgng va thge hiln cac bg quy tdc irng xir, cdc chudn muc xa hdi, eac tilu chuan dam bao dilu kien lam viec cho ngudi lao ddng, quan ly, kiem soat moi trudng s i lam tang chi phi sSn xudt cua doanh nghi|p, Nhu vay, quy md nguon luc tai chinh huy dpng cho phat trien kinh t l xa hdi cd tac dpng Idn den PTCN theo budng tang trudng xanh.
2.4 Nhdm nhan td khac
- Dieu kien tunhien: Dieu kiln dia ly, vi tri dia ly ciia mdt dia phuong hay qudc gia anh hudng den ngudn tai nguyln thien nhiln, vung nguyen lieu cho cong nghilp, cflng nhu mdi lien h i ciia dia phuong, qudc gia dd ddi vdi cac trung tam kinh te khu vgc va quoc te. Mdi trudng tg nhien cung la noi hap thu d nhiem, lam giam chi phi cho viec cai thien moi budng, do dd nang cao hieu qua san xudt cdng nghi|p.
Khi hdu, thdi tiet la ylu td anh hudng rdt Idn den viec phdt biln nguon nguyen lilu edng nghiep, din eac boat ddng khai thac, td chtrc san xudt va phan phdi san phdm cdng nghiep, dac biet, ngay nay, biln doi khi hau la nhdn td dnh hudng ngay cang quan trong din phat bien edng nghiep theo hudng bin vung.
tranh eua san phdm eua doanh nghi|p dd Trinh dd nhan Ige cfla doanh nghilp cdng nghiep:
phdn anh trinh dp chuyin mdn nghilp vu, trinh dp quan ly ciia can b l quan ly, can bg ky thuat va cdng nhan lao dpng, la dilu kidn tien quyet de doanh nghiep tiep cdn vdi cdc chudn qudn ly tiln tiln, cac thiet bi - e5ng ngh| hien dai.
Trinh d6 td chiic, quan ly cua cua doanh nghiep cdng nghilp: phan anh binh thuc va miic dp khoa hpc, hieu qua trong td chiic quan ly doanh nghiep;
trinh dp nay cflng duge thi hien qua cac md hinh td chiic va cdc chudn quan ly tien tien duge doanh nghiep ap dung.
Tai iieu tham l(hao
Kim Ngpc, Nguyen Tbi Kim Thu (2015), Xu hudng phat trien kinh t l xanh trln thi gidi. Tap chi Khoa hge xa hpi Viet Nam.
Trdn Thp Dat (2014), Bao cao kit qua thge hien d l tai ngien ciiu khoa hpc: Cac giai phap nang ehdt luung tang tmdng tinh Bdc Giang giai doan 2010-2015, tam nhin den nam 2020.
Trdn Huu Buu (2012), Khung Chinh sach Cong nghiep Xanh.
Td chiic Phat triln cdng nghiep Liln hap q^g^, (UNIDO, 2012), Hudng tdi tang budng xanh tfr p^^j trien cdng nghilp xanh tai Viet Nam.
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