QUANTRI-QUANLY
L0I THE CANH TRANH CUA TAI SAN TRI THlfC TAI CAC
DOANH NGHIEP HIEN NAY
• NGUYIN THI THANH
T 6 M TAT:
Trong thdi ky khoa hoc, cong nghe khong ngirng phal trien nhir hien nay, tri thu'c dong vai tr6 quan trong trong moi Imh vi^c, dcic biet trong sSn xua't kinh doanh. Day \h cong cu tao Icfi the'canh tranh hidu qud va ben vi^ng cho doanh nghiep cung nhif quoc gia.
Biii viet phSn Iich quan 1^ tri thd'c nham xay difng nen kinh te tri thifc, g6p phan du'a kinh tfi'Vi^t Nam n6i chung va doanh nghiep noi rieng phat trien theo xu hifdng the gidi.
Tilfkh6a:Taisan tri thiJc, quanly tri thu'c, kinh te tri thu'c, Icfi the canh tranh, doanh nghiep.
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OVietNam.cdc nha quSn tri doanh nghiep can quan iSm va chu trong viec u'ng dung tri thu'c. cha't xim trong qua trinh dieu hanh, san xua't, kinh doanh. Trong xu hu'dng toan ciu hoa. khi cac Idi Ihe canh tranh ve vat cha't difcfc xem la ye'u to' co bin, thi him lifdng tri thu'c trong moi san pham, djch \ij se la nhan to'quye'l dinh de'n sif thanh bai Tong kinh doanh.
Thanh cong cua viec su'dung tri thu'c nhumot cfing cu tao ra loi the canh tranh cd the tha'y rd Ihfingqua "su'trdi day than ky" cua Nhat Ban hay ciSa Israel - nhu'ng quo'c gia ngheo ve tai nguyen.
I>en bd vifc cua chie'n tranh, cd sd vat cha't hau nhir khong cd gi. Chinh tri thu'c da trd thanh chia
^oade hai quoc gia ni) cd du'de nen khoa hoc -
^ thuat hing ddu the gidi Iren nhieu ITnh vt/c.
'••ong nghiep.
1.1. Tri thdc Id mgt tdi sdn
Trong nen kinh te hien nay, tri thd'c la tai san cua cdng ty. Rat nhieu nha lanh dao da nhm nhan difcfc gia tri cua cdng ty nam d chinh mdi nhan sif gidi ma hg cd, chd khdng phai d nhifng cd m^y san xua't hdu hinh ha\ nhu'ng tda nha ldn. Chinh xac hdn. tri IhiJc cua mdi nhan sif mdi that si/ la tai san quan trpng nha't cua cdng ly. Tri thu'c d day la sii hieu biet. kien thu'c, ky thuat ca nhan va kinh nghiem cua nhan stf trong cdng viec, quan he dd'i tac.
Mdt trong nhdng Idi ich cua viec ihdc hien quan tri Iri thu'c trong to chdc la nhu'ng tac ddng iich cdc cua nd dd'i vdi hieu qua cua doanh nghiep. M6i sd nghien cii'u cho [ha>. cd mot md'i quan he tich cifc gida cac hoal ddng quan trj tri thu'c den viec cai ihien hieu qua cua to' ehd'c (Abdel Nasser H. Zaied.
2012); \ idc quan tri tri thdc cd anh hddng den nang
lAPCIICOIIBTlKONe
life lanh dan va nang lu'c lanh dao nay anh hifdng in/c tie'p JOn hieu qua cua td* chdc (Franti-sco Javier Lara. 2(K)S). Nhu' v a \ , ihifc hien tot viec quan tri tri thd'c se dem lai hieu qua td't hdn cho doanh nghiep.
L2. Nhd qudn in cdn quan ly tdi sdn tri thiic hi^ii qud
Trong thi/c te. dieu nay khdng ddn gian vi tri thdc ihu'dng ton iai rieng le trong moi ca nhan thdng qua qua trinh ha'p thu thdng tin cua rieng ho va chi cd ngifdi dd mdi sd dung di/dc. Dc tri Ihdc cua mdi ca nhan bie'n thanh iai san tri ihiJc cua to chdc. ddi hdi phai cd mot cd che. qua trinh kicn tao. Idu giQ. chia se. phal tnen trong nidi doanh nghiep. De thifc hien dieu nay. vai trd cua ngu'di liinh dao cd >' nghTa vd cung quan trong. Khdng cbi khuye'n khich. ghi nhan viec chia se tri thu'c.
nha quan ly phai chu dgng tham gia chia se u-i thdc mdt each lich cifc ben canh viec hddng nhan vien cung phiil trien c i c nguon tri thdc ndi bd. nhd: cgng ddng chia se. hdi ihao ndi bd,... Qua trinh nay khdng chi lam giau tri thu'c cuu cac ca nhan ma cdn la dgng Idc cho viec khdng ngdng hgc hdi cua lifng nhan vien.
