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[ l - UCac van fle can giai quyet
Ha6NG TC5I QUAN LY TONG HOP CHAT THAI RAN TAI VIET NAM
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HIDEKI WADAChuyen gia JICA
V a n de 1 . Khia canh Kinh t e / X a hoi trong Quy hoach qudn iy chat t l i S i r ^
Hipn trpng
Hien nay, hau hd't cic dja phUdng tgi Viet Nam da v i dang lap Quy hogch Quin ly chat th& ran cho dia phUdng minh. Tuy nhidn, hau het cie Quy hogch nay chua chu trpng nhieu den cac ydu td kinh t l - xa hdi m i thudng tap trung vao quy hogch vj tri cac khu xfl ly chat th& ran.
Van de can giai quyet
Cic yeu td kinh t l - xa hpi nhu van de ve t h i che, tai chinh va cic van de xa hpi khic can
dUdc cin nhic ky lUdng khi lip Quy hogch quan ly Chat thii rin. Cac ylu td niy d ^ g vai trd rat quan trpng khdng chi trong viec xiy dung cac khu xfl ly phu hpp m i cdn gdp phan hidn thyc hda vi^c vin hanh cac khu xfl ly niy mdt each bin vflng. Cic dja phUdng can ein nhic ky ludng cic ylu td niy khi lip/sfla ddi Quy hogch Quin ly chit tha ran cua dja phUdng minh.
V a n d e 2 . Kiem soat lUdng phat thSi va sif t h a m gia c u a e o n g d6ng Hipntr^ig
Khdi lUdng va tinh ehit eua cac logi chat thai ran hidn nay hau nhu ehua dupe kilm soit.
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Tren thyc te, thyc hien giim thieu lUpng phit thai nham vio chu t h i x i thii l i eie hoat ddng mang tinh khi thi v i hieu qui, nd cung ddi hfli mdt thdi gian nhat dinh d l ed t h i kiem soit dUde khdi lUdng va tfnh chit cac logi chat thii rin bang cieh thu hut su tham gia cua cie ehu ngudn thii.
Vmi de can giai quyet
Khdi lupng v i thinh phan eua cic loai chat thii rin myc tidu cin dupe kiem soit khi kit hdp vdi cie ehu ngudn thii. Can cd nhiJng hogt ddng gi de ed the giim th^ tU cic ddi tupng sau day? Ngoii ra, can lim gi d l tao ddng luc cho cic ddi tupng niy thdng qua cie cdng cy kmh t l cung nhu qua cic hogt truyln thdng, quing b i cting l i mdt diem het sUe quan trong can ein nhic.
• Cie ed quan nhi nude
• Khach sgn
• TrUdng hoe
• Sieu thj
• Cic ngudn khic
VSn d e 3. Phan loai chat thdi tai nguon Men trpng
Da cd mpt sd md hinh ve phin logi chat thai tgi ngudn dUpe thyc hidn tgi mdt sd dja phUdng eua Vigt Nam, nhU: Ha Ndi, Thanh phd Ho Chf Minh, D i Ning.- Tuy nhien, hau het cic ehUdng trinh dd deu khdng dUde duy tri trong thdi gian dai vi mdt sd ly do nhU: hg thong cd sfl hg tang khdng ddng bd, thieu dieu kidn tii ehinh de dau tu trang thiet bi, thieu nhin lUc d l vin hanh va duy tri he thdng.
Van de cin giai quyit
Md hinh phin logi chat thii tgi ngudn can phii dUde thiet ke v i de xui't dUa trdn dieu kien edng nghd xfl ly cd the i p dyng \ji do can thiet eua viee thyc hien phan lo^ chat thai tai ngudn eung can dUde truyen truyen rd ring de thuylt phue ngudi din. Khdng ed mdt ehUdng trinh phin logi chat thai tgi nguon nio cd the i p dung neu he thdng cie ed sd xfl ly thiet ke dinh cho chat thii hdn tgp.
VSn d e 4 . Djch vu t h u g o m phiJ hdp vdi c a c Ithu vufc do t h j Hien trpng
Ddi vdi cac khu vuc dd thj tgi Viet Nam, viee quit dudng, dich vy thu gom tin ndi, thu gom hing ngiy l i eie dich vy dang dUde triln khaiphd bien. Tuy nhien, cic he thdng niy ddi hdi chi phi duy tri kha cao. Thdi gian gan diy, da ed mdt sd thfl nghiem ap dyng md hinh thu gom tgi cie diem thu gom tip kit hoac thu gom cieh nhat tiiy thudc vio dieu kidn thUe te tgi cic khu vye mue tieu.