2. \.\ t l i u y e l ^t• t r i thiJc va quan I r i I r i thu'c 2.1. Dinh nglua vd phdn logi tri Ihdc 2.1.1. Dinb nghia lit thifc
Dc hieu rd khai niem iri thdc la phan biei tri thdc \ d i eac khai mem lu'dng ddng khac la d d l i e u , Ihdng tin. tri lue. (Hinh 1)
Hinh 1: DO lieu, thong tin. tn thifc
D a lieu la nhiJng con sd hoae dif ktcn ihuSn liiy.
rdi rac ma quan sdt hoae du dem du'gc. khdng cd ngi? canh hay dien giai. DiJ lieu dicdi hd' hien ra ngoai bhng each ma hda va de dang iruydn lai. Dd lieu difdc chuyen thanh thdng tin bang each them giii tri thdng qua ngd canh. phan loai, tinh loiln, hieu chinh va danh gia.
Thdng tin la nhdng md hinh hay iSp hcfp dij lieu dii du'de to chdc l a i va dien g i a i dat trong bd'i canh va nham mgt muc dich cu the. Thdng tin la nhffng Ihdng diep ihddng du'de the hien theo dang van ban boac giao tie'p. cd the tha'y dddc hoiic khdng tha'\ dddc.... nhSm miJC dich thay dd'i cdch nhan thu'c cua ngu'di nhan thdng tin ve cac van de cu Ihe. eung nhd gay anh hifdng de'n sd ddnh gia vii hanh vi cua ngu'di nhan. Hdn nffa, thdng tin lii nhiJng du' l i e u difdc td ehd'c lai v l m g l mue dich nito do nen se giam bdi sif khdng chdc chdn.
D d cung ehinh la si/ khac biet eua thdng tin vdi dff lieu. Tffdng t d nhif dff l i e u , Ihdng lin dffdc ma hda va Iffdng dd'i dd dang truyen t a i .
Cd nhieu dinh nghTa khac nhau ve tri thdc.
Theo nghien cffu cua Davenport (1998), tri thffc la mdt tap hap bao g d m : kinh n g h i e m , gid trj, Ihdng tin va sff hieu b i e l ma cd the giup cd nhan danh gid vii thu nhan them kinh nghidm va thdng tin m d i . Hay t r i thffc la sff pha i r o n eiia kinh nghiem, cde gia trj va thdng tin theo ngiJ canh.
Nhff vay, trong mgt i d chffc. tri Ihffe khdng chi dffdc ham chffa Irong cdc van ban va l i i i lidu ma cdn h i e n d i e n trong cdc thiJ tijc, quy trinh, n g u y e n ta'c vii cdc (hdng le.
Tifdng 11/ Davenport va cs, (1998). Bender v-i cs (2000) djnh nghta, t n thffc bao gdm nhffng dff kien. thdng i m , sif md i ^ , hay ky n a n g c d d i w e n h d i r j i n g h i g m h a y thdng qua giao due va due rut kinh nghiem.
CQng o i nfliiC-n cilu coi Iri thifc l a m p t t r a n u l h i i . u a n h a n l h t J c d o - i
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Nhif \ay. CO nhieu khai niem khac nhau ve tri thilc. nhffng deu cd chung nhan dinh: Tri thffc la Kien thffc vii ky nang. Nhffng kie'n thffc va k\
Hinged the ion tai dffdi dang dff kien, thdng lin.
lien thffc thu nhan tff qua trinh dao tao hay kinh n^i^m due nit dffdc tff thffc tien.