Van de can giai quyet
LUa chpn cho cic he thdng thu gom ein dude phan loai v i dinh g i i dya trdn dieu kien thuc te, nhU 1) quit va thu gom hing ngay tai cic khu vye ed mat dd dan cu ddng due, 2) fhu gom hang ngay tgi diem thu gom tap kit trdn via he tgi cic khu vye cd mat dp din cu trung binh, 3)thu gom eich nhat ddi vdi cic khu vue ed mat dd din cu thua thdt. Dieu nay ed the giup giim sd lypng cie xe thu gom, van ehuyen, tfl dd giim ehi phi thu gom.
}/an d e 5. Qudn iy ehdt thdi rdn tai c a c vung nong thdn Hien trpng
Ddi vdi vung ndng thdn, ty Ig phat thii khdng eao nhu ddi vdi khu vye dd thj, Tuy nhien, ty Id thu gom ddi vdi khu vye niy l i rat thap (dudi 50%) vi mdt sd ly do, nhu: dieu kien dUdng xa khdng thuin Idi, din eU khdng tap trung, thieu eie phUdng tien thu gom. Bdn cgnh dd, phUdng thUc xfl ly chat thai rin sinh hogt eie vimg ndng thdn chfl ylu l i cic bai chdn lip mfl, cic hd gia dinh ty xif ly, ddt thu cdng „.
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Van de can giai quyit . , K l hogch phit trien dii hgn cae ed sfl xfl ly ehit thai ran cin dUpc cin nhic dUa tren tde do gia ting lUpng phat thii v i cdng suit xfl ly hidn tgi la nhiing yeu td hit sUc quan trpng ddi vdi he thdng quin ly chat thii rin ben viJng. K l hogch phit trien he thdng ed sfl xfl ly dii hgn la gi v i lam t h i nio de xiy dyng dUpc k l hogch nhU viy cin dUdc nghien cifu v i lam ro.
Vibi d i 7. LUst ehon cdng nghd Hipn trpng
Hidn tai, rat nhieu eie chiln lUdc, quy hogeh ve quin ly chat thii rin tgi Vidt Nam nhan mgnh tam quan trpng cfla vide ap dyng cie cdng nghe hidn dgi nham xfl ly chat thii rin tgi Viet Nam, v i cung da cd rit nhidu cdng nghd dUpe gidi thidu. Tuy nhien, ehung ta vin cin thdi gian de lUa ehon v i hign thUc hda cic cdng nghe phD hop nhit.
Van de ein giai quyet
Md hinh quin ly chat thii rin tgi cic vting ndng thdn can dUdc nghidn cflu v i phit tnln. Cac md hinh can quan tim chu trpng din vide giim thieu iupng phat thii thdng qua hogt ddng tU xfl ly phii hdp, hinh thUc thu gom, hinh thfle xfl ly, cic hinh thfle thu hiit sy tham gia cua nhdm cdng ddng cung nhU ed che tii chinh cho cic md hinh niy.
Van de 6. Quy hoach phat t r i ^ dai han cac khu xui ly chat thdi rdn
Hi$n trpng
Hau het eie Quy hogch quin ly chat thii ran chUa thyc sy quan tim tdi ke hogeh phit tnen dii hgn cic khu xfl ly chit thii rin ma mdi chi chu yeu tip trung vao vide quy hogch vj trf eie khu xfl ly. SU khdng chic chin nay lam tang rui ro trong mit cic nha dau tU, do viec thieu cic digu kien nhat dinh niy se gay khd khan trong qui trinh tfnh toin ipi nhuin thu dUdc khi dau tu vio cie ed sfl nay.
Van de can giai quyet
Cae edng nghd phu hpp vdi tUng dia phUdng ein phii dupe lya ehon bfli ehinh cic dia phUdng bfli edng nghd phii hdp phii dUpc danh gii dUa tren dieu kien thyc te tgi dia phUdng. Viec phit triln ning iyc de dinh gia cae edng nghd phu hpp vdi dja phUPng ddng vai trd hit s^c quan trpng. Ddi vdi van de nay, vide phat trien cic tii ligu huflng din ddi vdi cic ein bd thUc hien ve vide dinh gia cdng nghd cd thi se rat huiu ich.