2 I 2. Phdn logi Iri tbt/c
Gram (1996) chia Iri thffc lam hai loai: Tri ihffc hi^n \a tri thffc an. Trong dd, iri thffc hien dffdc thim pha thdng qua viec chuyen lai, edn tri thffc andffi^ckhampha thdng qua viec ap dung. Vidu:
ng6n ngff vi cdc mau eua ky hieu giao tiep. ehff vi^t, con so'la cae tri thffc hien. Tri thffc an khdng the h$ thd'ng hod, mii chi cd the quan sat dffac thong qua cdch thffc ffng dung va dffdc ihu nhan th6ngqua kinh nghiem. Vidu, caeca nhan thdng quaph^pandu.suy dien va cac eau ehuyen hang ngay cd the eho ngffdi khac irong td chffc Ihay diftjckinh nghiem hay nhffng tri thffc an ciia hg.
Boisol (1998); Kugul va cs (1992), Berg (2012) Jj tim ra 3 dang cua iri Ihffc: Tri thffc an (Tacit knowledge); Tri ihffc dffdc ma hoa (Codified- Iri thtfc hi^n cd the quan sdt difcfc): Tri thffc ddng gdi (Encapsulated - tri thffc hien khdng quan sat dffde).
Vi^c kd't hdp 3 loai tri thffc tren nhff the' nao tdy thuOc vao dae tinh eua id chffc d tffng giai doan trong chudi gia tri gia tang cua minh (Berg, 2012). Bang I tdng hdp ede ddc diem khac biel cd ban ciia ba loai iri thffc: tri ihffc an. tri thffc dffdc ma hod va tri thffc ddng gdi. (Bang 1)
2.2. Dinh nghTa qudn tri tri thdc
Thuait ngff quan tri tri thffc dffde de cap \io dau nhifng nam 1980 nhffng khdng du'de ddn
nhan. Mai de'n nhffng nam 1990. ihuat ngff nLi\
mdi dffdc edc nha khoa hpc quan iam va nghien cffu rdng rai. Tu\ nhien. den nay van chffa cd mdt dinh nghTa ihd'ng nha't ve quan tri tri thffc.
Nhtf \ a y . quan tri tri thffc la mdt khai niem rdng ldn, vffa cd quan diem mang linh cd hoc (coi tri thffc la tai san) vffa cd quan diem thien ve djnh hu'dng \5 hdi (in thffc difdc tao ra trong td ehffe thdng qua nhffng quan he xa hdi). Cae khdi niem du'de neu ra trong cdc nghien cdu khdng gid'ng nhau nhffng deu cd chung dac diem sau:
Quan tri tri thffc la ca mgt qua trinh lien luc trong viec tao lap. chuyen giao, sd dung, bao \ e tri thffc.
Quan tri tri ihffc la qua trinh quan iri lien quan de'n eon ngffdi, cdng nghe thdng Iin, trong dd con ngffdi ddng vai trd Irung lam. (Hinh 2).
Tuy nhien, cdc nha quan tri can ed sff khac biel giffa quan tri tri thffc va quan Iri cdng nghe Ihdng tin. Trong khi quan tri cdng nghe Ihdng tin lap trung vao Ihu thap va xff ly thdng tin ma it quan lam de'n qud trinh sdng lao san pham, dich vu thi quan iri tri Ihffc bao ham ea hai ni)i dung iren: Thu ihap. xff ly thdng tin cung nhff sff sang tao ve san pha'm, dich vu (Gold vii ctg 2001).
Quan tri Iri thffc la'y yeu to' con ngffdi lam irgng tam. Cdng nghe ihdng lin la ye'u id hd trd quan irgng cho quan iri tri thffc
Cdc quy trinh tri thffc trong mdi irffdng KM dffdc quan ly nhu" the nao de chuyen ddi tri ihffc eho hanh ddng va de dat dffdc kel qua mong mud'n ve gid iri gia tdng trong id chffc hoae cdc boat ddng cu the.
! Tri thffc an
; Tri thdc khfing quan sat dugc Tri thOc nhm trong suy nghT ca nhan Bl quye't canhSn
Bang 1. So sanh c a c l o q i tri thLfc Tri thiic duoc ma hoa Tri thffc hien cd the quan sat dugc Nam Irong he Ihd'ng hoa thdng tin Thdng tin
Tri thdc dong goi Tri thffc hien khong quan sat dugc Tri thffc nam trong cac vat the Bi quyet ciia td chffc
Tich luy td kinh nghiem j Ma hoa thong tin, hinh tuong hoa tri thffc.
, Su dung mat ma, phan mem de dau In thdc hien
fN^uon: Tong hop ludn dn tO-n si cita tde gid Hodng Hin Yin i
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Hinh 2. Quan Iri tri IhC/c (KM)
Hinh 3: Chu ky quan trj tri IhQc
Cap'ure/ — Management
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Knowledge Management
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Cd ba quan diem chung trong chu k> K M ma doanh nghiep can dp dung, dd ia: quan l>. ffng dung \ a eon ngu'di (Hinh 3)
d. M a n a g e m n e l : Xa> dffng van hda, td chffc.
nam bat \ a ^ang tao tri thffc
Truyen thdng la diem then chd't cho qua trinh quan I> tha\ ddi U"ong doanh nghiep. Sff tin tffdng va cam ket. chuyen nghiep \ a trdch nhiem giai Irinh. minh bach va ddi mdi.
Dif lieu / thdng tin / kie'n thffc trd thanh eanh
tranh eho mdt to chffc. D e tang tinh canh tranh. doanh nghiep can cd nhffng gi.ii phdp td't thdng qua
\ ICC khai t h i e h i e u qua tri thffc tff tffng nhan \ i c n cung nhff toan bO doanh nghiep.
b. People: Hoc tap, chia se \ a phan phd'i tri thffc
T o chffc hpc tap. Sff thay ddi
\ nhanh chdng trong hoat dgng doanh nghiep: San pham. dich vu ludn j thay d d i , trao ddi \ a gia thi bien
ddng hang ngay, cung vdi dd. c(i sd dff lieu khach hang dang phdi trien tffng phut - tham chi moi giay. Can phai cap nhat \ a chia se thdng tin ve san pham, dich \ u \ a khdch hang lien tuc trong toan bd doanh nghiep.
c. A p p l i c a t i o n : T i m kie'm. kham phd va ffng dung tri thffc
Trong ITnh vffc cdng nghe thdng tin hien nay. cd rat nhieu cdng cu khde nhau cd the ho ird quan ly va chia se kie'n thffc va kinh nghiem irong ddi ngu quan tri, nhan vien ma khdng cd nhffng han che' ve dja ly.
3. G i a i p h a p q u a n t r i t r i thffc t a i cac doanh nghidp
-N'am but va sang tao tri thffc;
chia se va phan phd'i tri Ihffc; tim kiem va ffng dung iri ihffc la 3 van de ma doanh nghiep quan tam.
Them vao do. viee quan ly iri thffc lot se mang iai hieu qua irong qua trinh hoal dgng san xuat. Nha quan tri doanh nghiep can ihifc hien mdt sd giai phdp sau de bat kip vdi su phdt trien cOa nen kinh te u-en the gidi ndi chung va cua Viet Nam ndi rieng.
^ Cac ehinh saeh \ a quy trinh quan tri t n thffc can dffde van ban hda de tranh nhffng hieu lam khdng dang c d . ddng thdi de dang cho viec phal hien sai lam xa\ ra d giai doan nao.
Xa> difng he ihd'ng iai heu thd'ng nhat de ndm bat ,r, ihffc Nhif da ndi d tren. tr, thffc cua mot ngUOi khdng dc iru>cn dat eho nj:i/.i, khac Bhng
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each the hien tri ihffe dd qua viee viet tai lieu, trao iloi.... id chffc se hoan thien dffdc he ihd'ng tai lieu vi kho cd sd dff lieu tri thffc chung.
Chti trpng dao tao, chuyen giao Iri thffc. Van hod chia se rat can thie'l trong hoal dgng dao tao.
NhiJng ngffdi cd kinh nghiem nen dffdc khuye'n khich vk Iff minh tha'y cd trdch nhiem trong viec chia >>c. hffdng dan nhffng ngffdi it kinh nghiem hdn. Ben canh dd, td chffc cd the lan dung Iffdng tri thffc Clia doanh nghiep khac, nhffng phai bie't each b3o v^ tri thffc ridng cffa id chffc minh.
Lien tuc cap nhat thdng tin mdi va hpc hdi kmh nghiem tff nhffng viee da lam va kinh nghiem Clia td chffc khde.