V^n d i 8 . T r a m trung c h u y e n Hipn trpng
He thdng cae trgm trung ehuyin khdng thUc sy phd biln fl Vidt Nam, ngogi trtf TP. HCM. Hiu hit tgi cic dia phUdng deu chUa cd cac trgm trung chuyen vdi hd thdng ep rie cdng suit Ifln.
Vin di can giai quyit
Nghien cflu vide flng dyng cie trgm trung ehuyen tgi cic dd thj ldn eiia Viet Nam la mdt ddi hoi ehinh dang nham dim bio hi^u qui cDa hd thdng thu gom v i vin chuyen.
Wan de 9 . X a hdi hoa cdng t a e Qudn ly ehdt thdi rdn Hi$n trpng
Sy tham gia cfla cac thinh phan x i hdi hda vio edng tie quin \</ chit thii ran dang ngay cing phd biln trong thdi gian gin diy, D i cd r^t nhilu cac ddn vj xa hdi hda thinh cdng trong cdng tic thu gom, vin chuyin v i xfl ly chat thai rin. Tuy nhien, van cdn nhilu dia phUdng vin cdn lung tung trong vide day mgnh xa hdi hda trong ITnh vye nay.
Van de dn giki quyet
Vide xay dyng mdt t i i lieu mang tfnh chit djnh hUdng, hUdng dan edng tie thue diy x i hdi hda trong iinh vye quin ly chit th& rin la can thiet. Da cd mdt sd cie van bin phip luit d l eip tfli cie hinti thfle hd trd v i khuyin khieh dau tu trong ITnh vye quin ly chit thii rin ndi ridng, eung nhu trong Hnh vi/e quin ly mdi trudng ndi chung. Tuy nhien, can phii ndi rang cie cd c h i trdn van cdn khd i p dyng trong thye t l do edn thilu cac huflng din chi tilt.
V a n d i 1 0 . T & i g ehi phi qudn ly
Hi^ trpng ^ Ddi vdi chat thii r^n sinh hogt, chi phf thu gom, vin chuyen dupe
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trang trii mdt phin qua lupng phi ve sinh thu dUpc tU chfl ngudn thii, va phan cdn lai do nhi nUdc ho trp. Hiu het, phin chi phf dupe ehi t r i bfli cac khoin phi vd smh l i rit thap khiln khoan bu dip, ho trp ttr ngin sich cic dja phUdng trang trfl nen khi cao.
Van (^ cin giai quyit
Can thye hign vigc phin tich kit ciu tdng chi phi tfl quan dilm giim thieu chi phi. Dya tren kit qui phin tieh ket cau tdng ehi phi, cd t h i d l xuat mfle phi vd sinh cung nhu phf xfl ly phu hpp.
Ben cgnh dd, cic cdng cy khuyin khich kinh t l cung can dupe cin nhac d l tgo ddng luc eho cie hd gia dinh va eie nhi diu tu.
V d n d e 1 1 . Q u d n l y v d e d n g k h a i t h d n g t i n duT l i e u
Hipn trpng
Hidn tgi, Bd Xay Dyng dang l i cd quan chju trich nhidm ehfnh trong vide quin ly chit thii ran thdng thudng tgi Viet Nam, Bd cd nhiem vy thu thip va bio cao cac thdng tin lidn quan nay tdi Tdng cyc Thing kd Vi^t Nam. Tuy nhidn, vide thu thip thdng tin vin ehua dUdc thye hien mdt cieh hg thdng m i chfl yeu thu thgp khi cd yeu ciu cin thilt.
V^n de cin giai quy^t
Cin cin nhic ve vide xiy dyng v i quin ly mpt hg thdng thu th$p dQ ligu lien quan. "Sich tring" v l cic dif lidu lidn quan tdi quin ly chit thii ran edng khai tdi cdng ddng can dUpc nghien cflu xay 6\fl\g. Cac thdng tin cdng bd tren internet eung ndn dupe ein nhic.
V d n d e 1 2 . M d t d d n v i d d e b i d t v i Q u d n l y e h d t t h d i r d n
Hi$n trpng
Tgi cip dja phUdng, Sd Xiy dyng v i Sfl Tii nguyen Mdi trudng cung phdi hpp, cung nhu mdt sd edng ty vg sinh mdi trudng tgi dja phupng chju trich nhidm thyc hien quin ly ehit thii rin.