ChiJ trpng de'n nhan id' con ngirdi. Con ngffdi c6 th^ lao ra tri ihffe mdi va chi cd con ngffdi mdi c6kha ning van dung tri thffc do de tie'p tue taora nhffng tri thffc mdi hdn. Td chffc can cd ehinh sach luyen dung nhan life tre, tao dieu kien de nhffng ngifiM cd kinh nghiem lam vide vdi nhffng ngffdi mdi.Cdche dg dai ngd phii hdp. Phai ludn chu y.
In thffc cua mgt ngffdi vd'n nhieu hdn nhffng gi ngffilido the hien.
ling dung edng nghd thdng tin (CNTT). De cdc hoat dpng chia se, dien ra mgl each hieu qua kh6ng the thie'u vai trd eua CNTT. CNTT ddng vai trd ho Ird. ISm cho viec chia se. Iffu giff. cap nh^l va sff dung tri thffc dffdc thffc hien d l dang hdn. Hdn nffa, Iri thffc dffdc kie'n tao lien luc lam cho Iffdng tri thffc ciia doanh nghiep ngay cang khdng id ma cht CNTT mdi cd the cho phep lull giff. phan loai, cap nhal, chia se, sff dung va phal
irien mdi each kip thdi \ a dn dinh. CNTT la cdng cu effc ky hieu qua trong \iec xay dffng he ihd'ng cd sd dff lieu/tri thffc eua td chffc. cho phep nhan vien truy cap phue \ u viec ra quyel dinh kip thdi cung nhuxay difng mang Iffdi KM ibeo chieu sau va chieu rdng.
Dieu khd khdn nha't de trien khai KM chinh la van de nhan thffc. nhin nhan tri thffc la Iai san se giup nha quan In cd y thffc bao ve, giff gin, dau tff va ldn lao chung thanh nhffng khd'i tSi .san ldn hdn.
4. Kd't luSn
Ngay nay, xa hdi dang hifdng de'n nigi nen kinh te tri thffc. Nhieu quo'c gia tren lhe' gidi deu cd nhffng chie'n Iffdc phal trien va de ra muc lieu ve mdt nen kinh te tri thffc rieng. Do dd, viec quan ly tri thffc du'de danh gid ra'l cao va dffdc dau Iff iffdng dd'i Idn.
Tri thffc - lai san cua cdng ty ne'u khdng difde nhin nhan va quan ly td'i se vd tinh tha'l thodi, tao nhffng khoang trd'ng phal trien Ihie'u ben vffng khdng de gi la'p day.
Tuy nhien, de hieu dung va thifc hien lot nhiem vu quan ly tri Ihffc la viee khdng de dang. Quan ly iri Ihffe cd le la khai niem mdi va Iffdng dd'i Irffu tffdng. nha'l la d Viet Nam nhffng day lai xu hu'dng quan ly ma nhieu qud'e gia va id chffc qud'e le dang nghien cffu, giang day \ a phdt Irien. Viet Nam can quan ly tri ihffc de ddng gdp cho edng cupc xay dffng nen kinh le'tri thffc. gdp phan dffa nen kinh te da't nffdc ndi chung va doanh nghiep ndi rieng phal trien. Hdn he't, day cung la dieu ta't ye'u theo xu hffdng phdi trien cua the gidi •
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12 Knmvledge Management (2018). <hltp://\vw\v.kno\vlectge-management-lools.nel/>
Ngay nh5n bail 15/4/2020
Ngay phan bi?n danh gia va sufa chiJa: 24/4/2020 Ngay cha'p nh§n diing bai: 4/5/2020 Thdng tin tiic gid:
ThS. NCS. NGUYEN THI THANH Khoa Kinh te'Tainguy&n Mdi trffdng
Trffffng Dai hpc Tai nguyen va Mdi trffdng Thanh phd' Hd Chi Minh
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF KNOWLEDGE ASSETS AT ENTERPRISES
• PhD student. Master, NGUYEN THI THANH Faculty of Natural Resource ond Environment Economic Ho CH Minh City University of Natural Resource and Environment ABSTR.ACT:
In the era of constantly evolving science and technology, knowledge plays an imponant role in all fields, especially in production and business fields. Knowledge could creates effective and sustainable competitive advantages for businesses and also countries This article analyzes the knowledge management in order to build a knowledge contributing to the growthof Viemam's economy in gener.il and enterprises in particular
Keywords: Knowledge assets, knowledge management, • r, . It-d^eecononiv comn -T I' advantages, enterprises.
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