Tuy nhien, dya vao tim quan trpng eung nhu tinh linh hogt cfla vin d l , vide thiet lip mdt ddn vj die bide v l quin ly chat thii rin dudng nhU kha can thiet. Ngoii ra, cin cd to cdng tac chiu trich nhidm vide thye hidn Ouy hogch quin ly ehat thii ran eua dja phUdng nhim dim bio djnh hudng da neu cung nhU cic myc tieu dit ra trong quy hogch.
Vin de ein giai quyit
Ddi vdi cic Quy hogeh quin Iv' chit thii rin da dupe phg duydt, d l xuit ngn xiy dUng k l hogch hanh ddng, theo dd neu rd cac hogt ddng cung nhu xie dinh ro trich nhigm cua cie ben lien quan theo tflng giai dogn. Ngoii ra, eung d l xult vide thiet lip mdt ddn vj die bidt, vf dy nhU "Vin phdng Thtic day quin ly chat thii rin" d l thyc hidn k l hogch hinh dpng da neu. Chfle ning, nhidm vg, sd lupng cin bd ydu eiu ddi vdi ddn vj nay cin dU0c thio luin cy thi.
V d n d e 1 3 . C d c v d n d e k h a c Cie van di mdr trudng tpi cic fing nghi tii chi
Hien trpng
Tgi Vigt Nam, cic hoat ddng tai che ty phit kha phd biln. Cic chfl thii nhu cic hd gia dinh, hay cic cd sfl kinh doanh thudng ty phan logi chat thii cd the tai c h i nhu nhua, sat, chai PET, giay... v i bin cho nhiing ngudi thu mua ty do. LUpng chat thii cd the tii c h i sau khi thu dUpc hiu hit se dupe chuyen din eie ling nghe d l tii chi. Va, d nhiim thU cap hi|n tgi da trfl thinh mdt trong eie vin de ding quan tim tgi eie ling nghe niy.
Van di cin giii quyit
Vide quin ly eie he thdng tii che chit thii rin ty phat ndu tren l i vide cin thill nham giim thieu eie rui ro ve mdi trudng. Ben canh dd, cung ein lim rd trich nhidm quin ly nha nudc ddi vdi cac ling nghi tii che niy.
Chit thai nong nghipp Hi&n trpng
Chit thil ran phit smh tfl cic hogt ddng ndng nghidp la mdt trong nhOng van de Idn ddi vdi Vigt Nam. L i mdt trong nhDing quic gia dUng dau ve sin xuit lua ggo, vide quin iy chit thii phit sinh sau mSi vu thu hogch l i mdt van d l het sife ein thiet.
Hidn nay, each xfl ly chfl ylu tgi Vidt Nam l i ddt thu cdng, cieh lim niy khdng ehi giy d nhilm mdi trudng m i edn lang phf mpt ngudn tii nguygn cd thi tin thu.
Vih de can giii quyet
Nghidn cUu v i flng dyng cic cdng nghd thye te nham xfl ly higu qui logi chat thii ran niy l i mpt ygu cau can thiet.
Quin /y ehSt thai rin vpn chuyen qua du&ng thuy Hi§n trpng
Hidn tgi, mot sd dja phUPng ed hogt ddng vin chuyin chit thii thdng qua hd thdng cing hing hii. Mdt trong sd cic trudng hpp dupe nhin nhin l i nhip khau chat thii. Cin cin nhac vide tiep nhin eie logi chat thii nay nhu the nio cung nhu cac thu tue cin thilt de i p dgng ddi vdi logi chit thii niy.
van dS cin giii quyet
Can can nhac cac quy dmh phip lugt lidn quan tdi vigc tilp nhin ehi't thii tfl cac tau qude te v i xie dinh each xfl ly logi chat thii niy.
Quan /]^ ehit thii do lu Hien trpng
Tgi mdt sd dia phUPng efla Viet Nam, tinh trgng lu lut xiy ra khi thudng xuyen. Sau cic trin lu nhu viy, thudng cd phit sinh chit thii do thien tai. Trong mdt sd tardng hpp, phUdng tien thu gom khdng the tilp can dUpc cie khu vye mye tieu. Tinh trgng niy ed thi xiy ra thudng xuydn hdn trong bdi cinh i m len toin eau nhu hien nay.
Vih di cin giii quyet
Cin nhic vigc quin iy chit thii do ID lyt giy ra l i can thilt b^
no eung la mdt trong cic vin d l quan tim cfla quan ly chat thii ran. Lim thd nio de quin ly chat thii ran trong cae trudng hdp khan cip can dUpc thio luin thdm.
